Canadian national television news program
The National
(officially
CBC News: The National
) is a Canadian national
television news
program which serves as the flagship broadcast for the English-language news division of
CBC News
by the
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
. It reports on major Canadian and international news stories, airing on
CBC Television
stations nationwide
Sunday
to
Friday
at 10:00 p.m. local time (10:30 p.m.
NT
).
The program is also aired on
CBC News Network
; on weekdays, the initial version that airs live to
Atlantic Canada
on the main network is simulcast on CBC News Network at 9:00 p.m. ET, with several repeat broadcasts overnight. Until August 2005,
The National
was seen in the United States on the defunct
Newsworld International
channel; the program continues to be aired occasionally on
C-SPAN
when that network wants to provide coverage of a major Canadian news story, or a Canadian angle for a world or American event.
The National
and other CBC newscasts, including CBC
owned-and-operated stations
' (O&Os) early-evening
local newscasts
, are streamed on the CBC website; those residing outside of Canada may not be able to view some content.
[1]
The show is also aired in Australia on
SBS
and made available on SBS ON Demand.
[2]
The National'
s sister French-language newscast is
Le Telejournal
, aired on the Radio-Canada TV network.
Format
[
edit
]
The National
used to run a news headlines segment for 20 to 25 minutes without
commercial interruption
. This format has been relaxed or reinstated at various points over the years. Subsequent segments would consist of documentaries or other feature reports, either in the form of a separate program (
The Journal
or
The Magazine
) or as additional segments of the main program.
The opening segment generally runs 15 to 20 minutes, followed by additional segments of varying length featuring additional stories, features, or panel discussions. Long-form documentaries or feature reports are not as common as they were prior to 2009, but are featured from time to time, particularly during the Friday and Sunday editions. The broadcast contains some live inserts but most of the broadcast's segments are taped prior to the program's airtime. The program concludes with "The Moment". The anchor begins the first commercial break of the broadcast by saying "We're back in two." and the second commercial break of the broadcast by saying "The National breaks down the stories shaping our world, next.".
Peter Mansbridge
, as chief correspondent for
CBC News
, was the regular weeknight anchor, normally hosting from Monday to Thursday, but may host other nights if a significant news event has occurred. Mansbridge also regularly anchored on Fridays until the late 2000s; although CBC primetime promos on Fridays in the early 2010s often indicated that Mansbridge was the regular anchor that night as well, by that point
Wendy Mesley
was usually substituting, and she has since become the permanent Friday anchor.
[3]
Mesley had also been the Sunday anchor since September 2010,
[4]
essentially a reprisal of her tenure as anchor of
Sunday Report
in the early 1990s, while Asha Tomlinson was the last regular Saturday anchor.
From October 2009 to September 2012, weekday (and, on some stations, Sunday) airings on CBC O&Os ended at 10:55 with the anchor handing over to 10-minute local news bulletins that overlapped the normal 11:00 start time of the competing
CTV National News
. On CBC News Network, the weekday editions continued to run a full hour during this period; separate final segments, both pre-taped, were used for the 55- and 60-minute versions. Private affiliates, some of which had already been airing 11:00 p.m. local newscasts prior to the implementation of the 55-minute format, had the option of carrying either the 55- or 60-minute version. On September 17, 2012, with many CBC O&Os extending late local news to 30 minutes,
The National
reverted to a single 60-minute format on weeknights and Sundays. (Those stations which continue to produce 10-minute late local newscasts now air them starting at 11:00, followed by a condensed 20-minute version of
The Exchange
before rejoining the network schedule at 11:30.)
From 2009 to 2017, a 30-minute Saturday edition of
The National
(essentially a rebranding of the long-standing
Saturday Report
) generally aired on CBC Television at 6:00 p.m.
ET
during the season of
Hockey Night in Canada
(or if other live
CBC Sports
broadcasts are scheduled for that evening), and 6:00 local (7:00
AT
, 7:30 NT) otherwise, with updated editions throughout the evening on CBC News Network. However, beginning in the early 2010s, most CBC stations in eastern Canada began to carry local newscasts in that timeslot instead, or used a local opt-out at 6:20 ET. Just before the fall 2017 relaunch, the Saturday edition was discontinued altogether in favour of additional segments of
CBC News Network's rolling coverage
, with the 6:00pm ET segment, simulcast on CBC Television in western Canada, serving as the CBC's
de facto
network TV newscast of record on Saturdays.
