Iranian festival marking the new year and the spring equinox
Nowruz
|
---|
Azerbaijani man and woman in traditional Nowruz outfits
Kurdish girl in
Palangan
, Iran, during Nowruz festival preparations
Kazakh students in traditional Nowruz outfits during a musical performance
|
Observed by
| Iranian peoples
(originally)
|
---|
Type
| Cultural
|
---|
Significance
| Vernal equinox
; day of new year on the
Solar Hijri calendar
|
---|
Date
| Around 20 March;
[25]
can vary between 19 and 22 March
2024
: 03:06:26, 20 March (UTC)
[26]
[27]
2025
: 09:02:12, 20 March (UTC)
[28]
|
---|
Frequency
| Annual
|
---|
Nawrouz, Novruz, Nowrouz, Nowrouz, Nawrouz, Nauryz, Nooruz, Nowruz, Navruz, Nevruz, Nowruz, Navruz
|
---|
|
Country
| Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan
|
---|
Reference
| 1161
|
---|
Region
| Asia and the Pacific
|
---|
|
Inscription
| 2016 (4th session)
|
---|
Nowruz
or
Navroz
(
Persian
:
?????
[noː??uːz]
)
[r]
is the
Iranian New Year
or
Persian New Year
.
[29]
[30]
Historically, it has been observed by the
Persians
and other
Iranian peoples
,
[31]
but is now celebrated by many ethnicities worldwide. It is a festival based on the
Northern Hemisphere spring equinox
,
[32]
which marks the first day of a new year on the
Solar Hijri calendar
; it usually coincides with a date between 19 March and 22 March on the
Gregorian calendar
.
The roots of Nowruz lie in
Zoroastrianism
, and it has been celebrated by many peoples across
West Asia
,
Central Asia
, the
Caucasus
and the
Black Sea Basin
, the
Balkans
, and
South Asia
for over 3,000 years.
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
Thus, in the modern era, while it is observed as a secular holiday by most celebrants, Nowruz remains a holy day for Zoroastrians,
[37]
Baha?is
,
[38]
and
Isma?ili Shia Muslims
.
[39]
[40]
[41]
For the
Northern Hemisphere
, Nowruz marks the beginning of
spring
.
[27]
[42]
Customs for the festival include various fire and water rituals, celebratory dances, gift exchanges, and poetry recitations, among others; these observances differ between the cultures of the diverse communities that celebrate it.
[43]
Overview
The first day of the
Iranian calendar
falls on the
March equinox
, the first day of spring, around 21 March. In the 11th century AD the Iranian calendar was reformed by
Omar Khayyam
in order to fix the beginning of the calendar year, i.e. Nowruz, at the vernal equinox. Accordingly, the definition of Nowruz given by the Iranian astronomer
Tusi
was the following: "the first day of the official New Year [Nowruz] was always the day on which the sun entered
Aries
before noon."
[44]
Nowruz is the first day of
Farvardin
, the first month of the
Iranian solar calendar
, which is the official calendar in use in
Iran
, and formerly in
Afghanistan
.
The
United Nations
officially recognized the "International Day of Nowruz" with the adoption of Resolution 64/253 by the
United Nations General Assembly
in February 2010.
[45]
[46]
Etymology
The word
Nowruz
is a combination of the Persian words
??
(
now
, meaning 'new') and
???
(
ruz
, 'day'). Pronunciation varies among Persian dialects, with Eastern dialects using the pronunciation
[naw??oːz]
(as in Dari and Classical Persian, however in Tajik, it is
navr?z
, written
навр?з
), western dialects
[now??uːz]
, and
Tehranis
[noː??uːz]
. A variety of spelling variations for the word
nowruz
exist in English-language usage, including
norooz
,
novruz
,
nowruz
,
navruz
,
nauruz
and
newroz
.
[47]
[48]
Spring equinox calculation
Nowruz's timing is based on the
vernal equinox
. In Iran, it is the day of the new year in the
Solar Hijri algorithmic calendar
, which is based on precise astronomical observations, and moreover use of sophisticated intercalation system, which makes it more accurate than its European counterpart, the
Gregorian calendar
.
