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伽倻
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???? (? ???????? : 伽倻 ; ? ???'? : 加倻 ; ? ????? ???????? ?????? : Gaya , ????? ????????: [ka.ja]) ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) , ???? ? ?????? ??????? , ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ( ??' ) ?? ????? ????? ( ??' ) .

?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? 42 ? 532 ??????. ?? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????, ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ( ??' ) , ??? ? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? . ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????. ^[1] ????? ? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????????. ??????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????, ???? ??????-???? ? ????? ( ??' ) ?????'??-???? ? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????.

???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????"? ?-17 ??????? 2023 ??? " ?????? ?? ???? " (Gaya Tumuli) ????? ????? ?-45 ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ? ??? ??????? . ^[2]

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?"????" (伽倻), ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ? ???'? , ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? (가락), ???? (가라), ??????? (假量) ? ???? (舊野). ????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????' ( ??' ) : "????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???; ?????? /????/ (????? ????? kala*) ?????". ^[3]

? ????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? (任那), ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????. ?? ???, ????? ???? (?????? から), ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ??????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? "??? ?? ??????, ???? ???? ????" ??????? ?????? ????, ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? "?????? ???? ???, ????? ???". ^[4]

???? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????, ???? ??????? ????? ( ??' ) ? ???? ??????? ( ??' ) ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) . ??? ?????, "????? ??????? ?? ??? ???" ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ( ??' ) (???? ?????? ? ??? ??? ( ??' ) ). ^[5]^[6]

??? ???? ( ??' ) ??????? ????? ????? ????? ? ???? ??? ( ??' ) ??????????.

?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ? ?'???? , ???? ??????-????? ?????? ?? ??? ? ?????????? . ^[7]

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ???? ?????? ?" ?????? ???? " ???? ?-13, ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? 42 ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? 12 ????. ??? ???, ??? ???? ( ??' ) , ??? ???? ???????? ???? ( ??' ) , ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????: ?????? ( ??' ) , ?????? ????, ??? ???? ( ??' ) , ??????? ???? ( ??' ) ???????.

??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ( ??' ) ??????, ??? ??????????? ????? ( ??' ) . ????? ??'?? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ??????? ???????? ????. ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?-3 ?????? ???? ???????? ?????, ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? (???? ??????) ??????? ? ????? ???? ( ??' ) , ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????.

???? ????? ????? ?????? ???? (浦上八國亂)(209~212) ??? ???? ?????, ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ????-???? ??? ??? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ? ???????'? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? 391 ?-412, ?? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?-562, ????? ?? ???? ????'? ?????? ??? ????.

???? 529, ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? (啄己呑國) ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? (卓淳國). ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ????? ?? ??? ???. ?? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???'? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????, ???'? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? (安羅會議). ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????, ???'? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???. ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???-???? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????.

????? 541 ?-544, ???'? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ( ??' ) (泗?會議), ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ???, ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????'?. ?????? ????????, ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????-???'? ????? ?? ????? . ?????? ??, ???? ???? ????'? ??? ???? ????? ?????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ( ??' ) ????? ???. ????, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? , ??? , ????? ? ???? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ???? ??????? ??????. ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ? ???????'? ?? ????? ??? . ^[8] ?????? ?????? ???????? ????-???????? ????? ?? ???????, ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????.

???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ????. ??????, ????? ?????? (考慮史略; 高麗史略) ???? ?????: ???????? ???? ( ??' ) , ??????? ???? ( ??' ) , ?????? ???? ( ??' ) , ??? ???? ( ??' ) ??????? ????.

????? ??????, ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????'?, ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ? ????? ????????-??? ( ??' ) . ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???'? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? (??? ????? ?? ???) ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???'? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????.

??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?-2 ??-3 ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ( ??' ) ? ????? ( ??' ) ?? ?????. ???? ????? ?? ?????, ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ??????? ( ??' ) ?? ?????. ?? ???, ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ( ??' ) ?????. ????? ?? ???, ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????. ^[9]

???? ????? ?????????? ?? ????, ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ( ??' ) ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??????. ^[10] ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??-??? ( ??' ) ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? . ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????. ?????? ???, ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? "??? ??????" ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ????, ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????, ? ???? ????? ???, ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????'? ???, ????? ????? ????? ?????.

?????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ????. ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ????? ???? , ????? ?? ???? (???? " ?????? ( ??' ) " ??? "????" ??????) ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ????? ????? ( ??' ) (300?710). ?? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???, ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????????????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?-19 ??-20. ^[11]^[12]

?????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???????. ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????. ^[13]

?? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?-70, ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????.

???? 2010, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????.

????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??????, ???????, ???????????.
??? ??? ????????.
??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???????.
??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????.
????? ??? ??? ???????? ??????.
?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????-???? ??????.
???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??????.
??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????.
??? ????
?????? ?? ????.
???? ???? (???? 412, ????? ????? ?????? ????????).