History
[
edit
]
The National
began as
The National News
in 1954. Since 1952, there had been a five-minute national news bulletin on the fledgling CBC Television service - each bulletin would be read by a different reader, which the CBC's management realised resulted in a disjoined broadcast. Program director
Mavor Moore
decided to choose a single newsreader for the program in order to create continuity. He hired veteran radio newsman
Larry Henderson
to anchor the broadcast which soon expanded to a nightly thirteen-minute program airing at 11 pm. Henderson, who had hoped to become Canada's answer to
Edward R. Murrow
, had spent several years travelling the world with his
Headliners
radio broadcast. He proved a temperamental newsreader who would occasionally swear on the air, respond in anger to cues to speed up his reading, and once walked off the set when a filmed segment was not ready on cue.
[5]
Henderson left the broadcast in 1959 and was succeeded by
Earl Cameron
, who had been presenter of the
National News Bulletin
on the CBC's main radio service, the
Trans-Canada Network
, since 1944. Changes in the philosophy of CBC News led to Cameron, a professional announcer rather than a journalist, being replaced by journalist
Stanley Burke
, in 1966.
Though journalists were now reading the news, union regulations required a journalist acting as news anchor to leave the journalists' union and join the announcers' union and thus prohibited the anchor from doing anything other than reading a script written by others. Burke anchored the show from 1966 until 1969 when he resigned in order to launch a public campaign on the
Biafran civil war
. Burke was replaced by
Warren Davis
, at which point the show was renamed
The National
and the program was broadcast in colour. From 1970, the program was anchored by
Lloyd Robertson
until he was hired away by the
CTV Television Network
, the CBC's rival, in 1976, largely as a result of Robertson's frustration at not being able to participate in the writing of the newscast due to union rules.
Peter Kent
hosted the show for two years and, because he had worked as a senior correspondent with
CBC News Magazine
and
The National
, he was allowed to report and write and anchor
The National
and CBC News Specials before leaving to return to work as a foreign correspondent. In 1978,
Knowlton Nash
?who had been director of news and current affairs, three management levels above being Kent's supervisor?became the newscast's new anchor, after winning an audition process whose result was upheld in arbitration. Inaccurate news reports had claimed Nash appointed himself to the role. During Nash's tenure, the CBC was able to win formal concessions from its unions allowing working journalists to read the news, allowing Nash to assume the title of "Chief Correspondent" for CBC News. This allowed him to participate in the writing of the show's script as well as act as a news editor with influence over the stories selected for the newscast and other questions of editorial judgment. Nash stepped down as chief anchor in 1988 and was replaced by
Peter Mansbridge
.
On January 11, 1982,
The National
was relaunched in the 10:00 p.m. timeslot with a modernized design and format.
The Journal
, a program that covered news stories in greater depth using interviews and documentaries, followed it at 10:22 p.m.
One of the hosts of
The Journal
from the beginning was
Barbara Frum
, who quickly became a symbol of CBC News as she was not afraid to tackle the toughest and most controversial of issues. Frum died of chronic
leukemia
on March 26, 1992. Her final interview was with Canadian author
Mordecai Richler
, which took place just days before her death.
That same year, the CBC, which was undergoing major changes, replaced
The National
and
The Journal
with
Prime Time News
, an integrated package which aired at 9:00 p.m. with two hosts, Mansbridge and
Pamela Wallin
. However, the show fared poorly in the ratings, resulting in the competing
CTV National News
overtaking the CBC in national news ratings for the first time in its history,
[6]
and returned to the 10 p.m. time slot in 1994. During this time, the title
The National
was retained by a separate newscast on CBC Newsworld, hosted by
Alison Smith
.
In 1995, the main-network program reverted to the name
The National
, hosted by Mansbridge, and was followed by
The National Magazine
, hosted by
Hana Gartner
.
Brian Stewart
later took the helm of the second program, which was retitled
The Magazine
. It continued as a pseudo-separate program until the start of the
federal election
campaign of fall 2000, when the second half-hour was turned over to additional election coverage hosted by Mansbridge, under the moniker "Behind the Ballot". However,
The Magazine
did not return after the election, and Mansbridge continued to anchor the full hour. In early 2001, this integrated format was introduced as part of a revamp of the program; for a time, the latter part of the hour was often titled
Documentary
, on nights when such were featured; on other occasions, feature reports and/or panel discussions would be featured instead. The program acquired a new look and format in the eventful fall of that year with the CBC's latest corporate redesign.
