??? ?????????

???? ????????, ???????????? ???????

??? ????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? 1986 ?-1994, ????? ????? ????? ??? ? ???? GATT ???? ??-????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????. ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????, ??? ????? ???? ?????.

??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??-?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? GATT. ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????. ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ????? 102 ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???? 128 ??????. [1]

??? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ?????????, ?????? ???? 1979. ???? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????. [2]

?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????, ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????. [3] ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ????. [4]

????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????, ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?-GATT ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ? ???????????? ????. ???? ???? ?-70 ??????? ???? ?-80 ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?-GATT, ???? ????????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? (???? ?????? ??? ???? ) ????. ????? ????????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?-GATT ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 25 ?-30 ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??. [5] ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-30 ????? ????? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????. [6]

??? ??, ????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???????. [7]

???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????, ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??-?????. ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? , ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? "???? ?????" ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?"???? ???" ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???-?????? ??????? ??. [8]

??????? 1986 ???? ??? ?????? ? ????? ?? ???? , ????????? . ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????????, ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??, ???? ??? ???????? ? ????? ????? , ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? . ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?-GATT ???? ?????. [9]

???? ?????? ???? 1994, 4 ???? ???? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????.

GATT 1994 [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-GATT ?????? ???? 1947. ????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? 1947 ???:

  • ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ? ??? ?????? ??, ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????. ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?????? ????? . ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? (National Treatment) ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????, ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????.
  • ????? ??????? ? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ?????.
  • ?????? ? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????????, ?????? ????? ????????. [10]

???? GATS [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ? ????? . ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? GATS ‏( General Agreement on Trade in Services). ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?-GATT ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????????, ???? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????. ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?-GATT ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?-GATS ??? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ? ?????? . [11] ????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ????????, ?? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? . ??? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ???, ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??. ?????, ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. [12]

???? TRIPS [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ???? TRIPS

???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??, ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ??? ????? ???? ? ????. ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ????????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????. ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????, ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???. [13] ????? ???? 5 ??????: ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??-????? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??????, ????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ???????- ???, ?????? ???????- 5 ????, ?????? ?? ???????- 11 ????. [14]

???? TRIMS [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????. ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????. [15] ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ???-????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????. ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????. [16]

????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? 1947, ???? ?? ???? ???? ?-GATT, ??? ???? 1994, ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?-WTO, ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ????? ?-ITO ??? ??? ???? ???? ?-1948 ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? . ?? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ???? ????? ???, ?? ? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ???? 1994 ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?"Fnal Act" ?? ?-WTO. [17] ????? ?? ????? ?? ?-WTO ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??. ??? ???? ????? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ?-GATT 1947 ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?????? ? ????? ??????? DSU (Dispute Settlement Understanding), ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? TPRM (Trade Policy Review Mechanism). [18] ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?WTO ??? ?-Single Undertaking ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?-GATT ?? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??? ????, ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????.
?????? ????? ???????? ?? ?-WTO, ?-DSU (Dispute Settlement Understanding) ? ?????? ?? ?-GATT, ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??????. ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????????, ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???. ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?-WTO. [19] ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????????. ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????????, ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ??????, ???? ?? ??????. [20] ??? ???, ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??. [21]

?????? ????? ??????? ????, ?-TPRM [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?-WTO ?? ??????? ??????. ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????, ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????-?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????. [22] ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???, ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????????, ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???. [23]

?????? ??????? ???????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ???????? ??? ????????. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????. [24] ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ???????: ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????????? ???????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????, ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ???. [25] ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???. [26] ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. [27]

????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

???? ?? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????. ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ?????, ???? ?-WTO, ?? ?? ????????, ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???. ????, ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????, ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????. ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ???? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ????. ???? ??????, ??? ????, ???? ??? ?-10 ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??? ?Single Undertaking ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????. ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?-GATT ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? (????? ???? ??? ??? ???? Free Trade Adventure: The WTO, The Uruguay Round and Globalism ? A Critique"). ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????.