[49]
Each 2820-year great grand cycle contains 2,137 normal years of 365 days and 683 leap years of 366 days, with the average year length over the great grand cycle 365.24219852. This average is just 0.00000026 (2.6×10
?7
) of a day?slightly more than 1/50 of a second?shorter than
Newcomb
's value for the mean
tropical year
of 365.24219878 days, but differs considerably more from the current average vernal equinox year of 365.242362 days, which means that the new year, intended to fall on the vernal equinox, would drift by half a day over the course of a cycle.
[49]
As the source explains, the 2820-year cycle is erroneous and has never been used in practice.
Chaharshanbe Suri
Chaharshanbe Suri (
Persian
:
?????????????
,
romanized
:
?ahar-?anbeh suri
(lit. "Festive Wednesday") is a prelude to the
New Year
.
[
citation needed
]
In Iran, it is celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz. It is usually celebrated in the evening by performing rituals such as jumping over
bonfires
and lighting off
firecrackers
and
fireworks
.
[50]
[51]
In Azerbaijan, where the preparation for Novruz usually begins a month earlier, the festival is held every Tuesday during four weeks before the holiday of Novruz. Each Tuesday, people celebrate the day of one of the four elements?water, fire, earth and wind.
[52]
On the holiday eve, the graves of relatives are visited and tended.
[
citation needed
]
Iranians sing the poetic line "my yellow is yours, your red is mine", which means "my weakness to you and your strength to me" (
Persian
:
???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??
,
romanized
:
sorkhi-ye to az man, zardi-ye man az to
) to the fire during the festival, asking the fire to take away ill-health and problems and replace them with warmth, health, and energy.
Trail mix
and
berries
are also served during the celebration.
Spoon banging (
???? ???
,
q??oq zani
) is a tradition observed on the eve of Charshanbe Suri, similar to the
Halloween
custom of
trick-or-treating
. In Iran, people wear
disguises
and go door-to-door banging spoons against plates or bowls and receive packaged snacks. In Azerbaijan, children slip around to their neighbors' homes and apartments on the last Tuesday prior to Novruz, knock at the doors, and leave their caps or little basket on the thresholds, hiding nearby to wait for candies, pastries and nuts.
[52]
The ritual of jumping over fire has continued in Armenia in the feast of
Trndez
, which is a feast of purification in the
Armenian Apostolic Church
and the
Armenian Catholic Church
, celebrated forty days after
Jesus
's birth.
[53]
Sizdah Be-dar
In Iran, the Nowruz holidays last thirteen days. On the thirteenth day of the New Year, Iranians leave their houses to enjoy nature and
picnic
outdoors, as part of the Sizdah Bedar ceremony. The greenery grown for the
Haft-sin
setting is thrown away, usually into running water. It is also customary for young single people, especially young girls, to tie the leaves of the greenery before discarding it, expressing a wish to find a partner. Another custom associated with Sizdah Bedar is the playing of jokes and pranks, similar to
April Fools' Day
.
[54]
History
Origin in the Iranian religions
There exist various foundation myths for Nowruz in
Iranian mythology
.
The
Shahnameh
credits the foundation of Nowruz to the mythical Iranian King
Jamshid
, who saves mankind from a winter destined to kill every living creature.
[55]
To defeat the killer winter, Jamshid constructed a throne studded with gems. He had demons raise him above the earth into the heavens; there he sat, shining like the Sun. The world's creatures gathered and scattered jewels around him and proclaimed that this was the
New Day
(
Now Ruz
). This was the first day of
Farvardin
, which is the first month of the
Iranian calendar
.
[56]
Although it is not clear whether Proto-Indo-Iranians celebrated a feast as the first day of the calendar, there are indications that Iranians may have observed the beginning of both autumn and spring, respectively related to the harvest and the sowing of seeds, for the celebration of the New Year.