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

Chun-gil Kim: The History of Korea . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, ISBN 0-313-33296-7 , Pages. 27?29

??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ? ??????????

?????????? ???? , ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? (???????)
?????????? ???? , ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)

Doopedia , Doosan Encyclopedia
The Cultural Characteristics of Korea’s Ancient Kaya Kingdom

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

^ Barnes, Gina L. (2001). Introducing Kaya History and Archaeology . In State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives , pp. 179?200. Curzon, London.
^ Gaya Tumuli
^ Christopher I. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present , Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 9780691135892
^ 『デジタル大?泉』 "Digital Daijisen" (by 小?館/SHOGAKUKAN) at Goo Dictionary
^ Janhunen, Juha (2010). "Reconstructing the language map of prehistorical Northeast Asia" . Studia Orientalia 108 (2010) . ... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.
^ Vovin, Alexander (2013). From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean . Korean Linguistics . 15 (2): 222?240
^ Gelabert, Pere; Blazyte, Asta; Chang, Yongjoon; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Jeon, Sungwon; Hong, Jin Geun; Yoon, Jiyeon; Ko, Youngmin; Oberreiter, Victoria; Cheronet, Olivia; Ozdo?an, Kadir T. (2022-06-21). "Northeastern Asian and Jomon-related genetic structure in the Three Kingdoms period of Gimhae, Korea" . Current Biology . 32 (15): 3232?3244.e6. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.004 . ISSN 0960-9822 . PMID 35732180 .
^ Farris, William (1996). "Ancient Japan's Korean Connection". Korean Studies . 20 : 6-7. doi : 10.1353/ks.1996.0015 .
^ Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Park, Jinhoon; Yi, Hyun-Hae (2014). Korean History in Maps . Cambridge University Press. p. 44-49, 52-60.
^ Barnes, Gina (2001). Introducing Kaya History and Archaeology. In State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives . London: Curzon. p. 179-200.
^ Andre Schmid (2002). Korea Between Empires: 1895 - 1919 . Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-50630-4 . ???? ?- 31 ????? 2013 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? ) . Page 150, Page 169
^ Lee, Peter H & Wm. Theodore De Bary. Sources of Korean Tradition . Columbia University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-231-10567-3 . Page 14
^ John Whitney Hall (1998). "5. Japan and the continent". The Cambridge History of Japan . Cambridge University Press . pp. 308 ~ 310p. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2 .

[1] Barnes, Gina L. (2001). Introducing Kaya History and Archaeology . In State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives , pp. 179?200. Curzon, London.

[2] Gaya Tumuli

[3] Christopher I. Beckwith, Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present , Princeton University Press, 2009, ISBN 9780691135892

[goodictionary-4] 『デジタル大?泉』 "Digital Daijisen" (by 小?館/SHOGAKUKAN) at Goo Dictionary

[5] Janhunen, Juha (2010). "Reconstructing the language map of prehistorical Northeast Asia" . Studia Orientalia 108 (2010) . ... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.

[6] Vovin, Alexander (2013). From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean . Korean Linguistics . 15 (2): 222?240

[7] Gelabert, Pere; Blazyte, Asta; Chang, Yongjoon; Fernandes, Daniel M.; Jeon, Sungwon; Hong, Jin Geun; Yoon, Jiyeon; Ko, Youngmin; Oberreiter, Victoria; Cheronet, Olivia; Ozdo?an, Kadir T. (2022-06-21). "Northeastern Asian and Jomon-related genetic structure in the Three Kingdoms period of Gimhae, Korea" . Current Biology . 32 (15): 3232?3244.e6. doi : 10.1016/j.cub.2022.06.004 . ISSN 0960-9822 . PMID 35732180 .

[8] Farris, William (1996). "Ancient Japan's Korean Connection". Korean Studies . 20 : 6-7. doi : 10.1353/ks.1996.0015 .

[9] Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Park, Jinhoon; Yi, Hyun-Hae (2014). Korean History in Maps . Cambridge University Press. p. 44-49, 52-60.

[10] Barnes, Gina (2001). Introducing Kaya History and Archaeology. In State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives . London: Curzon. p. 179-200.

[11] Andre Schmid (2002). Korea Between Empires: 1895 - 1919 . Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-50630-4 . ???? ?- 31 ????? 2013 . {{ cite book }}: ( ???? ) . Page 150, Page 169

[12] Lee, Peter H & Wm. Theodore De Bary. Sources of Korean Tradition . Columbia University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-231-10567-3 . Page 14

[John_Whitney_Hall-13] John Whitney Hall (1998). "5. Japan and the continent". The Cambridge History of Japan . Cambridge University Press . pp. 308 ~ 310p. ISBN 978-0-521-22352-2 .

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