Common human medical data ranges for blood test results
Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests
are sets of values used by a
health professional
to interpret a set of
medical test
results from blood samples.
Reference ranges
for
blood tests
are studied within the field of
clinical chemistry
(also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of
pathology
that is generally concerned with analysis of
bodily fluids
.
[
citation needed
]
Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.
[1]
Interpretation
[
edit
]
A
reference range
is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95%
prediction interval
).
[2]
It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.
[
citation needed
]
Plasma or whole blood
[
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]
In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote
blood plasma
concentration, which is approximately 60?100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside
red blood cells
(RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on
hematocrit
as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:
[3]
- All values in
Hematology ? red blood cells
(except
hemoglobin in plasma
)
- All values in
Hematology ? white blood cells
- Platelet count (Plt)
A few values are for inside red blood cells only:
- Vitamin B
9
(folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
- Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Units
[
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]
Arterial or venous
[
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]
If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the
venous
range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by
venipuncture
. An exception is for acid?base and
blood gases
, which are generally given for arterial blood.
[
citation needed
]
Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid?base, blood gases and drugs (used in
therapeutic drug monitoring
(TDM) assays).
[6]
Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.
[6]
Usual or optimal
[
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]
Reference ranges
are usually given as what are the usual (or
normal
) values found in the population, more specifically the
prediction interval
that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called
standard range
. In contrast,
optimal (health) range
or
therapeutic target
is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a
central tendency
of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges. In addition, some values, including
troponin I
and
brain natriuretic peptide
, are given as the estimated appropriate
cutoffs
to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here are
myocardial infarction
and
congestive heart failure
, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.
[7]
[8]
[9]
Variability
[
edit
]
References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy,
[10]
diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as
inaccuracy
, lack of
standardisation
, lack of
certified reference material
and differing
antibody reactivity
.
[11]
Also, reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small.
[12]
Sorted by concentration
[
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]
By mass and molarity
[
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]
Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as
standard "usual" reference range
.
Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).
[
citation needed
]
The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:
- Measured directly in distance on the scales:
- ,
where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance in number of
decades
or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (
molar mass
and the divisor (1000) in the
division
change places, or, alternatively,
distance to right
is changed to
distance to left
. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540,
[13]
is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left.
Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.
The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only the normal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for that substance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7 cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molar concentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to the right in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.
By units
[
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]
Units do not necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.
A few substances are below this main interval, e.g.
thyroid stimulating hormone
, being measured in
m
U/L, or above, like
rheumatoid factor
and
CA19-9
, being measured in U/mL.
By enzyme activity
[
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]
White blood cells
[
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]
Sorted by category
[
edit
]
Ions and trace metals
[
edit
]
Included here are also related binding proteins, like
ferritin
and
transferrin
for iron, and
ceruloplasmin
for copper.
Test
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Unit*
|
Comments
|
Sodium
(Na)
|
135,
[14]
137
[5]
[15]
|
145,
[5]
[15]
147
[14]
|
mmol/L or mEq/L
[14]
|
See
hyponatremia
or
hypernatremia
|
310,
[16]
320
[16]
|
330,
[16]
340
[16]
|
mg/dL
|
Potassium
(K)
|
3.5,
[5]
[14]
3.6
[15]
|
5.0,
[5]
[14]
[15]
5.1
|
mmol/L or mEq/L
[14]
|
See
hypokalemia
or
hyperkalemia
|
14
[17]
|
20
[17]
|
mg/dL
|
Chloride
(Cl)
|
95,
[14]
98,
[18]
100
[5]
|
105,
[14]
106,
[18]
110
[5]
|
mmol/L or mEq/L
[14]
|
See
hypochloremia
or
hyperchloremia
|
340
[19]
|
370
[19]
|
mg/dL
|
Ionized
calcium
(Ca)
|
1.03,
1.10
[5]
|
1.23,
1.30
[5]
|
mmol/L
|
See
hypocalcaemia
or
hypercalcaemia
|
4.1,
[21]
4.4
[21]
|
4.9,
[21]
5.2
[21]
|
mg/dL
|
Total calcium (Ca)
|
2.1,
[14]
[22]
2.2
[5]
|
2.5,
[5]
[22]
2.6,
[22]
2.8
[14]
|
mmol/L
|
|
8.4,
[14]
8.5
[23]
|
10.2,
[14]
10.5
[23]
|
mg/dL
|
|
Total
serum iron
(TSI) ? male
|
65,
[24]
76
[15]
|
176,
[24]
198
[15]
|
μg/dL
|
See
hypoferremia
or the following:
iron overload (hemochromatosis)
,
iron poisoning
,
siderosis
,
hemosiderosis
,
hyperferremia
|
11.6,
[25]
[26]
13.6
[26]
|
30,
[25]
32,
[26]
35
[26]
|
μmol/L
|
Total serum iron (TSI) ? female
|
26,
[15]
50
[24]
|
170
[15]
[24]
|
μg/dL
|
|
4.6,
[26]
8.9
[25]
|
30.4
[25]
|
μmol/L
|
|
Total serum iron (TSI) ?
newborns
|
100
[24]
|
250
[24]
|
μg/dL
|
|
18
[26]
|
45
[26]
|
μmol/L
|
|
Total serum iron (TSI) ?
children
|
50
[24]
|
120
[24]
|
μg/dL
|
|
9
[26]
|
21
[26]
|
μmol/L
|
|
Total iron-binding capacity
(TIBC)
|
240,
[24]
262
[15]
|
450,
[24]
474
[15]
|
μg/dL
|
|
43,
[26]
47
[26]
|
81,
[26]
85
[26]
|
μmol/L
|
|
Transferrin
|
190,
[27]
194,
[5]
204
[15]
|
326,
[5]
330,
[27]
360
[15]
|
mg/dL
|
|
25
[28]
|
45
[28]
|
μmol/L
|
|
Transferrin saturation
|
20
[24]
|
50
[24]
|
%
|
|
Ferritin
? Males and
postmenopausal
females
|
12
[29]
|
300
[29]
[30]
|
ng/mL or μg/L
|
|
27
[31]
|
670
[31]
|
pmol/L
|
|
Ferritin ? premenopausal females
|
12
[29]
|
150
[29]
? 200
[30]
|
ng/mL or μg/L
|
|
27
[31]
|
330
[31]
? 440
[31]
|
pmol/L
|
|
Ammonia
|
10,
[32]
20
[33]
|
35,
[32]
65
[33]
|
μmol/L
|
See
hypoammonemia
and
hyperammonemia
|
17,
[34]
34
[34]
|
60,
[34]
110
[34]
|
μg/dL
|
Copper
(Cu)
|
70
[23]
|
150
[23]
|
μg/dL
|
See
hypocupremia
or
hypercupremia
|
11
[35]
[36]
|
24
[35]
|
μmol/L
|
Ceruloplasmin
|
15
[23]
|
60
[23]
|
mg/dL
|
|
1
[37]
|
4
[37]
|
μmol/L
|
|
Phosphate
(HPO
4
2?
)
|
0.8
|
1.5
[38]
|
mmol/L
|
See
hypophosphatemia
or
hyperphosphatemia
|
Inorganic
phosphorus
(serum)
|
1.0
[14]
|
1.5
[14]
|
mmol/L
|
3.0
[14]
|
4.5
[14]
|
mg/dL
|
|
Zinc
(Zn)
|
60,
[39]
72
[40]
|
110,
[40]
130
[39]
|
μg/dL
|
See
zinc deficiency
or
zinc poisoning
|
9.2,
[41]
11
[5]
|
17,
[5]
20
[41]
|
μmol/L
|
Magnesium
|
1.5,
[23]
1.7
[42]
|
2.0,
[23]
2.3
[42]
|
mEq/L or mg/dL
|
See
hypomagnesemia
or
hypermagnesemia
|
0.6,
[43]
0.7
[5]
|
0.82,
[43]
0.95
[5]
|
mmol/L
|
- Note: Although 'mEq' for mass and 'mEq/L' are sometimes used in the United States and elsewhere, they are not part of
SI
and are now considered redundant.
Acid?base and blood gases
[
edit
]
If
arterial
/
venous
is not specified for an acid?base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.
[
citation needed
]
Acid?base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values.
[6]
Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of
inter-method reliability
between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.
[44]
Test
|
Arterial/Venous
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Unit
|
pH
|
Arterial
|
7.34,
[15]
7.35
[14]
|
7.44,
[15]
7.45
[14]
|
|
Venous
|
7.31
[45]
|
7.41
[45]
|
|
[H
+
]
|
Arterial
|
36
[14]
|
44
[14]
|
nmol/L
|
3.6
[46]
|
4.4
[46]
|
ng/dL
|
Base excess
|
Arterial & venous
[45]
|
?3
[45]
|
+3
[45]
|
mEq/L
|
Oxygen partial pressure
(pO
2
)
|
Arterial pO
2
|
10,
[14]
11
[47]
|
13,
[47]
14
[14]
|
kPa
|
75,
[14]
[15]
83
[23]
|
100,
[15]
105
[14]
|
mmHg
or
torr
|
Venous
|
4.0
[47]
|
5.3
[47]
|
kPa
|
30
[45]
|
40
[45]
|
mmHg or torr
|
Oxygen saturation
|
Arterial
|
94,
[45]
95,
[18]
96
[23]
|
100
[18]
[23]
|
%
|
Venous
|
Approximately 75
[18]
|
Carbon dioxide partial pressure
(pCO
2
)
|
Arterial P
a
CO
2
|
4.4,
[14]
4.7
[47]
|
5.9,
[14]
6.0
[47]
|
kPa
|
33,
[14]
35
[15]
|
44,
[14]
45
[15]
|
mmHg or torr
|
Venous
|
5.5,
[47]
|
6.8
[47]
|
kPa
|
41
[45]
|
51
[45]
|
mmHg or torr
|
Absolute content of
carbon dioxide
(CO
2
)
|
Arterial
|
23
[45]
|
30
[45]
|
mmol/L
|
100
[48]
|
132
[48]
|
mg/dL
|
Bicarbonate
(HCO
3
?