[57]
Mary Boyce
and Frantz Grenet explain the traditions for seasonal festivals and comment: "It is possible that the splendor of the
Babylonian
festivities at this season, led the Iranians to develop their own spring festival into an established New Year feast, with the name
Navasarda
"New Year" (a name which, though first attested through Middle Persian derivatives, is attributed to the Achaemenian period)."
Akitu
was the Babylonian festivity held during the spring month of
Nisan
in which Nowruz falls. Since the communal observations of the ancient Iranians appear in general to have been seasonal ones and related to agriculture, "it is probable that they traditionally held festivals in both autumn and spring, to mark the major turning points of the natural year."
[57]
Nowruz is partly rooted in the tradition of
Iranian religions
, such as
Mithraism
and
Zoroastrianism
. In Mithraism, festivals had a deep linkage with the Sun's light. The Iranian festivals such as
Mehregan
(
autumnal equinox
),
Tirgan
, and the eve of
Chelle ye Zemestan
(
winter solstice
) also had an origin in the Sun god (
Mithra
). Among other ideas, Zoroastrianism is the first
monotheistic
religion that emphasizes broad concepts such as the corresponding work of good and evil in the world, and the connection of humans to nature. Zoroastrian practices were dominant for much of the history of ancient Iran. In Zoroastrianism, the seven most important Zoroastrian festivals are the six
Gahambar
festivals and Nowruz, which occurs at the
spring equinox
. According to
Mary Boyce
,
[58]
"It seems a reasonable surmise that Nowruz, the holiest of them all, with deep doctrinal significance, was founded by
Zoroaster
himself"; although there is no clear date of origin.
[59]
Between sunset on the day of the sixth Gahambar and sunrise of Nowruz,
Hamaspathmaedaya
(later known, in its extended form, as
Frawardinegan
; and today is known as
Farvardigan
) was celebrated. This and the Gahambars are the only festivals named in the surviving text of the
Avesta
.
The 10th-century scholar
Biruni
, in his work
Kitab al-Tafhim li Awa'il Sina'at al-Tanjim
, provides a description of the calendars of various nations. Besides the Iranian calendar, various festivals of Greeks, Jews, Arabs, Sabians, and other nations are mentioned in the book. In the section on the Iranian calendar, he mentions Nowruz,
Sadeh
, Tirgan, Mehrgan, the six Gahambars, Farvardigan, Bahmanja,
Esfand Armaz
and several other festivals. According to him, "It is the belief of the Iranians that Nowruz marks the first day when the universe started its motion."
[60]
The Persian historian
Gardizi
, in his work titled
Zayn al-Akhb?r
, under the section of the Zoroastrians festivals, mentions Nowruz (among other festivals) and specifically points out that
Zoroaster
highly emphasized the celebration of Nowruz and Mehrgan.
[61]
[62]
Achaemenid period
Although the word
Nowruz
is not recorded in
Achaemenid
inscriptions,
[63]
there is a detailed account by
Xenophon
of a Nowruz celebration taking place in Persepolis and the continuity of this festival in the Achaemenid tradition.
[64]
Nowruz was an important day during the Achaemenid Empire (
c. 550?330 BC
). Kings of the different Achaemenid nations would bring gifts to the
King of Kings
. The significance of the ceremony was such that King
Cambyses II
's appointment as the king of
Babylon
was legitimized only after his participation in the referred annual Achaemenid festival.
[65]
It has been suggested that the famous
Persepolis
complex, or at least the palace of
Apadana
and the Hundred Columns Hall, were built for the specific purpose of celebrating a feast related to Nowruz.
Iranian and Jewish calendars
In 539 BC, the Jews came under Iranian rule, thus exposing both groups to each other's customs. According to the
Encyclopædia Britannica
, the story of
Purim
as told in the
Book of Esther
is adapted from an Iranian novella about the shrewdness of harem queens, suggesting that Purim may be an adoption of Iranian New Year.
