??????

????? ?? ??????

????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??? ? ???? . ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? , ???? ????? ? ????????? , ? ?????????? , ?? ??? , ??? ??????? ????? ?????.

???????????? ?? ??????? (????? ???????????????????? ) ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????, ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? .

???? ????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??????? "????????" ?"???????????" ????? ????? ?? ????? "?????????? ?????????", ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ? ???? ??? ? ????? ???? ???? ? ????? ^[1]. ??"? ???? ?? ?????? "????? ??????" ????????? ???? ??? ??? ??????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? . ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????:

???? ??? ????? : ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????, ???? ????, ???? ????, ???? ????, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ( ??"? : ???? ?????? ???????), ?????? ????? ?????? ???? .

? ????? ???? , ???? ????? , ?? ?"?, ???? ?'

?????? ????? ????? "??????" ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? (? ?????? : Linguistics).

?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ?????? ????????

?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? : ??? ????? ???? ? ???????? ?? ? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? , ??? ????? ????? "????????" ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ??????? ????????, ????? ???, ???? ????? ????????? : ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????. ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? - ?????? ??????? ?? ???-??? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????.

??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? : ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????. ??????? ????????, ????? ???, ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? - ????? ?????, ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????, ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????. ??? ?????????, ????, ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? (???????), ??? ?????????.

??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ?-20 , ????? ? ??? ?????????????? , ????-?? ? ??? ???????? . ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? , ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ??? ????? ????? ????? ? ?????????? , ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??. ?? ?? ?? ??, ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??. ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????.

???? ??????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? - ????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ( ?????????? ) ????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ( ????? ). ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????. ??? ? ?????? ???????????? , ??????, ????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ?????????, ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????. ??????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? - ?????, ????????? ?? ???????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? - " ?????????? ???????? " - ????? ??? ????????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ????? ????? (???????: Grammar) ??????? ????-??? ??????????, ??????????, ????? ???????? ????.

???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????:

??????? - ??? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????, ?????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? .
????????? - ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? (?? ? ???? ?????? - ??????) ???????? ????, ???? ??????? ??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????.
?????????? - ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ????? ????? , ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????, ????? ?????? ?????.
????? (Syntax) - ??? ????? ?? ?????? , ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????.
??? ???? (Discourse Analysis) - ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??????, ??? ?????? ????????? ???-??? ?????? ??-??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ????? , ??????? ??????. ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ????????? .
??????? - ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????, ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ( ??????? ???????? ), ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ( ??????? ??????? ).
???????? - ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ??? ??? ???, ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ????, ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????.
??????????? (?????????????????) - ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????:
- ????? ??? - ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?-20.
- ??-??????? - ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???, ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???.
- ???? ?????? - ??? ?????? ? ?????? (registers) ?????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????.
- ????? ????? - ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????.
??????????? - ??? ????? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???, ??????.
?????? ???????? -
?????? ?????? - (????? ?? ?????-???????????? ?? ?????-?????? , ????????: sociolinguistics ) ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ????????, ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????.
?????? ???????? - ??? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ??-?? ????? ?????? ???????? ????-???? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????.
?????? ??????? (??????: Computational Linguistics) - ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????, ???? ????? ??????? ??????.
?????????? - ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ????????.
???????? ?? ???? - ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? , ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? . ???? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??, ??? ???? ??????? ???? ????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ???????? , ? ???????????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????.

???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? - ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???, ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????.

????? ??????? ???????, ????? ????? ???????? ^{[????? ?????]} ??? ? ?????? ???????? (????? ?????? "????? ??? ?????" Natural Language Processing), ?????? ????? ???????-????????? ?? ?????????? ? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???, ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? , ???? ? ????? ???? ??????.

????? ???? ??? ?????? [ ????? ??? ???? | ????? ]

??? ????? ? ????? ????

?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??, ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? (??? ???? ???? ?????? ). ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????.

???? ethnologue ^[2] ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????, ??: ^{[????? ?????]}