Beginning in the late 1990s, in an effort to provide an 11:00 p.m. alternative to the now-dominant
CTV National News
, the CBC's
owned-and-operated stations
would repeat the news headline portion of
The National
at 11:00 p.m., followed (until summer 2000) by a half-hour local newscast at 11:30. This practice ended in October 2006, when
The Hour
began airing in that timeslot. Most private affiliates of the CBC did not broadcast the 11 p.m. airing.
"The National Online" debuted on the web on March 21, 1996. The interactive website initially made "available both information about the program and more in-depth content to supplement what we broadcast on television."
[7]
Later that year the website added news "headlines and very short summaries that got updated about once a day - but that's how online news got started at CBC."
[7]
On January 9, 2006,
The National
adopted a new look as part of a major rebranding for CBC News, stemming mainly from an extensive study by the CBC into how to make news programming more relevant, particularly in the face of stiff competition from
CTV National News
and
Global National
. The rebranding had been scheduled for September 2005 but was postponed because of the lengthy lockout that had just concluded at that time. The primary colour of CBC News shifted from blue to red, not unlike
BBC News
.
The CBC in summer 2006 briefly and
controversially
aired
The National
at 11 p.m. on Tuesday nights in the
Eastern Time Zone
, in order to simulcast the American airing of
The One: Making a Music Star
.
The One
received very low ratings on both ABC and CBC, and after two weeks
The National
returned to airing at 10 p.m. five nights a week as of July 31, 2006.
[8]
In May 2007,
The National
launched a redesigned website featuring the latest broadcast, recent documentaries, and an extensive online archive that opens the floor for comments from the viewers. There is also a behind-the-scenes blog and video bios on many of the reporters.
[9]
In December 2008, it was announced that as part of a larger series of planned changes surrounding CBC News,
Saturday Report
and
Sunday Night
were to be replaced by weekend editions of
The National
in 2009, citing that
The National
had better
brand awareness
than other CBC News properties.
[10]
These changes took effect in September 2009; as with its predecessor, a half-hour version of the Saturday-night edition was still scheduled at 6 p.m. ET during the
NHL
season as a lead-in to
Hockey Night in Canada
'
s pre-game show.
2017?present: Mansbridge's retirement, relaunch
[
edit
]
In September 2016, Mansbridge announced that he would retire as anchor of the program in 2017, following the network's
Canada Day
broadcast.
[11]
On the future of the program following his departure, CBC News editor-in-chief Jennifer McGuire told the Canadian Press that the CBC were planning to perform a significant revamp of
The National
in October 2017.
[12]
On August 1, 2017, the CBC announced that
Adrienne Arsenault
,
Rosemary Barton
,
Andrew Chang
, and
Ian Hanomansing
would host a revamped version of
The National
beginning on November 6, 2017.
[13]
The four anchors hosted from different cities, with Arsenault and Hanomansing initially hosting primarily from Toronto, Barton from Ottawa, and Chang from Vancouver, although the anchors were able to host on-location as warranted by stories.
[14]
Master control and playout comes from the CBC studios in Ottawa, the national capital. During the series run the anchor duty stations shifted, with Hanomansing principally hosting from Vancouver and Chang from Toronto.
CBC News executive Jonathan Whitten stated that the new format will be designed to focus more upon in-depth and "personal" coverage of ongoing stories, rather than merely recapping all of the day's headlines. Whitten explained that "increasingly the audience is going to demand more at the end of the day. Some may think we're jumping too fast into a world where we're abandoning that six or seven, two-minute news item [model], but we think that's what the positioning for the future's about."
[14]
There will also be a focus on expanding the presence of
The National
as an overarching brand for original journalism across the CBC's television and digital platforms, rather than referring solely to the TV program (to emphasize this perspective, CBC staff have also referred to the program internally as
The National Tonight
rather than just
The National
).