[66]
A specific novella is not identified and Encyclopedia Britannica itself notes that "no Jewish texts of this genre from the Persian period are extant, so these new elements can be recognized only inferentially." Purim is celebrated the 14 of
Adar
, usually within a month before Nowruz (as the date of Purim is set according to the
Jewish calendar
, which is
lunisolar
), while Nowruz occurs at the spring equinox. It is possible that the Jews and Iranians of the time may have shared or adopted similar customs for these holidays.
[67]
The
Lunar new year of the Middle East
occurs on 1
Nisan
, the
new moon
of the first month of spring, which usually falls within a few weeks of Nowruz.
In his
Shahnameh
, the tenth-century poet
Ferdowsi
narrates a fictional account of
Darius III
's death, where an injured Darius, with his head cradled on
Alexander the Great
’s thigh, asks Alexander to wed
Roxana
, so their children might uphold Nowruz and keep the flame of Zoroaster burning:
Her mother named her Roxana the fair; The world found joy and solace in her care. ... From her, perhaps, a glorious one shall rise; Who shall renew the name of bold
Esfandiy?r
, wise. This sacred flame of Zoroaster, he shall adorn; The
Zend
and
Avesta
scriptures, in his hands be borne. The feast of
Sadeh
, this auspicious rite he'll keep; The splendor of
Nowruz
and
fire temples
deep.
[68]
?
Ferdowsi
Parthian and Sasanian periods
Nowruz was the holiday of
Parthian
dynastic empires who ruled Iran (248 BC?224 AD) and the other areas ruled by the Arsacid dynasties outside of
Parthia
(such as the Arsacid dynasties of
Armenia
and
Iberia
). There are specific references to the celebration of Nowruz during the reign of
Vologases I
(51?78 AD), but these include no details.
[63]
Before
Sassanians
established their power in Western Asia around 300 AD, Parthians celebrated Nowruz in autumn, and the first of
Farvardin
began at the autumn equinox. During the reign of the Parthian dynasty, the spring festival was
Mehregan
, a
Zoroastrian
and Iranian festival celebrated in honor of
Mithra
.
[69]
Extensive records on the celebration of Nowruz appear following the accession of
Ardashir I
, the founder of the
Sasanian Empire
(224?651 AD). Under the Sassanid emperors, Nowruz was celebrated as the most important day of the year. Most royal traditions of Nowruz, such as royal audiences with the public, cash gifts, and the pardoning of prisoners, were established during the Sassanid era and persisted unchanged until modern times.
Arab conquest and Islamization of Persia
Nowruz, along with the mid-winter celebration
Sadeh
, survived the
Muslim conquest of Persia
of 650 CE. Other celebrations such as the
Gahambars
and
Mehrgan
were eventually side-lined or only observed by
Zoroastrians
. Nowruz became the main royal holiday during the
Abbasid
period. Much like their predecessors in the Sasanian period,
Dehqans
would offer gifts to the caliphs and local rulers at the Nowruz and Mehragan festivals.
[70]
Following the demise of the caliphate and the subsequent re-emergence of Iranian dynasties such as the
Samanids
and
Buyids
, Nowruz became an even more important event. The Buyids revived the ancient traditions of Sassanian times and restored many smaller celebrations that had been eliminated by the caliphate. The Iranian
Buyid
ruler
'Adud al-Dawla
(r. 949?983) customarily welcomed Nowruz in a majestic hall, decked with gold and silver plates and vases full of fruit and colorful flowers.
[71]
The King would sit on the royal throne, and the court astronomer would come forward, kiss the ground, and congratulate him on the arrival of the New Year.
[71]
The king would then summon musicians and singers, and invited his friends to gather and enjoy a great festive occasion.
[71]
Later
Turkic
and
Mongol
invaders did not attempt to abolish Nowruz.
In 1079 CE during the
Seljuq dynasty
era, a group of eight scholars led by astronomer and polymath
Omar Khayyam
calculated and established the
Jalali calendar
, computing the year starting from Nowruz.
The festival along with Mehregan was widely celebrated in
Al-Andalus
, as the Andalusians from the 9th century onwards strongly identified with many Iranian traditions despite the opposition from the
Maliki jurists
. Also, from the 10th century onwards the nobility, emirs and governors sponsored the celebrations and festivals. However, the jurists beginning from the 12th century started encouraging the Andalusians to celebrate
Mawlid
instead.