)
|
Arterial & venous
|
18
[23]
|
23
[23]
|
mmol/L
|
110
[49]
|
140
[49]
|
mg/dL
|
Standard bicarbonate
(SBC
e
)
|
Arterial & venous
|
21, 22
[14]
|
27, 28
[14]
|
mmol/L or mEq/L
[14]
|
134
[49]
|
170
[49]
|
mg/dL
|
Liver function
[
edit
]
Test
|
Patient type
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Unit
|
Comments
|
Total protein
(TotPro)
|
|
60,
[14]
63
[15]
|
78,
[14]
82,
[15]
84
[23]
|
g/L
|
See
serum total protein Interpretation
|
Albumin
|
|
35
[14]
[50]
|
48,
[15]
55
[14]
|
g/L
|
See
hypoalbuminemia
|
3.5
[15]
|
4.8,
[15]
5.5
[14]
|
U/L
|
540
[51]
|
740
[51]
|
μmol/L
|
Globulins
|
|
23
[14]
|
35
[14]
|
g/L
|
|
Total
bilirubin
|
|
1.7,
[52]
2,
[14]
3.4,
[52]
5
[5]
|
17,
[14]
[52]
22,
[52]
25
[5]
|
μmol/L
|
|
0.1,
[14]
0.2,
[15]
0.29
[53]
|
1.0,
[14]
[23]
1.3,
[15]
1.4
[53]
|
mg/dL
|
|
Direct/conjugated bilirubin
|
|
0.0
[14]
or N/A
[5]
|
5,
[14]
7
[5]
[52]
|
μmol/L
|
|
0
[14]
[15]
|
0.3,
[14]
[15]
0.4
[23]
|
mg/dL
|
|
Alanine transaminase
(ALT/ALAT
[5]
)
|
|
5,
[54]
7,
[15]
8
[14]
|
20,
[14]
21,
[18]
56
[15]
|
U/L
|
Also called
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase
(SGPT)
|
Female
|
0.15
[5]
|
0.75
[5]
|
μ
kat
/L
|
Male
|
0.15
[5]
|
1.1
[5]
|
Aspartate transaminase
(AST/ASAT
[5]
)
|
Female
|
6
[55]
|
34
[55]
|
IU/L
|
Also called
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
(SGOT)
|
0.25
[5]
|
0.60
[5]
|
μ
kat
/L
|
Male
|
8
[55]
|
40
[55]
|
IU/L
|
0.25
[5]
|
0.75
[5]
|
μ
kat
/L
|
Alkaline phosphatase
(ALP)
|
|
0.6
[5]
|
1.8
[5]
|
μ
kat
/L
|
|
Female
|
42
[54]
|
98
[54]
|
U/L
|
|
Male
|
53
[54]
|
128
[54]
|
|
Gamma glutamyl transferase
(GGT)
|
|
5,
[54]
8
[15]
|
40,
[54]
78
[15]
|
U/L
|
|
Female
|
|
0.63
[56]
|
μ
kat
/L
|
|
Male
|
|
0.92
[56]
|
μ
kat
/L
|
|
Cardiac tests
[
edit
]
Lipids
[
edit
]
Test
|
Patient type
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Unit
|
Therapeutic target
|
Triglycerides
|
10?39 years
|
54
[23]
|
110
[23]
|
mg/dL
|
< 100 mg/dL
[63]
or 1.1 mmol/L
[63]
|
0.61
[64]
|
1.2
[64]
|
mmol/L
|
40?59 years
|
70
[23]
|
150
[23]
|
mg/dL
|
0.77
[64]
|
1.7
[64]
|
mmol/L
|
> 60 years
|
80
[23]
|
150
[23]
|
mg/dL
|
0.9
[64]
|
1.7
[64]
|
mmol/L
|
Total
cholesterol
|
|
3.0,
[65]
3.6
[14]
[65]
|
5.0,
[5]
[66]
6.5
[14]
|
mmol/L
|
< 3.9 mmol/L
[63]
|
120,
[15]
140
[14]
|
200,
[15]
250
[14]
|
mg/dL
|
< 150 mg/dL
[63]
|
HDL cholesterol
|
Female
|
1.0,
[67]
1.2,
[5]
1.3
[65]
|
2.2
[67]
|
mmol/L
|
> 1.0
[67]
or 1.6
[65]
mmol/L
40
[68]
or 60
[69]
mg/dL
|
40,
[68]
50
[70]
|
86
[68]
|
mg/dL
|
HDL cholesterol
|
Male
|
0.9
[5]
[67]
|
2.0
[67]
|
mmol/L
|
35
[68]
|
80
[68]
|
mg/dL
|
LDL cholesterol
(Not valid when
triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L)
|
|
2.0,
[67]
2.4
[66]
|
3.0,
[5]
[66]
3.4
[67]
|
mmol/L
|
< 2.5 mmol/L
[67]
|
80,
[68]
94
[68]
|
120,
[68]
130
[68]
|
mg/dL
|
< 100 mg/dL
[68]
|
LDL/HDL quotient
|
|
n/a
|
5
[5]
|
(unitless)
|
|
Tumour markers
[
edit
]
Endocrinology
[
edit
]
Thyroid hormones
[
edit
]
Test
|
Patient type
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Unit
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone
(TSH or thyrotropin)
|
Adults ?
standard range
|
0.3,
[5]
0.4,
[15]
0.5,
[23]
0.6
[77]
|
4.0,
[5]
4.5,
[15]
6.0
[23]
|
mIU/L or μIU/mL
|
Adults ?
optimal range
|
0.3,
[78]
0.5
[79]
|
2.0,
[79]
3.0
[78]
|
Infants
|
1.3
[80]
|
19
[80]
|
Free
thyroxine
(FT4)
|
Normal adult
|
0.7,
[81]
0.8
[15]
|
1.4,
[81]
1.5,
[15]
1.8
[82]
|
ng/dL
|
9,
[5]
[83]
10,
[84]
12
[85]
|
18,
[5]
[83]
23
[85]
|
pmol/L
|
Child/Adolescent
31 d ? 18 y
|
0.8
[81]
|
2.0
[81]
|
ng/dL
|
10
[83]
|
26
[83]
|
pmol/L
|
Pregnant
|
0.5
[81]
|
1.0
[81]
|
ng/dL
|
6.5
[83]
|
13
[83]
|
pmol/L
|
Total thyroxine
|
|
4,
[84]
5.5
[15]
|
11,
[84]
12.3
[15]
|
μg/dL
|
60
[84]
[85]
|
140,
[84]
160
[85]
|
nmol/L
|
Free
triiodothyronine
(FT3)
|
Normal adult
|
0.2
[84]
|
0.5
[84]
|
ng/dL
|
3.1
[86]
|
7.7
[86]
|
pmol/L
|
Children 2-16 y
|
0.1
[87]
|
0.6
[87]
|
ng/dL
|
1.5
[86]
|
9.2
[86]
|
pmol/L
|
Total
triiodothyronine
|
|
60,
[15]
75
[84]
|
175,
[84]
181
[15]
|
ng/dL
|
0.9,
[5]
1.1
[84]
|
2.5,
[5]
2.7
[84]
|
nmol/L
|
Thyroxine-binding globulin
(TBG)
|
|
12
[15]
|
30
[15]
|
mg/L
|
Thyroglobulin
(Tg)
|
|
1.5
[84]
|
30
[84]
|
pmol/L
|
1
[84]
|
20
[84]
|
μg/L
|
Sex hormones
[
edit
]
The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for
estradiol
,
progesterone
,
FSH
and
LH
.