[14]
The inaugural episode with the new format received mixed to negative reviews;
John Doyle
wrote in
The Globe and Mail
that the show was no longer a newscast, but a "chatty, visually bewildering assessment of some news stories of the day" that felt "disjointed, surreal and sadly lacking in coherence". Although acknowledging that its hosts were "superb" journalists, he argued that its opening story on the
Sutherland Springs church shooting
featured "a reporter, skilled at doing traditional TV reportage, suddenly doing deep feelings and expected to be personally raw. That, with respect, is what the
Dr. Phil
show
is for ? exposed feelings and some kind of half-baked social context."
[15]
Johanna Schneller
wrote for the
Toronto Star
that the new format was likely an admission by the CBC that "you know the news, but we're the experts. Not the stentorian experts-on-high the way we used to be; we're chatty experts. Your four friends who always make you go, 'Huh.'"
[16]
On January 22, 2020, CBC News announced revisions to the program, dropping the four-anchor format and having Arsenault and Chang co-anchor from Monday through Thursday. Ian Hanomansing serves as solo anchor for the Friday and Sunday editions. Barton became the chief political correspondent for CBC News and the host of the Sunday morning political talk show
Rosemary Barton Live
; she continues to host
The National'
s weekly "At Issue" political panel.
[17]
In 2022, the CBC announced further changes. Arsenault will now serve as sole weekday anchor, with Hanomansing continuing to anchor on Friday and Sunday while Chang moves to a new daily program for the CBC's forthcoming streaming news service.
[18]
Presentation
[
edit
]
The show's name was shortened to
The National
in 1969. The broadcast's original opening, used from 1969 through 1982, was known as "the Bloops" and featured the title of the program in a "space-age" font in green on the bottom of the screen, superimposed over a wide shot of the set. Sometimes the program title appeared in the centre of the screen, with a black background. Accompanied by
synthesized
beeps that resembled an old computer, different letters rapidly cycled from left to right until they spelled "The National".
An announcer, usually
Allan McFee
, would intone "The National, with <anchorperson>", followed by a cut to a shot of the anchor beside a screen. The anchor of the program would then summarize the top stories as different slides appeared for each of them on the screen.
An internal study was conducted in July 1979 on whether to move
The National
to the 10 p.m. slot. This study group was composed of
Bill Morgan
,
Mark Starowicz
, and
Vince Carlin
.
On January 11, 1982, the CBC relaunched
The National
with a radically different format and presentation style that looked very hi-tech for its time. The intro started with a map of the world superimposed on a cube which began to rotate, splitting into smaller cubes as it did. The final rotation revealed the title of the show in shiny chrome lettering using the font Stop. The synthesized opening music featured a fanfare played by
The Canadian Brass
, called
The National
.
During the mid-1980s,
Quantel
Paintbox
was used to create many of the graphics for the stories.
On July 31, 1989, the CBC updated the presentation of
The National
with more modern computer graphics, similar to those used on
CBC Newsworld
at the same time. The logo used all upper-case letters in the typeface
Times New Roman
.
After Barbara Frum's death in 1992,
The Journal
?which she hosted?was subsequently cancelled later that year and replaced with
CBC Prime Time News
; the name
The National
was retained on CBC Newsworld for its late evening news bulletin.
From 1995 to 1997, the logo used the font
Palatino
in upper-case for the words "The National", and
Frutiger
in upper-case for the words "CBC News" underneath.
A new opening and look for the show appeared in 1997 that retained the style of the 1995 opening but used somewhat more sophisticated and modern
computer animation
.
In 2001, a logo was introduced that used the typeface
Microgramma
, centred on two lines, with the CBC News logo underneath in Frutiger. It was short-lived, lasting only a few months.
In the fall of 2001, the presentation of
The National
was updated along with the corporate redesign of the entire network to have one consistent branding. The New York design firm
Razorfish
designed the look of this and other network programs. The logo used the typeface Frutiger in upper case.
In late 2004 or early 2005, several graphics were modified, featuring more blue, less beige, and a slightly modified logo (with bolder type for "The National"). These changes were only implemented in selected sequences, sometimes leading to confusion - i.e., the older set of graphics was used at the start of the newscast's opening, and the new set was used at the end of the open.
The opening sequence started with the CBC News ID which flowed into the main graphic sequence, followed by Mansbridge or the fill-in anchor saying "Tonight ..." followed by a verbal listing of the main headlines and accompanying video and graphics. The title sequence would then continue, and cut to an aerial view of Toronto (new shot every Monday which then ran the entire week) and
Lisa Dalbello
announcing up and under the theme saying "
The National
; from the
Canadian Broadcasting Centre
, here is Peter Mansbridge."