?????? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  • Graham Dunkley, The Free Trade Adventure: The WTO, the Uruguay Round and Globalism--A Critique , Zed Books, April 22, 2000
  • Dunkley, Graham, The Free Trade Adventure: The WTO, The Uruguay Round and Globalism ? A Critique (Zed Books: London. 2000)
  • Frieden, Jeffry and Lake David (eds.), International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth (New York: St. Martin’s Press. 1995)
  • Gabay, Meir, "The Significance of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations on the World Trade System ? An Overview", in The World Trade System After The Uruguay Round, ed. by Alfred Tovias and Ulrich Wacker (Israel: Jerusalem, 1997)
  • Hoekman, Bernard M. and Michel M. Kostecki, The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)
  • Sacerdoti, Giorgio, "The Transformation of GATT Into the World Trade Organization", in The World Trade System After The Uruguay Round, ed. by Alfred Tovias and Ulrich Wacker (Israel: Jerusalem, 1997)
  • Schott, Jeffrey J., The Uruguay Round: an Assessment (Washington: Institute for International Economics, 1994)
  • WTO website: http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/tif_e.htm

????? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

  1. ^ Jeffry Frieden, and David Lake (eds.), International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995, pp. 299
  2. ^ Jeffrey J. Schott, "The Uruguay Round: an Assessment", institute for international economics, Washington, 1994, pp. 4
  3. ^ Jeffrey J. Schott, "The Uruguay Round: an Assessment", institute for international economics, Washington, 1994, pp. 115
  4. ^ Jeffrey J. Schott, "The Uruguay Round: an Assessment", institute for international economics, Washington, 1994, pp. 5
  5. ^ Graham Dunkley "The Free Trade Adventure: The WTO, The Uruguay Round and Globalism ? A Critique", Zed Books: London, 2000, pp. 38
  6. ^ Frieden, Jeffry and David Lake (eds.), International Political Economy: Perspectives on Global Power and Wealth, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995, pp. 299
  7. ^ http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/disp1_e.htm
  8. ^ Giorgio Sacerdoti, "The Transformation of GATT Into the World Trade Organization", in: "The World Trade System After The Uruguay Round", edited by Alfred Tovias and Ulrich Wacker, Israel: Jerusalem, 1997, pp. 52
  9. ^ http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/fact5_e.htm
  10. ^ Graham Dunkley "The Free Trade Adventure: The WTO, The Uruguay Round and Globalism ? A Critique", Zed Books: London, 2000, pp. 28-29
  11. ^ Meir Gabay, The Significance of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations on the World Trade System ? An Overview, in: "The World Trade System After The Uruguay Round", edited by Alfred Tovias and Ulrich Wacker, Israel: Jerusalem, 1997, pp. 6
  12. ^ http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm6_e.htm
  13. ^ Jeffrey J. Schott, "The Uruguay Round: an Assessment", institute for international economics, Washington, 1994, pp. 115
  14. ^ http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm7_e.htm
  15. ^ Jeffrey J. Schott, "The Uruguay Round: an Assessment", institute for international economics, Washington, 1994, pp. 13
  16. ^ http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm9_e.htm#investment
  17. ^ Bernard M. Hoekman, Michel M. Kostecki, "The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond", Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 38-39
  18. ^ Jeffrey J. Schott, "The Uruguay Round: an Assessment", institute for international economics, Washington, 1994, pp. 15
  19. ^ Meir Gabay, The Significance of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations on the World Trade System ? An Overview, in: "The World Trade System After The Uruguay Round", edited by Alfred Tovias and Ulrich Wacker, Israel: Jerusalem, 1997, pp. 14
  20. ^ http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/disp1_e.htm
  21. ^ Meir Gabay, The Significance of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations on the World Trade System ? An Overview, in: "The World Trade System After The Uruguay Round", edited by Alfred Tovias and Ulrich Wacker, Israel: Jerusalem, 1997, pp. 15
  22. ^ http://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/agrm11_e.htm
  23. ^ Jeffrey J. Schott, "The Uruguay Round: an Assessment", institute for international economics, Washington, 1994, pp. 16
  24. ^ Bernard M. Hoekman, Michel M. Kostecki, "The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond", Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 209
  25. ^ Bernard M. Hoekman, Michel M. Kostecki, "The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond", Oxford University Press, 2001, pp.216-220
  26. ^ Bernard M. Hoekman, Michel M. Kostecki, "The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond", Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 226
  27. ^ Graham Dunkley "The Free Trade Adventure: The WTO, The Uruguay Round and Globalism ? A Critique", Zed Books: London, 2000, pp. 53
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