Test
|
Patient type
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Unit
|
Dihydrotestosterone
|
adult male
|
30
|
85
|
ng/dL
|
Testosterone
|
Male, overall
|
8,
[89]
10
[90]
|
27,
[89]
35
[90]
|
nmol/L
|
230,
[91]
300
[92]
|
780?1000
[91]
[92]
|
ng/dL
|
Male < 50 years
|
10
[5]
|
45
[5]
|
nmol/L
|
290
[91]
|
1300
[91]
|
ng/dL
|
Male > 50 years
|
6.2
[5]
|
26
[5]
|
nmol/L
|
180
[91]
|
740
[91]
|
ng/dL
|
Female
|
0.7
[90]
|
2.8?3.0
[90]
[5]
|
nmol/L
|
20
[92]
|
80?85
[92]
[91]
|
ng/dL
|
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
|
male
|
0.06
[23]
|
3.0
[23]
|
mg/L
|
0.18
[93]
|
9.1
[93]
|
μmol/L
|
Female (Follicular phase)
|
0.2
[23]
|
1.0
[23]
|
mg/L
|
0.6
[93]
|
3.0
[93]
|
μmol/L
|
Follicle-stimulating
hormone
(FSH)
|
Prepubertal
|
<1
[94]
|
3
[94]
|
IU/L
|
Adult male
|
1
[94]
|
8
[94]
|
Adult female (
follicular
and
luteal phase
)
|
1
[94]
|
11
[94]
|
Adult female (
Ovulation
)
|
6
[94]
95%
PI
(standard)
|
26
[94]
95% PI)
|
5
[95]
90%
PI
(used in diagram)
|
15
[95]
(90% PI)
|
Post-menopausal female
|
30
[94]
|
118
[94]
|
Luteinizing hormone
(LH)
|
Female, peak
|
20
[95]
90%
PI
(used in diagram)
|
75
[95]
(90% PI)
|
IU/L
|
Female, post-menopausal
|
15
[96]
|
60
[96]
|
Male aged 18+
|
2
[97]
|
9
[97]
|
Estradiol
(an
estrogen
)
|
Adult male
|
50
[98]
|
200
[98]
|
pmol/L
|
14
[99]
|
55
[99]
|
pg/mL
|
Adult female (day 5 of
follicular phase
,
and
luteal phase
)
|
70
[98]
|
500,
[98]
600
[98]
|
pmol/L
|
19
[99]
|
140,
[99]
160
[99]
|
pg/mL
|
Adult female ? free (not protein bound)
|
0.5
[100]
|
9
[100]
|
pg/mL
|
1.7
[100]
|
33
[100]
|
pmol/L
|
Post-menopausal female
|
N/A
[98]
|
< 130
[98]
|
pmol/L
|
N/A
[99]
|
< 35
[99]
|
pg/mL
|
Progesterone
|
Female in mid-
luteal phase
(day 21?23)
|
17,
[95]
35
[101]
|
92
[101]
|
nmol/L
|
6,
[95]
11
[102]
|
29
[102]
|
ng/mL
|
Androstenedione
|
Adult male and female
|
60
[96]
|
270
[96]
|
ng/dL
|
Post-menopausal female
|
|
< 180
[96]
|
Prepubertal
|
|
< 60
[96]
|
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate
-more detailed ranges
in
DHEA-S
article
|
Adult male and female
|
30
[103]
|
400
[103]
|
μg/dL
|
SHBG
-more detailed ranges
in
SHBG
article
|
Adult female
|
40
[104]
|
120
[104]
|
nmol/L
|
Adult male
|
20
[104]
|
60
[104]
|
Anti-Mullerian hormone
(AMH)
-more detailed ranges in
AMH
article
|
13?45 years
|
0.7
[105]
|
20
[105]
|
ng/mL
|
5
[106]
|
140
[106]
|
pmol/L
|
Other hormones
[
edit
]
Test
|
Patient type
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Unit
|
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
|
|
2.2
[107]
|
13.3
[107]
|
pmol/L
|
20
[15]
|
100
[15]
|
pg/mL
|
Cortisol
|
09:00
am
|
140
[108]
|
700
[108]
|
nmol/L
|
5
[109]
|
25
[109]
|
μg/dL
|
Midnight
|
80
[108]
|
350
[108]
|
nmol/L
|
2.9
[109]
|
13
[109]
|
μg/dL
|
Growth hormone
(fasting)
|
|
0
|
5
[14]
|
ng/mL
|
Growth hormone
(
arginine stimulation
)
|
|
7
[14]
|
n/a
|
ng/mL
|
IGF-1
-more detailed ranges in
IGF-1
article
|
Female, 20 yrs
|
110
[110]
|
420
[110]
|
ng/mL
|
Female, 75 yrs
|
55
[110]
|
220
[110]
|
Male, 20 yrs
|
160
[110]
|
390
[110]
|
Male, 75 yrs
|
48
[110]
|
200
[110]
|
Prolactin
|
Female
|
71,
[111]
105
[111]
|
348,
[111]
548
[111]
|
mIU/L
|
3.4,
[111]
3.9
[111]
|
16.4,
[111]
20.3
[111]
|
μg/L
|
Male
|
58,
[111]
89
[111]
|
277,
[111]
365
[111]
|
mIU/L
|
2.7,
[111]
3.3
[111]
|
13.0,
[111]
13.5
[111]
|
μg/L
|
Parathyroid hormone
(PTH)
|
|
10,
[112]
17
[113]
|
65,
[112]
70
[113]
|
pg/mL
|
|
1.1,
[5]
1.8
[114]
|
6.9,
[5]
7.5
[114]
|
pmol/L
|
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
(a
vitamin D
)
?
Standard reference range
|
|
8,
[23]
[115]
9
[115]
|
40,
[115]
80
[23]
|
ng/mL
|
20,
[116]
23
[117]
|
95,
[117]
150
[116]
|
nmol/L
|
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
?
Therapeutic target range
|
|
30,
[118]
40
[119]
|
65,
[119]
100
[118]
|
ng/mL
|
85,
[63]
100
[119]
|
120,
[63]
160
[119]
|
nmol/L
|
Plasma renin activity
|
|
0.29,
[120]
1.9
[121]
|
3.7
[120]
[121]
|
ng/(mL·h)
|
|
3.3,
[122]
21
[123]
|
41
[122]
[123]
|
mcU
/mL
|
Aldosterone
|
Adult
|
|
19,
[122]
34.0
[122]
|
ng/dL
|
|
530,
[124]
940
[124]
|
pmol/L
|
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio
|
Adult
|
|
13.1,
[125]
35.0
[125]
|
ng/dL per ng/(mL·h)
|
|
360,
[125]
970
[125]
|
pmol/liter per μg/(L·h)
|
Vitamins
[
edit
]
Also including the vitamin B
12
)-related amino acid
homocysteine
.
Test
|
Patient type
|
Standard range
|
Optimal range
|
Unit
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Vitamin A
|
|
30
[23]
|
65
[23]
|
|
|
μg/dL
|
Vitamin B
9
(Folic acid/Folate) ?
Serum
|
Age > 1 year
|
3.0
[126]
|
16
[126]
|
5
[127]
|
|
ng/mL or μg/L
|
6.8
[128]
|
36
[128]
|
11
[128]
|
|
nmol/L
|
Vitamin B
9
(Folic acid/Folate) ?
Red blood cells
|
|
200
[126]
|
600
[126]
|
|
|
ng/mL or μg/L
|
|
450
[128]
|
1400
[128]
|
|
|
nmol/L
|
Pregnant
|
|
|
400
[126]
|
|
ng/mL or μg/L
|
|
|
900
[126]
|
|
nmol/L
|
Vitamin B
12
(Cobalamin)
|
|
130,
[129]
160
[130]
|
700,
[129]
950
[130]
|
|
|
ng/L
|
|
100,
[131]
120
[5]
|
520,
[131]
700
[5]
|
|
|
pmol/L
|
Homocysteine
|
|
3.3,
[132]
5.9
[132]
|
7.2,
[132]
15.3
[132]
|
|
6.3
[63]
|
μmol/L
|
|
45,
[133]
80
[133]
|
100,
[133]
210
[133]
|
|
85
[63]
|
μg/dL
|
Vitamin C
(Ascorbic acid)
|
|
0.4
[23]
|
1.5
[23]
|
0.9
[63]
|
|
mg/dL
|
23
[134]
|
85
[134]
|
50
[63]
|
|
μmol/L
|
25-hydroxycholecalciferol
(a
vitamin D
)
|
|
8,
[23]
[115]
9
[115]
|
40,
[115]
80
[23]
|
30,
[118]
40
[119]
|
65,
[119]
100
[118]
|
ng/mL
|
20,
[116]
23
[117]
|
95,
[117]
150
[116]
|
85,
[63]
100
[119]
|
120,
[63]
160
[119]
|
nmol/L
|
Vitamin E
|
|
|
|
28
[63]
|
|
μmol/L
|
|
|
1.2
[63]
|
|
mg/dL
|
Toxic Substances
[
edit
]
Hematology
[
edit
]
Red blood cells
[
edit
]
These values (except
Hemoglobin in plasma
) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
Test
|
Patient
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Unit
|
Comments
|
Hemoglobin
(Hb)
|
Male
|
2.0,
[137]
2.1
[14]
[138]
|
2.5,
[137]
2.7
[14]
[138]
|
mmol/L
|
Higher in
neonates
, lower in children.
|
130,
[5]
132,
[15]
135
[14]
|
162,
[15]
170,
[5]
175
[14]
|
g/L
|
Female
|
1.8,
[137]
1.9
[14]
[138]
|
2.3,
[137]
2.5
[14]
[137]
[138]
|
mmol/L
|
Sex difference negligible until adulthood.
