Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar trills

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Voiced alveolar trill )
"Alveolar trill" redirects here. For the voiceless consonant, see Voiceless alveolar trill .
"r (IPA)" redirects here. For the English r sound often transcribed /r/ for convenience, see Postalveolar approximant . For other r -like consonants, see Rhotic consonant .

The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages . The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental , alveolar , and postalveolar trills is ⟨ r ⟩ , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r . It is commonly called the rolled R , rolling R , or trilled R . Quite often, ⟨ r ⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions (especially those found in dictionaries) of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.

In many Indo-European languages , a trill may often be reduced to a single vibration in unstressed positions. In Italian, a simple trill typically displays only one or two vibrations, while a geminate trill will have three or more. [1] Languages where trills always have multiple vibrations include Albanian , Spanish , Cypriot Greek , and a number of Armenian and Portuguese dialects. [ citation needed ]

People with ankyloglossia may find it exceptionally difficult to articulate the sound because of the limited mobility of their tongues. [2] [3]

Voiced alveolar trill [ edit ]

Voiced alveolar trill
r
IPA Number 122
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal) r
Unicode (hex) U+0072
X-SAMPA r
Braille ⠗ (braille pattern dots-1235)

Features [ edit ]

Features of the voiced alveolar trill:

dental (behind the upper front teeth),
alveolar (at the alveolar ridge ), or
post-alveolar (behind the alveolar ridge).

Occurrence [ edit ]

A trill extended for about 2 seconds, captured in slow motion to reveal the individual 36–44 Hz tongue oscillations.

Dental [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Hungarian [5] a rr a [?r?ː?] 'that way' Laminal dental. See Hungarian phonology
Marshallese [6] dik [7] [r??ik] 'to be small' Palatalized . The language's two other rhotic phonemes, /r?/ ( velarized ) and /r?/ ( rounded ), are post-alveolar .
Romanian [8] r epede [?r?e?pe?d?e?] 'quickly' Apical. See Romanian phonology
Russian [9] рь яный / ?jany [?r??jan???j] 'zealous' Apical, palatalized. Usually only a single vibration, presumably due to the palatalization. [9] It contrasts with a post-alveolar trill. See Russian phonology