In early 2006, the entire news division - including
The National
and CBC Newsworld - received another update, including a new theme song and new title sequences, featuring the colours red, black, and white. From 2008 to the 2009 rebranding,
Tony Daniels
introduced the show and the host.
After more than two years in the making,
The National
underwent sweeping changes on October 26, 2009. Host Peter Mansbridge began delivering all segments of the news standing up, a style pioneered in Canada by the
Citytv
system.
[
citation needed
]
The set was redesigned and the colour blue was mixed into the previous channel's colours of red and white. A press release had stated that the 2006 theme music would remain intact; however, new music cues by Eggplant Collective were created. Most of the logos and graphic fonts were changed to use Christian Schwartz's Stag typeface.
[
citation needed
]
In 2016, the program received a new opening sequence featuring a sweeping pan of the program title followed by a flash. The
lower-thirds
and other graphical elements were also updated.
Personalities
[
edit
]
Anchors
[
edit
]
Journalist staff
[
edit
]
- Nahlah Ayed
, foreign correspondent,
London
, UK
- Rosemary Barton
, chief political correspondent
- Christine Birak
, health and science reporter
- Keith Boag
, correspondent,
Washington, D.C.
- Kim Brunhuber
, correspondent,
Los Angeles
- Havard Gould, business reporter, Toronto
- Ian Hanomansing
, Friday & Sunday anchor
- Paul Hunter
, foreign correspondent and substitute host, Toronto
- Laura Lynch
, reporter, Toronto
- Neil Macdonald
, senior correspondent, Ottawa
- Duncan McCue
, reporter, Vancouver
- Bob McDonald
, science correspondent, currently based in
Victoria
- Wendy Mesley
, reporter, Toronto
- Terry Milewski
, senior correspondent,
Ottawa
- Rex Murphy
, commentator, Toronto
- Susan Ormiston
, senior correspondent, Toronto
- Sa?a Petricic
, foreign correspondent,
Beijing
- Reg Sherren, reporter,
Winnipeg
- Derek Stoffel, foreign correspondent, Middle East
- Deana Sumanac, arts reporter, Toronto
- Diana Swain
, senior investigative journalist, Toronto
Other personalities who have anchored
The National
as weekend or substitute anchors include
George McLean
,
Alison Smith
,
Wendy Mesley
,
Diana Swain
,
Carole MacNeil
,
Mark Kelley
,
Brian Stewart
,
Ian Hanomansing
,
Heather Hiscox
,
Asha Tomlinson
, and
Evan Solomon
. In 1974,
Jan Tennant
became the first woman to anchor the programme.
Commentators and panels
[
edit
]
The National
features a number of recurring discussion and commentary segments:
[20]
- A political panel titled "At Issue" hosted by Rosemary Barton airs weekly, usually on Thursday nights, except during the summer. The regular panellists are columnists
Andrew Coyne
,
Chantal Hebert
,
Althia Raj
and
Elamin Abdelmahmoud
from the
Globe and Mail
,
Toronto Star
,
Toronto Star
and
BuzzFeed
respectively, who are occasionally joined by one or more guest panellists. The At Issue panel was formerly followed by a weekly commentary segment by
Rex Murphy
, titled "Point of View", prior to his retirement in 2017.
- "At Issue" and Rex Murphy's commentary were also repeated as a stand-alone half-hour weekend program on CBC News Network.