|
120
[5]
[14]
[15]
|
150,
[5]
152,
[15]
160
[14]
[23]
|
g/L
|
Hemoglobin subunits
(sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin")
|
Male
|
8.0,
[139]
8.4
[139]
|
10.0,
[139]
10.8
[139]
|
mmol/L
|
4 per hemoglobin molecule
|
Female
|
7.2,
[139]
7.6
[139]
|
9.2,
[139]
10.0
[139]
|
Hemoglobin
in plasma
|
|
0.16
[14]
|
0.62
[14]
|
μmol/L
|
Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells
|
|
1
|
4
|
mg/dL
|
Glycated hemoglobin
(Hb
A1c
)
|
< 50 years
|
3.6
[5]
|
5.0
[5]
|
% of Hb
|
|
> 50 years
|
3.9
[5]
|
5.3
[5]
|
Haptoglobin
|
< 50 years
|
0.35
[5]
|
1.9
[5]
|
g/L
|
|
> 50 years
|
0.47
[5]
|
2.1
[5]
|
Hematocrit
(Hct)
|
Male
|
0.39,
[5]
0.4,
[15]
0.41,
[14]
0.45
[23]
|
0.50,
[5]
0.52,
[15]
0.53,
[14]
0.62
[23]
|
L/L
|
|
Female
|
0.35,
[5]
0.36,
[14]
0.37
[15]
[23]
|
0.46,
[5]
[14]
[15]
0.48
[23]
|
L/L
|
|
Child
|
0.31
[15]
|
0.43
[15]
|
L/L
|
|
Mean corpuscular volume
(MCV)
|
Male
|
76,
[23]
82
[15]
|
100,
[23]
102
[15]
|
fL
|
Cells are larger in
neonates
, though smaller in other children.
|
Female
|
78
[15]
|
101
[15]
|
fL
|
Red blood cell distribution width
(RDW)
|
|
11.5
[15]
|
14.5
[15]
|
%
|
|
Mean cell hemoglobin
(MCH)
|
|
0.39
[14]
|
0.54
[14]
|
fmol/cell
|
|
25,
[14]
27
[5]
[23]
|
32,
[23]
33,
[5]
35
[14]
|
pg/cell
|
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
(MCHC)
|
|
4.8,
[140]
5.0
[140]
|
5.4,
[140]
5.6
[140]
|
mmol/L
|
|
|
31,
[15]
32
[5]
[23]
|
35,
[15]
36
[5]
[23]
|
g/dL or %
[note 1]
|
Erythrocytes/
Red blood cells
(RBC)
|
Male
|
4.2,
[23]
4.3
[5]
[14]
[15]
|
5.7,
[5]
5.9,
[14]
6.2,
[15]
6.9
[23]
|
x10
12
/L
or
million
/mm
3
|
|
Female
|
3.5,
[14]
3.8,
[15]
3.9
[5]
|
5.1,
[5]
5.5
[14]
[15]
|
|
Infant/Child
|
3.8
[15]
|
5.5
[15]
|
|
Reticulocytes
|
Adult
|
26
[5]
|
130
[5]
|
x10
9
/L
|
|
0.5
[14]
[15]
|
1.5
[14]
[15]
|
% of RBC
|
|
Newborn
|
1.1
[15]
|
4.5
[15]
|
% of RBC
|
|
Infant
|
0.5
[15]
|
3.1
[15]
|
% of RBC
|
|
Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF)
|
Adult
|
1.6
[141]
|
12.1
[141]
|
% of reticulocytes
|
|
Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent
|
Adult
|
30.0
[141]
|
37.6
[141]
|
%
|
|
24.1
[142]
|
35.8
[142]
|
pg
|
Immature platelet fraction (IPF)
|
Adult
|
0.8
[141]
|
5.6
[141]
|
%
|
|
White blood cells
[
edit
]
These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
Test
|
Patient type
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Unit
|
White Blood Cell Count
(
WBC
)
|
Adult
|
3.5,
[5]
3.9,
[143]
4.1,
[15]
4.5
[14]
|
9.0,
[5]
10.0,
[143]
10.9,
[15]
11
[14]
|
- x10
9
/L
- x10
3
/mm
3
or
- x10
3
/μL
|
Newborn
|
9
[144]
|
30
[144]
|
1 year old
|
6
[144]
|
18
[144]
|
Neutrophil granulocytes
(A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs)
|
Adult
|
1.3,
[5]
1.8,
[143]
2
[144]
|
5.4,
[5]
7,
[143]
8
[144]
|
x10
9
/L
|
45?54
[14]
|
62,
[14]
74
|
% of WBC
|
Newborn
|
6
[144]
|
26
[144]
|
x10
9
/L
|
Neutrophilic
band forms
|
Adult
|
|
0.7
[144]
|
x10
9
/L
|
3
[14]
|
5
[14]
|
% of WBC
|
Lymphocytes
|
Adult
|
0.7,
[5]
1.0
[143]
[144]
|
3.5,
[143]
3.9,
[5]
4.8
[144]
|
x10
9
/L
|
16?25
[14]
|
33,
[14]
45
|
% of WBC
|
Newborn
|
2
[144]
|
11
[144]
|
x10
9
/L
|
Monocytes
|
Adult
|
0.1,
[5]
0.2
[145]
[146]
|
0.8
[5]
[144]
[146]
|
x10
9
/L
|
3,
[14]
4.0
|
7,
[14]
10
|
% of WBC
|
Newborn
|
0.4
[144]
|
3.1
[144]
|
x10
9
/L
|
Mononuclear leukocytes
(Lymphocytes + monocytes)
|
Adult
|
1.5
|
5
|
x10
9
/L
|
20
|
35
|
% of WBC
|
CD4
+
T cells
|
Adult
|
0.4,
[15]
0.5
[18]
|
1.5,
[18]
1.8
[15]
|
x10
9
/L
|
Eosinophil granulocytes
|
Adult
|
0.0,
[5]
0.04
[146]
|
0.44,
[146]
0.45,
[144]
0.5
[5]
|
x10
9
/L
|
1
[14]
|
3,
[14]
7
|
% of WBC
|
Newborn
|
0.02
[144]
|
0.85
[144]
|
x10
9
/L
|
Basophil granulocytes
|
Adult
|
40
[143]
|
100,
[5]
[146]
200,
[144]
900
[143]
|
x10
6
/L
|
0.0
|
0.75,
[14]
2
|
% of WBC
|
Newborn
|
|
0.64
[144]
|
x10
9
/L
|
Coagulation
[
edit
]
Test
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Unit
|
Comments
|
Thrombocyte/
Platelet
count (Plt)
|
140,
[15]
150
[5]
[14]
|
350,
[5]
[23]
400,
[14]
450
[15]
|
x10
9
/L or
x1000/μL
|
|
Mean platelet volume
(MPV)
|
7.2,
[147]
7.4,
[148]
7.5
[149]
|
10.4,
[148]
11.5,
[149]
11.7
[147]
|
fL
|
|
Prothrombin time
(PT)
|
10,
[18]
11,
[14]
[150]
12
[15]
|
13,
[18]
13.5,
[150]
14,
[15]
15
[14]
|
s
|
PT reference varies between laboratory kits ? INR is standardised
|
INR
|
0.9
[5]
|
1.2
[5]
|
|
The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal
|
Activated partial thromboplastin time
(APTT)
|
18,
[15]
30
[5]
[18]
|
28,
[15]
42,
[5]
45
[18]
|
s
|
|
Thrombin clotting time
(TCT)
|
11
|
18
|
s
|
|
Fibrinogen
|
1.7,
[15]
2.0
[5]
|
3.6,
[5]
4.2
[15]
|
g/L
|
|
Antithrombin
|
0.80
[5]
|
1.2
[5]
|
kIU/L
|
|
0.15,
[151]
0.17
[152]
|
0.2,
[151]
0.39
[152]
|
mg/mL
|
Bleeding time
|
2
|
9
|
minutes
|
|
Viscosity
|
1.5
[153]
|
1.72
[153]
|
cP
|
|
Immunology
[
edit
]
Acute phase proteins
[
edit
]
Acute phase proteins
are markers of
inflammation
.
Isotypes of antibodies
[
edit
]
Autoantibodies
[
edit
]
Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a
positive test
. There may also be an
equivocal
interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level.
Other immunology
[
edit
]
Other enzymes and proteins
[
edit
]
Test
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Unit
|
Comments
|
Serum total protein
|
60,
[14]
63
[15]
|
78,
[14]
82,
[15]
84
[23]
|
g/L
|
|
Lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH)
|
50
[23]
|
150
[23]
|
U/L
|
|
0.4
[54]
|
1.7
[54]
|
μmol/L
|
|
1.8
[5]
|
3.4
[5]
|
μ
kat
/L
|
< 70 years old
[5]
|
Amylase
|
25,
[14]
30,
[15]
53
[23]
|
110,
[15]
120,
[170]
123,
[23]
125,
[14]
190
[54]
|
U/L
|
|
0.15
[5]
|
1.1
[5]
|
μ
kat
/L
|
|
200
[158]
|
240
[158]
|
nmol/L
|
|
D-dimer
-more detailed ranges in
D-dimer
article
|
n/a
|
500
[171]
|
ng/mL
|
Higher in pregnant women
[172]
|
0.5
[5]
|
mg/L
|
Lipase
|
7,
[15]
10,
[23]
23
[54]
|
60,
[15]
150,
[23]
208
[54]
|
U/L
|
|
Angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE)
|
23
[54]
|
57
[54]
|
U/L
|
|
Acid phosphatase
|
|
3.0
[54]
|
ng/mL
|
|
Eosinophil cationic protein
(ECP)
|
2.3
[5]
|
16
[5]
|
μg/L
|
|
Other electrolytes and metabolites
[
edit
]
Electrolytes
and
metabolites
:
For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.