Alveolar [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Standard [10] r ooi [roːi?] 'red' May be a tap [ ? ] instead. [10] See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic Modern Standard ??? / r a' [raː?] the name of the letter ? In free variation with [ ? ] by many speakers.
Aragonese sota rr ano [sota?ra?o] 'basement' Allophone of / ? /.
Armenian Eastern [11] ? ???? / r umb [rumb] ⓘ 'cannonball'
Asturian fe rr amienta [fera?mjeŋta] 'tool' Allophone of / ? /.
Bengali ?? ? / r at [rat?] 'night' More commonly [ ? ~ ? ] for most speakers. May occur word-initially; as against [?] , which occurs medially and finally. See Bengali phonology
Breton r oue [ruːe] 'king' Dominant in and around Leon and Morbihan while many other dialects have adopted the voiced uvular fricative . See Breton phonology
Bulgarian р абота/ r abota [?rabot?] 'work' See Bulgarian phonology
Chinese [12] [13]
[ better source needed ] 		Dangyang (a Southwestern Mandarin ) 被子 [pei r?] quilt
Chuvash а р ?слан/araslan [ar?s'lan] 'lion'
Czech [14] chlo r [xl??ːr] 'chlorine' Contrasts with /r?/ ; may be syllabic. See Czech phonology
Danish Few speakers of the Jutlandic dialect [15] [ example needed ] Corresponds to much more back [ ? ~ ? ] in standard Danish. See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard r aam [raːm] 'window' See Dutch phonology
English Scottish cu r d [k?rd] 'curd' Only some dialects. Corresponds to [ ? ~ ? ] in others. See English phonology
Welsh [16] b r ight [bra?t] 'bright' Some dialects under Welsh influence. Corresponds to [? ~ ?] in others.
Estonian ko rr us [?korːus] 'floor' See Estonian phonology
Finnish r aaka [?r?ːk?] ⓘ 'raw' See Finnish phonology
Greek Standard [17] ? ρ το? / a r tos [?artos] ' artos ' Allophone of /?/ . Usual in clusters, otherwise a tap or an approximant. [17] See Modern Greek phonology
Cypriot [18] [19] βο ρρ ?? / vo rr as [vor?ras] 'north' Contrasts with /?/ .
Hindustani Hindi ???? ? / petthe r [p?t?t???r] 'stone' See Hindustani phonology
Urdu ??? ? / petthe r
Indonesian geta r [g?tar] 'vibrate' See Indonesian phonology
Italian [20] te rr a [?t??rːa] ⓘ 'earth' See Italian phonology
Japanese Shitamachi dialect から ka r a [kara] 'from' Allophone of /?/. See Japanese phonology .
Kansai dialect
Kele [21] [ⁿrikei] 'leg'
Khmer ???? / t r ey [tr?j] 'fish' or 'three' See Khmer phonology
Kyrgyz [22] ы р / ı r [?r] 'song'
Latvian [23] r ags [raks?] 'horn' See Latvian phonology
Lithuanian i r [?r] 'and' See Lithuanian phonology
Malay ???? / ku r ang [kuraŋ] 'less' May be postalveolar approximant [ ?? ], or more commonly, flap [?] . See Malay phonology
Nepali ? ???? /ghorra [???rːa] 'drawer' See Nepali phonology
Polish [24] k r ok [kr?k] ⓘ 'step' Usually realized as [ ? ] . See Polish phonology .
Portuguese r ato [ratu] 'mouse' Contrasts with /?/ . Many northern dialects retain the alveolar trill, and the trill is still dominant in rural areas. See Portuguese phonology and Guttural R .
Scots b r icht [br?ct] 'bright'
Scottish Gaelic cea r t [k?ar??d] 'true' Pronounced as a trill at the beginning of a word, or as rr , or before consonants d , t , l , n , s ; otherwise a voiced alveolar tap . Contrasts with /??/ and /?/ intervocally and word-finally. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian [25] [26] р т / r t [r?t] 'cape' May be syllabic. [27] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak [28] k r k [kr?k] 'neck' May be a tap , particularly when not syllabic.
Slovene [29] r i? [riː?] 'rice' Also described as tap [ ? ] , [30] and variable between trill [r] and tap [ ? ] . [31] See Slovene phonology
Spanish [32] pe rr o [?pe?ro?] ⓘ 'dog' Contrasts with /?/ . See Spanish phonology
Swedish Some West coast and Northern dialects b r a [br?ː] 'good' See Swedish phonology
Tagalog r ambutan [r?mbu?tan] ' rambutan ' Allophone of the more common [?] , especially with more conservative speakers . [33] See Tagalog phonology
Tamil ? ? ?? / paravai [para?a??] 'bird' See Tamil phonology
Thai Standard ?????? / chonburi [t????n.bu.r?ː] ⓘ ' Chonburi '
Titan [21] [ⁿrakei?in] 'girls'
Ukrainian р ух / rux [rux] ⓘ 'motion' See Ukrainian phonology
Welsh Rhagfy r [?r?a?v?r] 'December' Contrasts with the voiceless alveolar trill , /r?/ . See Welsh phonology
Yiddish Standard [34] ? ? ?? /b r ik [br?k] 'bridge' More commonly a flap [ ? ] ; can be uvular [ ?? ~ ? ] instead. [34] See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec Tilquiapan [35] r-r ee [r???] 'go out (habitually)' Underlyingly two sequences of /?/ .

Post-alveolar [ edit ]

See also: Retroflex trill
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Catalan [36] r uc [?r?uk] 'donkey' Contrasts with /?/ . See Catalan phonology
Gokana [37] be l e [b?r??] 'we' Allophone of /l/ , medially between vowels within the morpheme, and finally in the morpheme
before a following vowel in the same word. It can be a postalveolar tap or simply [ l ] instead. [37]
Marshallese [38] raj [39] [r???t?] 'whale' /r?/ is velarized and /r?/ is rounded . Another rhotic phoneme in the language, /r?/ , is dental and palatalized .
roj [40] [r???t?] 'ebb tide'
Russian [9] иг р ать /igra? [???r?at?] 'to play' Contrasts with a palatalized dental trill. See Russian phonology