- Other regular panels include:
- "The Insiders": Three former political-party backroom organizers ? usually
David Herle
of the
Liberals
, Jaime Watt of the
Conservatives
, and
Kathleen Monk
of the
New Democratic Party
? provide commentary (intended as non-partisan) about political strategy. Usually appears bi-weekly on Tuesday nights
- "The Bottom Line": A monthly Tuesday-night panel about the economy with various panellists, typically including Preet Banerjee, Patti Croft and
Jim Stanford
- "Turning Point": A semi-regular panel on foreign affairs, with regular panellists
Samantha Nutt
and
Janice Stein
- "National Check-Up": A semi-regular panel on health issues, with physicians
Danielle Martin
,
Vivek Rao
and Samir Sinha
- "The Sunday Talk": A weekly panel on Sunday broadcasts, with various panellists
- "The Pop Panel": A weekly panel on Friday broadcasts
- "The Moment": A segment that was shown at the end of every broadcast
- "Our Changing Planet"
- "CBC News Investigates"
- "Go Public": A weekly segment introduced by Hanomansing on Sunday broadcasts
- "Marketplace": A weekly segment introduced by Arsenault on Thursday broadcasts
- "The Fifth Estate": A weekly segment introduced by Arsenault on Thursday broadcasts
- "The Interview with Ian Hanomansing/It Changed Everything": A weekly segment hosted by Hanomansing on Sunday broadcasts
- "Quick Question": A weekly segment on Friday broadcasts
- "The Breakdown": A daily segment during the second half of the show on Sunday-Friday, except Thursdays due to "At Issue"
- "Frontburner": A commercial that was aired after the final commercial break
Current Affairs Editors
- Aileen McBride (senior)
- Sheldon Beldick
- Ed MacDonald
- Morna Scott-Dunne
- Jan Silverthorne
Awards
[
edit
]
The National
has received many awards including
Geminis
and foreign awards.
[21]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Watch - CBC Player"
.
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
.
- ^
CBC The National
. Retrieved
May 1,
2024
– via www.sbs.com.au.
- ^
"Bios: Wendy Mesley"
.
CBC Media Centre
. Retrieved
March 3,
2016
.
- ^
Mark Harrison (September 7, 2010).
"A new host for The National on Sunday"
. CBC News
. Retrieved
September 17,
2010
.
- ^
"Personalities - History of Canadian Broadcasting"
.
www.broadcasting-history.ca
. Retrieved
November 8,
2017
.
- ^
"CTV lures audience and anchor from CBC; CTV News ratings up 40 per cent since CBC's Prime Time News debut".
Ottawa Citizen
, November 21, 1992.
- ^
a
b
Schwartz, Daniel.
"Launching The National Online"
.
The National
. CBC. Archived from
the original
on January 12, 2016
. Retrieved
January 20,
2016
.
- ^
"CNW Telbec - CBC TELEVISION - CBC Television values The National and all its CBC news programming"
. Retrieved
November 8,
2017
.
- ^
Brown, Bonnie.
"The National: 15 years online"
.
The National
. CBC. Archived from
the original
on January 12, 2016
. Retrieved
January 12,
2016
.
- ^
"CBC to retune its TV news division"
,
The Globe and Mail
, December 5, 2008.
- ^
"Peter Mansbridge to step down from The National next year"
.
CBC News
. September 5, 2016
. Retrieved
September 6,
2016
.
- ^
"The National might replace Peter Mansbridge with multiple hosts"
.
Toronto Star
. Canadian Press. May 25, 2017
. Retrieved
June 23,
2017
.
- ^
"CBC taps Arsenault, Barton, Chang, Hanomansing to host The National revamp"
.
CBC News
. Retrieved
August 1,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
c
"CBC's The National is set to take on a new identity. Will its audience follow?"
.
The Globe and Mail
. November 3, 2017
. Retrieved
November 6,
2017
.
- ^
Doyle, John
(November 10, 2017).
"Revamped The National is a harebrained muddle"
.
The Globe and Mail
. Retrieved
November 16,
2017
.
- ^
Schneller, Johanna (November 7, 2017).
"CBC's The National debuts with chatty experts delivering news analysis"
.
The Toronto Star
.
ISSN
0319-0781
. Retrieved
November 16,
2017
.
- ^
a
b
Houpt, Simon (January 22, 2020).
"CBC's The National to drop four-host television format"
.
Globe and Mail
. Retrieved
January 22,
2020
.
- ^
a
b
David Friend,
"CBC makes changes at ‘The National’ ahead of free streaming channel launch"
.
Toronto Star
, June 30, 2022.
- ^
Watters, Haydn (August 1, 2017).
"Adrienne Arsenault, Rosemary Barton, Andrew Chang, Ian Hanomansing to host The National"
.
CBC News
.
- ^
"The National"
.
2015-16 Season Upfront
.
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
. Retrieved
March 3,
2016
.
- ^
"The National awards"
. CBC.ca
. Retrieved
October 8,
2008
.
External links
[
edit
]