??????
|
Discovery
|
---|
Discovered by
| Clyde W. Tombaugh
|
---|
Discovery site
| Lowell Observatory
|
---|
Discovery date
| February 18, 1930
|
---|
Designations
|
---|
Designation
| (134340) Pluto
|
---|
Pronunciation
| (
listen
)
|
---|
Named after
| Pluto
|
---|
| |
---|
Adjectives
| Plutonian
[?]
|
---|
Orbital characteristics
[?]
[lower-alpha ?]
|
---|
Epoch
J2000
|
Earliest
precovery
date
| August 20, 1909
|
---|
Aphelion
|
- 49.305
AU
- (
7.37593 billion km
)
- February 2114
|
---|
Perihelion
|
- 29.658 AU
- (
4.43682 billion km
)
[?]
- (September 5, 1989)
[?]
|
---|
|
- 39.482 AU
- (
5.90638 billion km
)
|
---|
Eccentricity
| 0.2488
|
---|
| |
---|
| 366.73 days
[?]
|
---|
| 4.743 km/s
[?]
|
---|
| 14.53
deg
|
---|
Inclination
|
- 17.16°
- (11.88° to Sun's equator)
|
---|
| 110.299°
|
---|
| 113.834°
|
---|
Known
satellite
s
| 5
|
---|
Physical characteristics
|
---|
Dimensions
| 2,376.6
±
1.6 km
(observations consistent with a sphere, predicted deviations too small to be observed)
[?]
|
---|
Mean radius
| |
---|
Flattening
| <1%
[?]
|
---|
| |
---|
Volume
| |
---|
Mass
| |
---|
| 1.854
±
0.006 g/cm
3
[?]
[?]
|
---|
| |
---|
| 1.212
km/s
[lower-alpha ?]
|
---|
|
- 6.387
230
d
- 6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 36 s
|
---|
Equatorial rotation velocity
| 47.18 km/h
|
---|
| 122.53°
(to orbit)
[?]
|
---|
| 132.993°
[?]
|
---|
| ?6.163°
[?]
|
---|
Albedo
| 0.49 to 0.66 (
geometric
, varies by 35%)
[?]
[?]
|
---|
Surface
temp.
|
min
|
mean
|
max
|
Kelvin
|
33 K
|
44 K (?229 °C)
|
55 K
|
|
| 13.65
[?]
to 16.3
[??]
(mean is 15.1)
[?]
|
---|
| ?0.7
[??]
|
---|
| 0.06″ to 0.11″
[?]
[lower-alpha ?]
|
---|
Atmosphere
|
---|
| 1.0
Pa
(2015)
[?]
[??]
|
---|
Composition by volume
| Nitrogen
,
methane
,
carbon monoxide
[??]
|
---|
??????
(??????:
[??]
???
[??]
) ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???, ?? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??. ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??. ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??.
?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??. ???????? ? ????? ??. ????????? ?????? -???° ??. ??????? ??? ??.
- ↑
This photograph was taken by the
Ralph
telescope aboard
New Horizons
on July 14, 2015 from a distance of 35,445 km (22,025 mi). The most prominent feature in the image, the bright, youthful plains of
Tombaugh Regio
and
Sputnik Planitia
, can be seen at right. It contrasts the darker, more cratered terrain of
Cthulhu Macula
at lower left. Because of Pluto's 119.591° tilt at its axis, the southern hemisphere is barely visible in this image; the
equator
runs through Cthulhu Macula and the southern parts of Sputnik Planitia.
- ↑
The mean elements here are from the Theory of the Outer Planets (TOP2013) solution by the Institut de mecanique celeste et de calcul des ephemerides (IMCCE). They refer to the standard equinox J2000, the barycenter of the Solar System, and the epoch J2000.
- ↑
Surface area derived from the radius
r
:
.
- ↑
Volume
v
derived from the radius
r
:
.
- ↑
Surface gravity derived from the mass
M
, the
gravitational constant
G
and the radius
r
:
.
- ↑
Escape velocity derived from the mass
M
, the
gravitational constant
G
and the radius
r
:
.