Variable [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
German Standard [41] Schma rr n [?marn] 'nonsense' Varies between apical dental and apical alveolar; may be a tap instead. [41] See Standard German phonology

Voiced alveolar fricative trill [ edit ]

Voiced alveolar fricative trill
r?
r?
IPA Number 122 429
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPA r_r

In Czech , there are two contrasting alveolar trills. Besides the typical apical trill, written r , there is another laminal trill, written ? , in words such as ryba ? i [?r?baːr??] 'fishermen' and the common surname Dvo ? ak . Its manner of articulation is similar to [r] but is laminal and the body of the tongue is raised . It is thus partially fricative , with the frication sounding rather like [?] but less retracted. It sounds like a simultaneous [r] and [?] , and some speakers tend to pronounce it as [r?] , [??] , or [??] . In the IPA, it is typically written as ⟨ r ⟩ plus the raising diacritic, ⟨ r? ⟩ , but it has also been written as laminal ⟨ r? ⟩ . [42] (Before the 1989 IPA Kiel Convention , it had a dedicated symbol ⟨ ? ⟩ .) The Kobon language of Papua New Guinea also has a fricative trill, but the degree of frication is variable.

Features [ edit ]

Features of the voiced alveolar fricative trill:

Examples [ edit ]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Czech [43] [44] [45] [46] ?ty ? i [?t??t?r??] ⓘ 'four' May be a non-sibilant fricative . [44] It contrasts with /r/ and /?/ . See Czech phonology
Dzongkha [47] ?? ???? ?/ r u-tog [r?uto] 'bone' Usually released as a normal trilled [r], sometimes it has a slightly fricative character vaguely reminiscent of Czech ?. Dzongkha r is followed by the low register tone.
Kashubian [48] rz eka [r?eka] 'river' Only some northern and northwestern speakers. Formerly common over the whole speaking area. [48]
Kobon [ example needed ] Amount of frication variable. May also be a fricative flap [ citation needed ]
Ormuri Standard (Kaniguram) ???? / ta?gab [t?r?geb] ' summer ' Corresponds to /?/ in Logar dialect.
Polish Some dialects [49] rz eka [r??ka] 'river' Contrasts with /r/ and /?/ . Present in areas from Starogard Gda?ski to Malbork [49] and those south, west and northwest of them, [49] area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo , [49] south and east of Wiele? , [49] around Wołomin , [49] southeast of Ostrow Mazowiecka [49] and west of Siedlce , [49] from Brzeg to Opole and areas to the north, [49] and roughly from Raciborz to Nowy Targ . [49] Most speakers, as well as standard Polish, merge it with /?/ , [49] and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do as well. [49] See Polish phonology
Portuguese [50] European o s r ins [u ?r???] 'the kidneys' Possible realization of the sequence /sr/ for speakers who realize /r/ as [r] . [50] See Portuguese phonology
Silesian Gmina Istebna [51] um rz ił [?umr?iw] '(he) died' Contrasts with /r/ and /?/ . Merges with /?/ in most Polish dialects.
Jablunkov [51] [ example needed ]
Slovak Northern dialects [49] [52] ? yka [?r??ka] 'river' Only in a few dialects near the Polish border. [49] See Slovak phonology
Spanish r ana [?r?ana] 'frog' Possible realization of /r/ in some dialects, may also be realized as a non-sibilant alveolar fricative [??-].
Tsakonian [53] ρζ ινοδ?τζη [r?inoðit?i] 'justice of the peace' /?/ appears to have been a fricative trill in the 19th century, and [?] survived latterly only in women's usage in Southern Tsakonian.