[72]
Contemporary era
Before the collapse of the
Soviet Union
, Iran and Afghanistan were the only countries that officially observed the ceremonies of Nowruz. When the
Caucasian
and
Central Asian
countries gained independence from the Soviets, they also declared Nowruz as a national holiday.
Nowruz was added to the
UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
in 2010.
[73]
[74]
[75]
[76]
Customs
House cleaning and shopping
House cleaning, or
shaking the house
(
Persian
:
???? ?????
,
romanized
:
x?ne tek?ni
) is commonly done before the arrival of Nowruz. People start preparing for Nowruz with a major
spring cleaning
of their homes and by buying new clothes to wear for the New Year, as well as the purchase of flowers. The
hyacinth
and the
tulip
are popular and conspicuous.
[77]
Visiting family and friends
During the Nowruz holidays, people are expected to make short visits to the homes of family, friends and neighbors. Typically, young people will visit their elders first, and the elders return their visit later. Visitors are offered tea and pastries, cookies, fresh and dried fruits and mixed nuts or other snacks. Many Iranians throw large Nowruz parties as a way of dealing with the long distances between groups of friends and family.
[78]
Food preparation
One of the most common foods cooked on the occasion of Nowruz is
Samanu
(Samanak, Somank, Somalek). This food is prepared using wheat germ. In most countries that celebrate Nowruz, this food is cooked. In some countries, cooking this food is associated with certain rituals. Women and girls in different parts of Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan cook Samanu in groups and sometimes during the night, and when cooking it, they sing memorable songs.
Cooking other foods is also common on Nowruz. For example,
sabzi polo
with fish is eaten on Eid night, as are sweets such as
Nan-e Nokhodchi
. In general, cooking Nowruz food is common in every region where Nowruz is celebrated, and each area has its food and sweets.
Haft-sin
Typically, before the arrival of Nowruz, family members gather around the Haft-sin table and await the exact moment of the
March equinox
to celebrate the New Year.
[79]
[80]
The number 7 and the letter S are related to the seven Ameshasepantas as mentioned in the Zend-Avesta. They relate to the four elements of Fire, Earth, Air, Water, and the three life forms of Humans, Animals and Plants. In modern times, the explanation was simplified to mean that the Haft-sin (
Persian
:
???????
, seven things beginning with the letter sin (?)) are:
The Haft-sin table may also include a mirror, candles,
painted eggs
, a bowl of water,
goldfish
, coins,
hyacinth
, and traditional confectioneries. A "book of wisdom" such as the
Quran
,
Bible
,
Avesta
, the
??hn?me
of
Ferdowsi
, or
the div?n
of
Hafez
may also be included.
[79]
Haft-sin's origins are not clear. The practice is believed to have been popularized over the past 100 years.
[81]
Haft-mewa
In Afghanistan, people prepare Haft M?wa (
Dari
:
??? ????
, English:
seven fruits
) for Nauruz, a mixture of seven different
dried fruits
and nuts (such as
raisins
,
silver berry
,
pistachios
,
hazelnuts
,
prunes
,
walnut
, and
almonds
) served in syrup.
[82]
Khoncha
Khoncha (
Azerbaijani
:
Xonca
) is the traditional display of Novruz in the Republic of Azerbaijan. It consists of a big silver or copper tray, with a tray of green, sprouting wheat (
samani
) in the middle and a dyed egg for each member of the family arranged around it. The table should be with at least seven dishes.
[52]
Amu Nowruz
and
Hajji Firuz
In Iran, the traditional heralds of the festival of Nowruz are
Amu Nowruz
and
Haji Firuz
, who appear in the streets to celebrate the New Year.
Amu Nowruz brings children gifts, much like his counterpart
Santa Claus
.
[83]
He is the husband of
Nane Sarma
, with whom he shares a traditional love story in which they can meet each other only once a year.