Test
|
Patient type
|
Lower limit
|
Upper limit
|
Unit
|
Comments
|
Osmolality
|
|
275,
[14]
280,
[23]
281
[5]
|
295,
[14]
296,
[23]
297
[5]
|
mOsm/kg
|
Plasma weight excludes solutes
|
Osmolarity
|
|
Slightly less than osmolality
|
mOsm/L
|
Plasma volume includes solutes
|
Urea
|
|
3.0
[173]
|
7.0
[173]
|
mmol/L
|
BUN ?
blood urea nitrogen
|
7
[14]
|
18,
[14]
21
[15]
|
mg/dL
|
*
Uric acid
[15]
|
|
0.18
[14]
|
0.48
[14]
|
mmol/L
|
|
Female
|
2.0
[23]
|
7.0
[23]
|
mg/dL
|
|
Male
|
2.1
[23]
|
8.5
[23]
|
mg/dL
|
|
Creatinine
|
Male
|
60,
[5]
68
[174]
|
90,
[5]
118
[174]
|
μmol/L
|
May be complemented with
creatinine clearance
|
0.7,
[175]
0.8
[175]
|
1.0,
[175]
1.3
[175]
|
mg/dL
|
Female
|
50,
[5]
68
[174]
|
90,
[5]
98
[174]
|
μmol/L
|
0.6,
[175]
0.8
[175]
|
1.0,
[175]
1.1
[175]
|
mg/dL
|
BUN/Creatinine Ratio
|
|
5
[23]
|
35
[23]
|
?
|
|
Plasma
glucose
(fasting)
|
|
3.8,
[14]
4.0
[5]
|
6.0,
[5]
6.1
[176]
|
mmol/L
|
See also
glycated hemoglobin
(in hematology)
|
65,
[15]
70,
[14]
72
[177]
|
100,
[176]
110
[23]
|
mg/dL
|
Full blood glucose (fasting)
|
|
3.3
[5]
|
5.6
[5]
|
mmol/L
|
60
[177]
|
100
[177]
|
mg/dL
|
Random glucose
|
|
3.9
[178]
|
7.8
[178]
|
mmol/L
|
70
[179]
|
140
[179]
|
mg/dL
|
Lactate
(Venous)
|
|
4.5
[23]
|
19.8
[23]
|
mg/dL
|
|
0.5
[180]
|
2.2
[180]
|
mmol/L
|
|
Lactate (Arterial)
|
|
4.5
[23]
|
14.4
[23]
|
mg/dL
|
|
0.5
[180]
|
1.6
[180]
|
mmol/L
|
|
Pyruvate
|
|
300
[23]
|
900
[23]
|
μg/dL
|
|
34
[181]
|
102
[181]
|
μmol/L
|
|
Ketones
|
|
|
1
[182]
|
mg/dL
|
|
|
0.1
[182]
|
mmol/L
|
|
Medication
[
edit
]
See also
[
edit
]
Notes
[
edit
]
- ^
The MCHC in g/dL and the mass fraction of hemoglobin in red blood cells in % are numerically identical in practice, assuming a RBC density of 1g/mL and negligible hemoglobin in plasma.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Reference Ranges and What They Mean"
. Lab Tests Online (USA). Archived from
the original
on 28 August 2013
. Retrieved
22 June
2013
.
- ^
Page 19
in:
Stephen K. Bangert MA MB BChir MSc MBA FRCPath; William J. Marshall MA MSc MBBS FRCP FRCPath FRCPEdin FIBiol; Marshall, William Leonard (2008).
Clinical biochemistry: metabolic and clinical aspects
. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier.
ISBN
978-0-443-10186-1
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
{{
cite journal
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
"Units of measurement"
in
Medical toxicology
, Richard C. Dart
Edition: 3, illustrated, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2004, p. 34
ISBN
978-0-7817-2845-4
1914 pages
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
am
an
ao
ap
aq
ar
as
at
au
av
aw
ax
ay
az
ba
bb
bc
bd
be
bf
bg
bh
bi
bj
bk
bl
bm
bn
bo
bp
bq
br
bs
bt
bu
bv
bw
bx
by
bz
ca
cb
cc
cd
ce
cf
cg
ch
ci
cj
ck
cl
cm
cn
co
cp
cq
cr
cs
ct
cu
cv
cw
cx
cy
cz
da
db
dc
dd
de
df
dg
dh
di
dj
dk
dl
dm
dn
do
dp
dq
dr
ds
dt
du
dv
dw
Reference range list from Uppsala University Hospital ("Laborationslista"). Artnr 40284 Sj74a. Issued on April 22, 2008
- ^
a
b
c
"Arterial versus venous reference ranges"
,
Medical Laboratory Observer
, April, 2000 by D. Robert Dufour
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Ashvarya Mangla.
"Troponins"
.
medscape
. Retrieved
2017-07-24
.
Updated: Jan 14, 2015
- ^
a
b
c
d
Brenden CK, Hollander JE, Guss D, et al. (May 2006). "Gray zone BNP levels in heart failure patients in the emergency department: results from the Rapid Emergency Department Heart Failure Outpatient Trial (REDHOT) multicenter study".
American Heart Journal
.
151
(5): 1006?11.
doi
:
10.1016/j.ahj.2005.10.017
.
PMID
16644322
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Strunk A, Bhalla V, Clopton P, et al. (January 2006).
"Impact of the history of congestive heart failure on the utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure: results from the Breathing Not Properly Multinational Study"
.
The American Journal of Medicine
.
119
(1): 69.e1?11.
doi
:
10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.04.029
.
PMID
16431187
.
- ^
Abbassi-Ghanavati, M.; Greer, L. G.; Cunningham, F. G. (2009). "Pregnancy and Laboratory Studies".
Obstetrics & Gynecology
.
114
(6): 1326?31.
doi
:
10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181c2bde8
.
PMID
19935037
.
S2CID
24249021
.
- ^
Armbruster, David; Miller (August 2007).
"The Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine (JCTLM): A Global Approach to Promote the Standardisation of Clinical Laboratory Test Results"
.
The Clinical Biochemist Reviews
.
28
(3): 105?14.
PMC
1994110
.
PMID
17909615
.
- ^
William Q. Meeker & Gerald J. Hahn (1982). "Sample Sizes for Prediction Intervals".
Journal of Quality Technology
.
14
(4): 201?206.
doi
:
10.1080/00224065.1982.11978821
.
- ^
PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN; NCBI / POMC
Retrieved on September 28, 2009
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
am
an
ao
ap
aq
ar
as
at
au
av
aw
ax
ay
az
ba
bb
bc
bd
be
bf
bg
bh
bi
bj
bk
bl
bm
bn
bo
bp
bq
br
bs
bt
bu
bv
bw
bx
by
bz
ca
cb
cc
cd
ce
cf
cg
ch
ci
cj
ck
cl
cm
cn
co
cp
cq
cr
cs
ct
cu
cv
cw
cx
cy
cz
da
db
dc
dd
Last page of
Deepak A. Rao; Le, Tao; Bhushan, Vikas (2007).
First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2008 (First Aid for the Usmle Step 1)
. McGraw-Hill Medical.
ISBN
978-0-07-149868-5
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
am
an
ao
ap
aq
ar
as
at
au
av
aw
ax
ay
az
ba
bb
bc
bd
be
bf
bg
bh
bi
bj
bk
bl
bm
bn
bo
bp
bq
br
bs
bt
bu
bv
bw
bx
by
bz
ca
cb
cc
cd
ce
cf
cg
ch
ci
cj
ck
cl
cm
cn
co
cp
cq
cr
cs
ct
cu
cv
cw
cx
cy
cz
da
db
Normal Reference Range Table
Archived
2011-12-25 at the
Wayback Machine
from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 22.99?g?mol?1
- ^
a
b
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 39.10?g?mol?1
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
Merck Manuals > Common Medical Tests > Blood Tests
Last full review/revision February 2003
- ^
a
b
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 35.45?g?mol?1
- ^
a
b
c
d
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 40.08 ?g?mol?1
- ^
a
b
c
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 40.08 ?g?mol?1
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
af
ag
ah
ai
aj
ak
al
am
an
ao
ap
aq
ar
as
at
au
av
aw
ax
ay
az
ba
bb
bc
bd
be
bf
bg
bh
bi
bj
bk
bl
bm
bn
bo
bp
bq
br
bs
bt
bu
bv
bw
bx
by
bz
Blood Test Results ? Normal Ranges
Archived
2012-11-02 at the
Wayback Machine
Bloodbook.Com
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
Slon S (2006-09-22).