- ↑
Based on geometry of minimum and maximum distance from Earth and Pluto radius in the factsheet
- ↑
Plutonian
(3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, September 2005
,
http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Plutonian
?????:OEDsub
- ↑
?.??
?.??
?.??
?.??
?.??
?.??
?.??
?.??
?.??
?.??
Williams, David R. (July 24, 2015).
"Pluto Fact Sheet"
. NASA
. ??????
August 6,
2015
.
- ↑
"Horizon Online Ephemeris System for Pluto Barycenter"
.
JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System
@ Solar System Dynamics Group
. ??????
January 16,
2011
.
(Observer Location @sun with the observer at the center of the Sun)
- ↑
Simon, J.L.; Francou, G.; Fienga, A.; Manche, H. (September 2013). "New analytical planetary theories VSOP2013 and TOP2013".
Astronomy and Astrophysics
.
557
(2): A49.
Bibcode
:
2013A&A...557A..49S
.
doi
:
10.1051/0004-6361/201321843
.
The elements in the clearer and usual format
is in the spreadsheet
and the original TOP2013
elements here.
- ↑
?.?
?.?
Nimmo, Francis (2017). "Mean radius and shape of Pluto and Charon from New Horizons images".
Icarus
.
287
: 12?29.
arXiv
:
1603.00821
.
Bibcode
:
2017Icar..287...12N
.
doi
:
10.1016/j.icarus.2016.06.027
.
- ↑
?.?
?.?
Stern, S. A.; Grundy, W.; McKinnon, W. B.; Weaver, H. A.; Young, L. A. (2017). "The Pluto System After New Horizons".
Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
.
2018
: 357?392.
arXiv
:
1712.05669
.
doi
:
10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051935
.
- ↑
?.?
?.?
?.?
?.?
Stern, S. A. (2015). "The Pluto system: Initial results from its exploration by New Horizons".
Science
.
350
(6258): 249?352.
arXiv
:
1510.07704
.
Bibcode
:
2015Sci...350.1815S
.
doi
:
10.1126/science.aad1815
.
PMID
26472913
.
- ↑
?.?
?.?
Archinal, Brent A.; A'Hearn, Michael F.; Bowell, Edward G.; Conrad, Albert R.; Consolmagno, Guy J.; et al. (2010).
"Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements: 2009"
(PDF)
.
Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy
.
109
(2): 101?135.
Bibcode
:
2011CeMDA.109..101A
.
doi
:
10.1007/s10569-010-9320-4
.
???
(PDF)
????? ????? 4, 2016 ?? ????????
. ?????? ????????? 26, 2018
.
- ↑
Hamilton, Calvin J. (February 12, 2006).
"Dwarf Planet Pluto"
. Views of the Solar System
. ??????
January 10,
2007
.
- ↑
"AstDys (134340) Pluto Ephemerides"
. Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy
. ??????
June 27,
2010
.
- ↑
"JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 134340 Pluto"
. ??????
June 12,
2008
.
- ↑
"Pluto has carbon monoxide in its atmosphere"
. Physorg.com. April 19, 2011
. ??????
November 22,
2011
.
- ↑
Amos, Jonathan (July 23, 2015).
"New Horizons: Pluto may have 'nitrogen glaciers
'
"
.
BBC News
. ??????
July 26,
2015
.
It could tell from the passage of sunlight and radiowaves through the Plutonian "air" that the pressure was only about 10 microbars at the surface
- ↑
JPL/NASA (2015-04-22).
"What is a Dwarf Planet?"
.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
. ??????
2022-01-19
.
- ↑
John Lewis, ?????? (2004).
Physics and chemistry of the solar system
(2 ???????). Elsevier. ????? 64.
- Codex Regius (2016),
Pluto & Charon
, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN
978-1534960749
- Stern, S A and Tholen, D J (1997),
Pluto and Charon
, University of Arizona Press
ISBN
978-0816518401
- Stern, Alan; Grinspoon, David (2018).
Chasing New Horizons: Inside the Epic First Mission to Pluto
. Picador.
ISBN
978-125009896-2
.