[84]
[85]
He is depicted as an elderly silver-haired man with a long beard carrying a walking stick, wearing a felt hat, a long cloak of blue canvas, a sash,
giveh
, and linen trousers.
[86]
Haji Firuz, a character with his face and hands covered in soot, clad in bright red clothes and a felt hat, is the companion of Amu Nowruz. He dances through the streets while singing and playing the tambourine. In the traditional songs, he introduces himself as a serf trying to cheer people whom he refers to as his lords.
[87]
Kampirak
In the folklore of Afghanistan, Kampirak and his retinue pass village by village, distributing gathered charities among people. He is an old, bearded man wearing colorful clothes with a long hat and rosary who symbolizes beneficence and the power of nature yielding the forces of winter. The tradition is observed in central provinces, specially
Bamyan
and
Daykundi
.
[88]
Nauryz kozhe
In Kazakhstan, Kazakhs start the new year by cooking
nauryz kozhe
, a traditional drink.
[89]
Communities
The festival of Nowruz is celebrated by many groups of people in the
Black Sea
basin, the
Balkans
, the
South Caucasus
,
Western Asia
,
central
and
southern
Asia, and by
Iranian peoples
worldwide.
[90]
Places where Nowruz is a public holiday include:
Nowruz is celebrated by
Kurds
in
Iraq
[10]
[102]
Syria
, and
Turkey
,
[103]
as well as by the
Iranis
,
Shias
and
Parsis
in the
Indian subcontinent
and Iranian diaspora.
Nowruz is also celebrated by Iranian communities in the Americas and in Europe, including
Los Angeles
,
Phoenix
,
Toronto
,
Cologne
and
London
.
[104]
In Phoenix, Arizona, Nowruz is celebrated at the Persian New Year Festival.
[105]
But because Los Angeles is prone to devastating fires, there are very strict fire codes in the city. Usually, Iranians living in Southern California go to the beaches to celebrate the event where it is permissible to build fires.
[106]
On 15 March 2010, the
United States House of Representatives
passed the
Nowruz Resolution
(H.Res. 267), by a 384?2 vote,
[107]
"Recognizing the cultural and historical significance of Nowruz".
[108]
Afghanistan
Nowruz marks Afghanistan's New Year's Day with the
Solar Hijri Calendar
as their official calendar.
In Afghanistan, the festival of Gul-i-Surkh (
Dari
:
?? ???
, 'red flower') is the principal festival for Nauruz. It is celebrated in
Mazar-i-Sharif
during the first 40 days of the year, when red tulips grow in the green plains and over the hills surrounding the city. People from all over the country travel to Mazar-i-Sharif to attend the Nauruz festivals.
Buzkashi
tournaments are held during the Gul-i-Surkh festival in Mazar-i-Sharif,
Kabul
and other northern Afghan cities.
Jahenda Bala
(
Dari
:
????? ????
, 'raising') is celebrated on the first day of the New Year.
[109]
It is a religious ceremony performed at the
Blue Mosque
of Mazar-i-Sharif by raising a special banner resembling the
Derafsh Kaviani
royal standard. It is attended by high-ranking government officials such as the Vice-President, Ministers, and Provincial Governors and is the biggest recorded Nawroz gathering, with up to 200,000 people from all over Afghanistan attending.
In the festival of
Dehq?n
(
Dari
:
?????
, 'farmer'), also celebrated on the first day of the New Year, farmers walk in the cities as a sign of encouragement for the agricultural production. In recent years, this activity only happens in Kabul and other major cities where the mayor and other government officials attend.
During the first two weeks of the New Year, the citizens of
Kabul
hold family picnics in
Istalif
,
Charikar
and other green places where
redbuds
grow.
During the
Taliban regime of 1996?2001
, Nauruz was banned as "an ancient pagan holiday centered on fire worship".
[110]
In March 2022, the Taliban said that Nauruz would not be a public holiday that year, although allowed celebrations to take place.