"Serum Iron"
. University of Illinois Medical Center. Archived from
the original
on 2006-10-28
. Retrieved
2006-07-06
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Diagnostic Chemicals Limited > Serum Iron-SL Assay
Archived
2009-01-06 at the
Wayback Machine
July 15, 2005
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 55.85?g?mol?1
- ^
a
b
Table 1.
Page 133"
Clinical Chemistry
45, No. 1, 1999 (stating 1.9?3.3 g/L)
- ^
a
b
Derived by dividing mass values with molar mass
- ^
a
b
c
d
Ferritin
by: Mark Levin, MD, Hematologist and Oncologist, Newark, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network
- ^
a
b
Andrea Duchini.
"Hemochromatosis Workup"
.
Medscape
. Retrieved
2016-07-14
.
Updated: Jan 02, 2016
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 450,000?g?mol?1
- ^
a
b
Mitchell ML, Filippone MD, Wozniak TF (August 2001).
"Metastatic carcinomatous cirrhosis and hepatic hemosiderosis in a patient heterozygous for the H63D genotype"
.
Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med
.
125
(8): 1084?87.
doi
:
10.5858/2001-125-1084-MCCAHH
.
PMID
11473464
.
- ^
a
b
Diaz J, Tornel PL, Martinez P (July 1995).
"Reference intervals for blood ammonia in healthy subjects, determined by microdiffusion"
.
Clin. Chem
.
41
(7): 1048.
doi
:
10.1093/clinchem/41.7.1048a
.
PMID
7600690
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 17.03 g/mol
- ^
a
b
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 63.55?g?mol?1
- ^
"Reference range for copper"
.
GPnotebook
.
- ^
a
b
Derived from mass using molar mass of 151kDa
- ^
Walter F. Boron (2005).
Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch
. Elsevier/Saunders. p. 849.
ISBN
978-1-4160-2328-9
.
- ^
a
b
"Archived copy"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2010-03-07
. Retrieved
2010-01-17
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
link
)
- ^
a
b
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
- ^
a
b
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 65.38 g/mol
- ^
a
b
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 24.31?g/mol
- ^
a
b
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 24.31?g/mol
- ^
Middleton P, Kelly AM, Brown J, Robertson M (August 2006).
"Agreements between arterial and central venous values for pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and lactate"
.
Emerg Med J
.
23
(8): 622?24.
doi
:
10.1136/emj.2006.035915
.
PMC
2564165
.
PMID
16858095
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates / ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)
Retrieved on Dec 6, 2009
- ^
a
b
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 1.01?g?mol?1
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg
- ^
a
b
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44.010 g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 61 g/mol
- ^
"Reference range (albumin)"
.
GPnotebook
.
- ^
a
b
Derived from mass using molecular weight of 65kD
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 585g/mol
- ^
a
b
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 585g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
Fachworterbuch Kompakt Medizin E-D/D-E. Author: Fritz-Jurgen Nohring. Edition 2. Publisher:Elsevier, Urban&FischerVerlag, 2004.
ISBN
978-3-437-15120-0
. Length: 1288 pages
- ^
a
b
c
d
GPnotebook > reference range (AST)
Archived
2017-01-07 at the
Wayback Machine
Retrieved on Dec 7, 2009
- ^
a
b
"Gamma-GT"
.
Leistungsverzeichnis
. Medizinisch-Diagnostische Institute. Archived from
the original
on 25 April 2012
. Retrieved
20 November
2011
.
- ^
a
b
"Creatine kinase"
.
GPnotebook
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Page 585
in:
Lee, Mary Ann (2009).
Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data
. Amer Soc of Health System.
ISBN
978-1-58528-180-0
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Muscle Information and Courses from MediaLab, Inc. > Cardiac Biomarkers
Retrieved on April 22, 2010
- ^
Caselli, C.; Cangemi, G.; Masotti, S.; Ragusa, R.; Gennai, I.; Del Ry, S.; Prontera, C.; Clerico, A. (2016-07-01).
"Plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations in healthy neonates, children and adolescents measured with a high sensitive immunoassay method: High sensitive troponin I in pediatric age"
.
Clinica Chimica Acta
.
458
: 68?71.
doi
:
10.1016/j.cca.2016.04.029
.
ISSN
0009-8981
.
PMID
27118089
.
- ^
Baum, Hannsjorg; Hinze, Anika; Bartels, Peter; Neumeier, Dieter (2004-12-01).
"Reference values for cardiac troponins T and I in healthy neonates"
.
Clinical Biochemistry
.
37
(12): 1079?82.
doi
:
10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2004.08.003
.
ISSN
0009-9120
.
PMID
15589813
.
- ^
a
b
Page 220
in:
Lee, Mary Ann (2009).
Basic Skills in Interpreting Laboratory Data
. Amer Soc of Health System.
ISBN
978-1-58528-180-0
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
Adeeva Nutritionals Canada > Optimal blood test values
Archived
2009-05-29 at the
Wayback Machine
Retrieved on July 9, 2009
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, by dividing by 89, according to
faqs.org: What are mg/dL and mmol/L? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol?
Last Update July 21, 2009. Retrieved on July 21, 2009
- ^
a
b
c
d
Derived from values in mg/dL to mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
"Reference range (cholesterol)"
.
GPnotebook
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia; Cholesterol (HDL and LDL) ? plasma or serum
Last Updated: Monday, 6 August 2007
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
Derived from values in mmol/L, using molar mass of 386.65 g/mol
- ^
What Your Cholesterol Levels Mean.
American Heart Association. Retrieved on September 12, 2009
- ^
"HDL Cholesterol: The Test"
. September 3, 2001. Archived from
the original
on 2001-09-03.
- ^
GP Notebook > range (reference, ca-125)
Retrieved on Jan 5, 2009
- ^
ClinLab Navigator > Test Interpretations > CA-125
Retrieved on March 8, 2011
- ^
a
b
Bjerner J, Høgetveit A, Wold Akselberg K, et al. (June 2008).
"Reference intervals for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125, MUC1, Alfa-foeto-protein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and CA19.9 from the NORIP study"
.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation
.
68
(8): 703?13.
doi
:
10.1080/00365510802126836
.
PMID
18609108
.
S2CID
12545738
.
- ^
Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA)
at MedicineNet
- ^
a
b
c
Luboldt, Hans-Joachim; Schindler, Joachim F.; Rubben, Herbert (2007). "Age-Specific Reference Ranges for Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker for Prostate Cancer".
EAU-EBU Update Series
.
5
(1): 38?48.
doi
:
10.1016/j.eeus.2006.10.003
.
ISSN
1871-2592
.
- ^
a
b
c
Basuyau JP, Mallet E, Leroy M, Brunelle P (October 2004).
"Reference intervals for serum calcitonin in men, women, and children"
.
Clinical Chemistry
.
50
(10): 1828?30.
doi
:
10.1373/clinchem.2003.026963
.
PMID
15388660
.
- ^
The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right...
Archived
2016-04-11 at the
Wayback Machine
By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006. About.com Health's Disease and Condition
- ^
a
b
2006 Press releases: Thyroid Imbalance? Target Your Numbers
Archived
2008-03-03 at the
Wayback Machine
Contacts: Bryan Campbell American] Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
- ^
a
b
The TSH Reference Range Wars: What's "Normal?", Who is Wrong, Who is Right...
Archived
2016-04-11 at the
Wayback Machine
By Mary Shomon, About.com. Updated: June 19, 2006
- ^
a
b
Demers, Laurence M.; Carole A. Spencer (2002).
"LMPG: Laboratory Support for the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Thyroid Disease"
.
National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry
(USA). Archived from
the original
on 2008-11-20
. Retrieved
2007-04-13
.
? see
Section 2. Pre-analytic factors
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Free T4; Thyroxine, Free; T4, Free
Archived
2010-12-22 at the
Wayback Machine
UNC Health Care System
- ^
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 776.87 g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
Table 4: Typical reference ranges for serum assays
Archived
2011-07-01 at the
Wayback Machine
? Thyroid Disease Manager
- ^
a
b
c
d
van der Watt G, Haarburger D, Berman P (July 2008).
"Euthyroid patient with elevated serum free thyroxine"
.
Clinical Chemistry
.
54
(7): 1239?41.
doi
:
10.1373/clinchem.2007.101428
.
PMID
18593963
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 650.98 g/mol
- ^
a
b
Cioffi M, Gazzerro P, Vietri MT, et al. (2001). "Serum concentration of free T3, free T4 and TSH in healthy children".
Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism
.
14
(9): 1635?39.
doi
:
10.1515/jpem.2001.14.9.1635
.
PMID
11795654
.
S2CID
34910563
.
INIST
13391788
.
- ^
Haggstrom, Mikael (2014).
"Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle"
.
WikiJournal of Medicine
.
1
(1).
doi
:
10.15347/wjm/2014.001
.
- ^
a
b
"Andrology Australia: Your Health > Low Testosterone > Diagnosis"
. Archived from
the original
on 2012-02-17
. Retrieved
2008-11-28
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 288.42g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
MedlinePlus > Testosterone
Update Date: 3/18/2008. Updated by: Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD, Yale University. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director
- ^
a
b
c
d
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 330.46g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
reference range (FSH)
GPnotebook. Retrieved on September 27, 2009
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Values taken from day 1 after LH surge in:
Stricker R, Eberhart R, Chevailler MC, Quinn FA, Bischof P, Stricker R (2006). "Establishment of detailed reference values for luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone during different phases of the menstrual cycle on the Abbott ARCHITECT analyzer".