See also [ edit ]

Notes [ edit ]

  1. ^ Ladefoged, Peter ; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages . Oxford: Blackwell. p. 221. ISBN   0-631-19815-6 .
  2. ^ Chaubal & Dixit (2011) , pp. 270?272.
  3. ^ Mayo Clinic (2012) .
  4. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) , p. 228.
  5. ^ Siptar & Torkenczy (2000) , pp. 75?76, Szende (1999) , p. 104
  6. ^ Bender (1969) , p. xv
  7. ^ "Marshallese-English Dictionary" .
  8. ^ Ovidiu Dr?ghici, Limba Roman? contemporan?. Fonetic?. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie (PDF) , retrieved April 19, 2013 [ dead link ]
  9. ^ a b c Skalozub (1963) , p. ?; cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) , p. 221
  10. ^ a b Lass (1987) , p. 117.
  11. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009) , p. 19.
  12. ^ 湖北方言里有?音r (There is trill r in Hubei Dialect) , 1984 , retrieved 26 December 2020
  13. ^ 中?人能?大舌音"RR" ( Some Chinese can pronounciate alveolar trills "RR" )
  14. ^ Pultrova (2013) , p. 22.
  15. ^ Torp (2001) , p. 78.
  16. ^ Garrett, Peter; Coupland, Nikola; Williams, Angie, eds. (15 July 2003). Investigating Language Attitudes: Social Meanings of Dialect, Ethnicity and Performance . University of Wales Press. p. 73. ISBN   9781783162086 .
  17. ^ a b Arvaniti (2007) , pp. 14?18
  18. ^ Arvaniti (2010) , pp. 3?4.
  19. ^ "βορρ??" , Cypriot Greek Lexicographic Database , Ερευνητικ? Πρ?γραμμα Συντυσ??, 2011, archived from the original on 13 April 2021 , retrieved 5 March 2014
  20. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004) , p. 117.
  21. ^ a b Ladefoged (2005) , p. 165
  22. ^ Kara (2003) , p. 11.
  23. ^ Nau (1998) , p. 6.
  24. ^ Jassem (2003) , p. 103.
  25. ^ Kordi? (2006) , p. 5.
  26. ^ Landau et al. (1999) , p. 66.
  27. ^ Kordi? (2006) , p. 4.
  28. ^ Hanulikova & Hamann (2010) , p. 374.
  29. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980) , p. 21.
  30. ^ ?u?tar?i?, Komar & Petek (1999) , p. 135.
  31. ^ Greenberg (2006) , pp. 17 and 20.
  32. ^ Martinez-Celdran, Fernandez-Planas & Carrera-Sabate (2003) , p. 255.
  33. ^ Schachter and Reid (2008)
  34. ^ a b Kleine (2003) , p. 263
  35. ^ Merrill (2008) , p. 109.
  36. ^ Recasens & Pallares (1995) , p. 288.
  37. ^ a b L.F. Brosnahan, Outlines of the phonology of the Gokana dialect of Ogoni (PDF) , archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-03 , retrieved 2013-11-24
  38. ^ Bender (1969) , p. xvii-xviii
  39. ^ "Marshallese-English Dictionary" .
  40. ^ "Marshallese-English Dictionary" .
  41. ^ a b Mangold (2005) , p. 53
  42. ^ For example, Ladefoged (1971).
  43. ^ Dankovi?ova (1999) , pp. 70?71
  44. ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) , pp. 228?230 and 233
  45. ^ Lodge (2009) , p. 46.
  46. ^ ?ima?kova, Podlipsky & Chladkova (2012) , p. 226
  47. ^ van Driem, George. The Grammar of Dzongkha (PDF) . Dzongkha Development Corporation, Royal Government of Bhutan. p. 93. Archived from the original on 2016-10-04. {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: unfit URL ( link )
  48. ^ a b Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia" . Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  49. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gwary polskie - Frykatywne r? (?) , Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl, archived from the original on 2013-11-13 , retrieved 2013-11-06
  50. ^ a b Grønnum (2005) , p. 157
  51. ^ a b D?browska (2004) , p. ?
  52. ^ Duda?ova-Kri??akova (1995) , pp. 98.
  53. ^ Scutt, C. A. (November 1913). "The Tsakonian Dialect" . The Annual of the British School at Athens . 19 : 20. doi : 10.1017/s0068245400009163 . S2CID   163493476 .

References [ edit ]

Bender, Byron (1969), Spoken Marshallese , University of Hawaii Press, ISBN   0-87022-070-5

External links [ edit ]

Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_trills&oldid=1221009259#Voiced_alveolar_trill "