[111]
Albania
Nevruz is celebrated annually in Albania on 22 March as Sultan Nevruz. In Albania, the festival commemorates the birthday of
Ali ibn Abi Talib
(died 661 CE) and simultaneously the advent of spring. It is prominent amongst the nations'
Bektashis
, but adherents of Sunnism, Catholicism, and Orthodoxy also "share in the nevruz festival to respect the ecumenical spirit of Albania".
Armenia
Since the 19th century, Nowruz has not generally been celebrated by
Armenians
and is not a public holiday in
Armenia
. However, it is celebrated in Armenia by tens of thousands of Iranian tourists who visit Armenia with relative ease.
[112]
The influx of tourists from Iran accelerated since around 2010?11.
[113]
[114]
In 2010 alone, around 27,600 Iranians spent Nowruz in capital
Yerevan
.
[115]
In 2015, President
Serzh Sargsyan
sent a letter of congratulations to
Kurds living in Armenia
and to the Iranian political leadership on the occasion of Nowruz.
[116]
Azerbaijan
In Azerbaijan, Nowruz celebrations go on for several days and included festive public dancing and folk music, and sporting competitions. In rural areas, crop holidays are also marked.
[117]
Additionally, in Azerbaijani tradition, the weather on the first day of Novruz is believed to forecast the seasons: spring, summer follows on the second day, autumn on the third, and winter on the fourth.
[118]
[119]
Communities of the Azerbaijani diaspora also celebrate Nowruz in the US, Canada,
[120]
and Israel.
[121]
Bangladesh
Nowruz is generally not celebrated by Bangladeshis, but it is widely celebrated by the country's
Shia Muslims
. It continues to be celebrated regularly in
Dhaka
,
Chittagong
,
Rajshahi
and
Khulna
. During the
Mughal period
; Nowruz was celebrated for 19 days with pomp and gaiety.
[122]
[123]
Shia Muslims in Bangladesh have been seen spraying water around their home and drinking that water to keep themselves protected from diseases. A congregation to seek divine blessing is also arranged. Members of the
Nawab family of Dhaka
used to celebrate it amid pomp and grandeur. In the evening, they used to float thousands of candle lights in nearby ponds and water bodies. The
National poet
Kazi Nazrul Islam
, also a Sunni, portrayed a vivid sketch of the festival highlighting its various aspects. In his poem, he described it as a platform of exposing a youth's physical and mental beauty to another opposite one for conquering his or her heart.
[124]
Central Asia
Nowruz widely celebrated on a vast territory of Central Asia and ritual practice acquired its special features.
[125]
The festival was legitimized by prayers at mosques, and visits to the mazars of Muslim saints and to sacred streams. In the
Emirate of Bukhara
, a broad official celebration of Nowruz was started by
Amir Muzaffar
, who sought to strengthen the image of the
Manghyt dynasty
during the crisis of political legitimacy.
[126]
Currently, all five Central Asian countries (Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan) celebrate Nowruz as a public holiday.
[127]
China
Traditionally, Nowruz is celebrated mainly in China's
Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
by the
Uyghurs
,
Chinese Tajik
, Salar, and
Kazakh
ethnicities.
[5]
Georgia
Nowruz is not celebrated by
Georgians
, but it is widely celebrated by the country's large
Azerbaijani minority
(~7% of the total population)
[128]
as well as by
Iranians
living in Georgia.
[128]
[129]
Every year, large festivities are held in the capital
Tbilisi
, as well as in areas with a significant number of Azerbaijanis, such as the
Kvemo Kartli
,
Kakheti
,
Shida Kartli
, and
Mtskheta-Mtianeti
regions.
[128]
Georgian politicians have attended the festivities in the capital over the years, and have congratulated the Nowruz-observing ethnic groups and nationals in Georgia on the day of Nowruz.
[130]
[131]
India
The tradition of Nowruz in
Northern India
dates back to the
Mughal Empire
; the festival was celebrated for 19 days with pomp and gaiety in the realm.
[122]
[123]
However, it further goes back to the Parsi
Zoroastrian
community in
Western India
, who migrated to the
Indian subcontinent
from
Persia
during the
Muslim conquest of Persia
of 636?651 CE.