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
.
44
(7): 883?87.
doi
:
10.1515/CCLM.2006.160
.
PMID
16776638
.
S2CID
524952
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
New York Hospital Queens > Services and Facilities > Patient Testing > Pathology > New York Hospital Queens Diagnostic Laboratories > Test Directory > Reference Ranges
[
permanent dead link
]
Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
- ^
a
b
Mayo Medical Laboratories > Test ID: LH, Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Serum
Archived
2016-09-25 at the
Wayback Machine
, retrieved December 2012
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
GPNotebook ? reference range (oestradiol)
Archived
2012-06-09 at the
Wayback Machine
Retrieved on September 27, 2009
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 272.38g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
Total amount multiplied by 0.022 according to 2.2% presented in:
Wu CH, Motohashi T, Abdel-Rahman HA, Flickinger GL, Mikhail G (August 1976). "Free and protein-bound plasma estradiol-17 beta during the menstrual cycle".
J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab
.
43
(2): 436?45.
doi
:
10.1210/jcem-43-2-436
.
PMID
950372
.
- ^
a
b
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 314.46 g/mol
- ^
a
b
Bhattacharya Sudhindra Mohan (July/August 2005)
Mid-luteal phase plasma progesterone levels in spontaneous and clomiphene citrate induced conception cycles
J Obstet Gynecol India Vol. 55, No. 4 : July/August 2005 pp. 350?52
- ^
a
b
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum
Archived
2018-03-14 at the
Wayback Machine
at Mayo Foundation For Medical Education And Research. Retrieved July 2012
- ^
a
b
c
d
Unit Code 91215
Archived
2011-07-20 at the
Wayback Machine
at
Mayo Clinic
Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2011
- ^
a
b
Antimullerian Hormone (AMH), Serum
Archived
2013-07-29 at the
Wayback Machine
from Mayo Medical Laboratories. Retrieved April 2012.
- ^
a
b
Derived from mass values using 140,000 g/mol, as given in:
- ^
a
b
Nieman, Lynnette K (29 September 2019).
"Measurement of ACTH, CRH, and other hypothalamic and pituitary peptides"
.
www.uptodate.com
. UpToDate
. Retrieved
25 June
2021
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital
Retrieved on Nov 8, 2009
- ^
a
b
c
d
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Friedrich N, Alte D, Volzke H, et al. (June 2008). "Reference ranges of serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 levels in a general adult population: results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)".
Growth Hormone & IGF Research
.
18
(3): 228?37.
doi
:
10.1016/j.ghir.2007.09.005
.
PMID
17997337
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
Taken from the assay method giving the lowest and highest estimate, respectively, from
Table 2
in:
Beltran L, Fahie-Wilson MN, McKenna TJ, Kavanagh L, Smith TP (October 2008).
"Serum total prolactin and monomeric prolactin reference intervals determined by precipitation with polyethylene glycol: evaluation and validation on common immunoassay platforms"
.
Clinical Chemistry
.
54
(10): 1673?81.
doi
:
10.1373/clinchem.2008.105312
.
PMID
18719199
.
- ^
a
b
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
- ^
a
b
Table 2
in:
Aloia JF, Feuerman M, Yeh JK (2006).
"Reference range for serum parathyroid hormone"
.
Endocr Pract
.
12
(2): 137?44.
doi
:
10.4158/ep.12.2.137
.
PMC
1482827
.
PMID
16690460
.
- ^
a
b
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 9.4 kDa
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Derived from molar values using molar mass 400.6 g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
Bender, David A. (2003).
"Vitamin D"
.
Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN
978-0-521-80388-5
.
Retrieved December 10, 2008 through
Google Book Search
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dietrich T, Orav EJ, et al. (September 2004).
"Higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with better lower-extremity function in both active and inactive persons aged > or =60 y"
.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
.
80
(3): 752?58.
doi
:
10.1093/ajcn/80.3.752
.
PMID
15321818
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Reusch J, Ackermann H, Badenhoop K (May 2009). "Cyclic changes of vitamin D and PTH are primarily regulated by solar radiation: 5-year analysis of a German (50 degrees N) population".
Horm. Metab. Res
.
41
(5): 402?07.
doi
:
10.1055/s-0028-1128131
.
PMID
19241329
.
S2CID
260166796
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
Vasquez A, Cannell J (July 2005).
"Calcium and vitamin D in preventing fractures: data are not sufficient to show inefficacy"
.
BMJ
.
331
(7508): 108?09, author reply 109.
doi
:
10.1136/bmj.331.7508.108-b
.
PMC
558659
.
PMID
16002891
.
- ^
a
b
Converted from values in mcU/mL by dividing with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:
Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
- ^
a
b
Pratt RE, Flynn JA, Hobart PM, Paul M, Dzau VJ (March 1988).
"Different secretory pathways of renin from mouse cells transfected with the human renin gene"
.
The Journal of Biological Chemistry
.
263
(7): 3137?41.
doi
:
10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69046-5
.
PMID
2893797
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
New Assays for Aldosterone, Renin and Parathyroid Hormone
Archived
2011-10-27 at the
Wayback Machine
University of Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
- ^
a
b
Converted from values in ng/(mL*hour) by multiplying with a factor of 11.2 mcU/mL per ng/(mL*hour), as given in:
Washington, Department of Laboratory Medicine. Retrieved Mars 2011
- ^
a
b
Converted from mass values using molar mass of 360.44 g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
Tiu SC, Choi CH, Shek CC, et al. (January 2005). "The use of aldosterone-renin ratio as a diagnostic test for primary hyperaldosteronism and its test characteristics under different conditions of blood sampling".
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
.
90
(1): 72?78.
CiteSeerX
10.1.1.117.5182
.
doi
:
10.1210/jc.2004-1149
.
PMID
15483077
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Central Manchester University Hospitals / Reference ranges
Archived
2012-11-30 at the
Wayback Machine
Retrieved on July 9, 2009
- ^
University of Kentucky Chandler Medical Center > Clinical Lab Reference Range Guide
Retrieved on April 28, 2009
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 441 mol?1
- ^
a
b
GPnotebook > B12
Retrieved on April 28, 2009
- ^
a
b
Derived form molar values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
- ^
a
b
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 1355g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
"Homocysteine"
.
www.thedoctorsdoctor.com
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Derived from molar values using molar massof 135 g/mol
- ^
a
b
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 176 grams per mol
- ^
a
b
c
For
Driving under the influence
by country, see
Drunk driving law by country
- ^
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 46g/mol
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
Derived from mass values using 64,500 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from:
Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle".
J Appl Physiol
.
90
(2): 511?19.
doi
:
10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511
.
PMID
11160049
.
S2CID
15468862
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Normal Lab Values
Archived
2014-12-16 at the
Wayback Machine
at Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine. Retrieved July 2013
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
molar concentration as given for
hemoglobin
above, but multiplied by 4, according to:
Lodemann P, Schorer G, Frey BM (February 2010).
"Wrong molar hemoglobin reference values-a longstanding error that should be corrected"
.
Annals of Hematology
.
89
(2): 209.
doi
:
10.1007/s00277-009-0791-x
.
PMID
19609525
.
S2CID
3091357
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
Derived from mass concentration, using molar mass of 64,458 g/mol. This molar mass was taken from:
Van Beekvelt MC, Colier WN, Wevers RA, Van Engelen BG (2001). "Performance of near-infrared spectroscopy in measuring local O2 consumption and blood flow in skeletal muscle".
J Appl Physiol
.
90
(2): 511?19.
doi
:
10.1152/jappl.2001.90.2.511
.
PMID
11160049
.
S2CID
15468862
.
. Subsequently, 1 g/dL = 0.1551 mmol/L
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Morkis IV, Farias MG, Scotti L (2016).
"Determination of reference ranges for immature platelet and reticulocyte fractions and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent"
.
Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter
.
38
(4): 310?313.
doi
:
10.1016/j.bjhh.2016.07.001
.
PMC
5119661
.
PMID
27863758
.
{{
cite journal
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
a
b
Brugnara C, Schiller B, Moran J (2006).
"Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret He) and assessment of iron-deficient states"
.
Clinical and Laboratory Haematology
.
28
(5): 303?8.
doi
:
10.1111/j.1365-2257.2006.00812.x
.
PMC
1618805
.
PMID
16999719
.
{{
cite journal
}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link
)
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
lymphomation.org > Tests & Imaging > Labs > Complete Blood Count
Retrieved on May 14, 2009
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
McClatchey, Kenneth D. (November 28, 2002).
Clinical Laboratory Medicine
. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
ISBN
9780683307511
– via Google Books.
- ^
"Determination of monocyte count by hematological analyzers, manual method and flow cytometry in Polish population"
Central European Journal of Immunology
(Centr Eur J Immunol 2006; 31 (1?2): 1?5) authors: El?bieta Gorska, Urszula Demkow, Roman Pi?kowski, Barbara Jakubczak, Dorota Matuszewicz, Jolanta Gaw?da, Wioletta Rzeszotarska, Maria W?sik,
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
gpnotebook.co.uk > blood constituents (reference range)
Retrieved on May 14, 2009
- ^
a
b
Demirin H, Ozhan H, Ucgun T, Celer A, Bulur S, Cil H, Gunes C, Yildirim HA (2011). "Normal range of mean platelet volume in healthy subjects: Insight from a large epidemiologic study".
Thromb. Res
.
128
(4): 358?60.
doi
:
10.1016/j.thromres.2011.05.007
.
PMID
21620440
.
- ^
a
b
Normal Values: RBC, Hgb, Hct, Indices, RDW, Platelets, and MPV (Conventional Units)
Archived
2011-07-27 at the
Wayback Machine
From labcareplus. Retrieved 4 nov, 2010
- ^
a
b
Lozano M, Narvaez J, Faundez A, Mazzara R, Cid J, Jou JM, Marin JL, Ordinas A (1998). "[Platelet count and mean platelet volume in the Spanish population]".
Med Clin (Barc)
(in Spanish).
110
(20): 774?77.
PMID
9666418
.
- ^
a
b
MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
:
003652
- ^
a
b
Antithrombin III
at
eMedicine
- ^
a
b
Antithrombin CO000300
in
Coagulation Test Handbook
at
Massachusetts General Hospital
. In turn citing:
- Elizabeth M. Van Cott, M.D., and Michael Laposata, M.D., Ph.D., "Coagulation." In: Jacobs DS et al, ed. The Laboratory Test Handbook, 5th Edition. Lexi-Comp, Cleveland, 2001; 327?58.
- ^
a
b
"Home"
.
pathology.bsuh.nhs.uk
. Retrieved
November 20,
2009
.
- ^
a
b
Miller A, Green M, Robinson D (January 1983).
"Simple rule for calculating normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate"
.
British Medical Journal
.
286
(6361): 266.
doi
:
10.1136/bmj.286.6361.266
.
PMC
1546487
.
PMID
6402065
.
- ^
Bottiger LE, Svedberg CA (1967).
"Normal erythrocyte sedimentation rate and age"
.
Br Med J
.
2
(5544): 85?87.
doi
:
10.1136/bmj.2.5544.85
.
PMC
1841240
.
PMID
6020854
.
- ^
"C-reactive protein"
.
GPnotebook
.
- ^
2730 Serum C-Reactive Protein values in Diabetics with Periodontal Disease
Archived
2008-12-20 at the
Wayback Machine
A.R. Choudhury, and S. Rahman, Birdem, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (the diabetics were not used to determine the reference ranges)
- ^
a
b
c
d
Derived from mass using molar mass of 25,106 g/mol
- ^
a
b
Sipahi T, Kara C, Tavil B, Inci A, Oksal A (March 2003). "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: an overlooked cause of late hemorrhagic disease of the newborn".
Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
.
25
(3): 274?75.
doi
:
10.1097/00043426-200303000-00019
.
PMID
12621252
.
- ^
a
b
Derived from mass values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
- ^
a
b
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 44324.5 g/mol
- ^
"Procalcitonin, Serum"
.
Mayo Clinic
. Retrieved
2015-03-01
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
The Society for American Clinical Laboratory Science > Chemistry Tests > Immunoglobulins
Archived
2009-10-15 at the
Wayback Machine
Retrieved on Nov 26, 2009
- ^
a
b
"SSA ? Clinical: SS-A/Ro Antibodies, IgG, Serum"
.
www.mayocliniclabs.com
. Mayo Clinic Laboratories
. Retrieved
2 July
2020
.
- ^
a
b
"SSB ? Clinical: SS-B/La Antibodies, IgG, Serum"
.
www.mayocliniclabs.com
. Mayo Clinic Laboratories
. Retrieved
2 July
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
"ADNA ? Clinical: DNA Double-Stranded Antibodies, IgG, Serum"
.
www.mayocliniclabs.com
. Mayo Clinic Laboratories
. Retrieved
2 July
2020
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
aa
ab
ac
ad
ae
chronolab.com > Autoantibodies associated with rheumatic diseases > Reference ranges
Archived
2013-07-30 at the
Wayback Machine
Retrieved on April 29, 2010
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"AMA ? Clinical: Mitochondrial Antibodies (M2), Serum"
.
www.mayocliniclabs.com
. Mayo Clinic Laboratories
. Retrieved
2 July
2020
.
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Rajkumar SV, Kyle RA, Therneau TM, et al. (August 2005).
"Serum free light chain ratio is an independent risk factor for progression in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance"
.
Blood
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106
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doi
:
10.1182/blood-2005-03-1038
.
PMC
1895159
.
PMID
15855274
.
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"Reference range (amylase)"
.
GPnotebook
.
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Ageno W, Finazzi S, Steidl L, et al. (2002). "Plasma measurement of D-dimer levels for the early diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes".
Archives of Internal Medicine
.
162
(22): 2589?93.
doi
:
10.1001/archinte.162.22.2589
.
hdl
:
2434/51239
.
PMID
12456231
.
- ^
Kline JA, Williams GW, Hernandez-Nino J (May 2005).
"D-dimer concentrations in normal pregnancy: new diagnostic thresholds are needed"
.
Clinical Chemistry
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51
(5): 825?29.
doi
:
10.1373/clinchem.2004.044883
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PMID
15764641
.
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b
Gardner MD, Scott R (April 1980).
"Age- and sex-related reference ranges for eight plasma constituents derived from randomly selected adults in a Scottish new town"
.
Journal of Clinical Pathology
.
33
(4): 380?85.
doi
:
10.1136/jcp.33.4.380
.
PMC
1146084
.
PMID
7400337
.
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Finney H, Newman DJ, Price CP (January 2000).
"Adult reference ranges for serum cystatin C, creatinine and predicted creatinine clearance"
.
Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
.
37
(1): 49?59.
doi
:
10.1258/0004563001901524
.
PMID
10672373
.
S2CID
35866310
.
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g
h
Derived from molar values by multiplying with the molar mass of 113.118 g/mol, and divided by 10.000 to adapt from μg/L to mg/dL
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MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
:
Glucose tolerance test
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c
Derived from molar values using molar mass of 180g/mol
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Derived from mass values using molar mass of 180g/mol
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"Diabetes ? Prevention"
.
Cleveland Clinic
. Retrieved
2016-06-23
.
Last revised 1/15/2013
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Derived from mass values using molar mass of 90.08 g/mol
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Derived from mass values using molar mass of 88.06 g/mol
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Ketones
at
eMedicine
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Page 700
in:
Richard C. Dart (2004).
Medical Toxicology
. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins=year=2004.
ISBN
9780781728454
.
- ^
The UK Electronic Medical Compendium recommends 0.4?0.8 mmol/L plasma lithium level in adults for prophylaxis of recurrent affective bipolar manic-depressive illness
Camcolit 250 mg Lithium Carbonate
Archived
2016-03-04 at the
Wayback Machine
Revision 2 December 2010, Retrieved 5 May 2011
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Amdisen A. (1978). "Clinical and serum level monitoring in lithium therapy and lithium intoxication".
J. Anal. Toxicol
.
2
(5): 193?202.
doi
:
10.1093/jat/2.5.193
.
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R. Baselt,
Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
, 8th edition, Biomedical Publications, Foster City, CA, 2008, pp. 851?54.
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One study (
Solomon, D.; Ristow, W.; Keller, M.; Kane, J.; Gelenberg, A.; Rosenbaum, J.; Warshaw, M. (1996). "Serum lithium levels and psychosocial function in patients with bipolar I disorder".
The American Journal of Psychiatry
.
153
(10): 1301?07.
doi
:
10.1176/ajp.153.10.1301
.
PMID
8831438
.
) concluded a "low" dose of 0.4?0.6 mmol/L serum lithium treatment for patients with bipolar 1 disorder had less side effects, but a higher rate of relapse, than a "standard" dose of 0.8?1.0 mmol/L. However, a reanalysis of the same experimental data (
Perlis, R.; Sachs, G.; Lafer, B.; Otto, M.; Faraone, S.; Kane, J.; Rosenbaum, J. (2002). "Effect of abrupt change from standard to low serum levels of lithium: A reanalysis of double-blind lithium maintenance data".
The American Journal of Psychiatry
.
159
(7): 1155?59.
doi
:
10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1155
.
PMID
12091193
.
S2CID
12103424
.
) concluded the higher rate of relapse for the "low" dose was due to abrupt changes in the lithium serum levels
[
improper synthesis?
]
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a
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John Marx; Ron Walls; Robert Hockberger (2013).
Rosen's Emergency Medicine ? Concepts and Clinical Practice
. Elsevier Health Sciences.
ISBN
9781455749874
.
External links
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Further reading
[
edit
]
- Rappoport, n.; Paik, P.; Oskotsky, B.; Tor, R.; Ziv, E.; Zaitlen, N.; Butte, A. (4 November 2017). "Creating ethnicity-specific reference intervals for lab tests from EHR data".
bioRxiv
10.1101/213892
.