In the
Princely State of Hyderabad
, Nowruz (Nauroz) was one of the four holidays where the
Nizam
would hold a public
Darbar
, along with the
two official Islamic holidays
and the sovereign's birthday.
[132]
Prior to
Asaf Jahi
rule in Hyderabad, the
Qutb Shahi
dynasty celebrated Nowruz with a ritual called Panjeri, and the festival was celebrated by all with great grandeur.
[133]
A popular
Deccani Urdu
poem written by the founder of
Hyderabad
,
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
, is recited in the
Deccan
region on Nauroz:
?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????
??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????
|
The way God has given me Eid and Nauroz forevermore
The flowers give the birds of my heart bliss and joy galore
|
|
|
Iran
Nowruz is a two-week celebration that marks the beginning of the New Year in Iran's official
Solar Hijri calendar
.
[134]
[135]
The celebration includes four public holidays from the first to the fourth day of
Farvardin
, the first month of the Iranian calendar, usually beginning on 21 March.
[136]
On the Eve of Nowruz, the fire festival
Chaharshanbe Suri
is celebrated.
[137]
Following the
1979 Revolution
, some radical elements from the Islamic government attempted to suppress Nowruz,
[138]
considering it a pagan holiday and a distraction from
Islamic holidays
. Nowruz has been politicized, with political leaders making annual Nowruz speeches.
[139]
Kurdistan
Newroz is largely considered as a potent symbol of Kurdish identity. The Kurds of Turkey celebrate this feast between 18 and 21 March. Kurds gather into fairgrounds mostly outside the cities to welcome spring. Women wear colored dresses and spangled head scarves and young men wave flags of green, yellow and red, the historic colors of Kurdish people. They hold this festival by lighting fire and dancing around it.
[140]
Newroz has seen many bans in Turkey, as Turkey has a strong and long history of trying to suppress Kurdish history and culture. It has only been celebrated legally since 1992 after the ban on the Kurdish language was lifted. The holiday is now officially allowed in Turkey after international pressure on the Turkish government to lift culture bans. The Turkish government renamed the holiday
Nevroz
in 1995. However, Newroz celebrations are still suppressed and lead to continual confrontations with the Turkish authority. In
Cizre
,
Nusyabin
and
?ırnak
celebrations turned violent as Turkish police forces fired in the celebrating crowds.
[141]
In recent years, the Newroz celebration summons around 1 million participants in
Diyarbakır
, the biggest city of the Kurdish dominated Southeastern Turkey.
In Syria, the Kurds dress up in their national dress and celebrate the New Year.
[142]
According to Human Rights Watch, the Kurds have had to struggle to celebrate Newroz, and in the past and the celebration has led to violent oppression, leading to several deaths and mass arrests.
[143]
The Syrian Arab
Ba'athist government
stated in 2004 that the Newroz celebrations will be tolerated as long as they do not become political demonstrations.
[144]
During the Newroz celebrations in 2008, three Kurds
were shot dead
by Syrian security forces.
[145]
[146]
In March 2010, an attack by Syrian police killed two or three people, one of them a 15-year-old girl, and more than 50 people were wounded.
[147]
The
Rojava revolution
of 2012 and the subsequent establishment of the de facto
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria
saw Kurdish civil rights greatly expand, and Newroz is now celebrated freely in most Kurdish areas of Syria except for
Efrin
, where the ritual is no longer allowed since the 2018
occupation
by
Turkish-backed rebel groups
.
[148]
Kurds in Iraq and Iran have had more freedom to celebrate Newroz than their countrymen of Syria and Turkey.
Kurds in the
diaspora
also celebrate the New Year; for example, Kurds in Australia celebrate Newroz not only as the beginning of the new year, but also as the Kurdish National Day. Similarly, the Kurds in Finland celebrate the new year as a way of demonstrating their support for the Kurdish cause.
[149]
Also in London, organizers estimated that 25,000 people celebrated Newroz during March 2006.
[150]
In Canada, the largest Kurdish Newroz festival is held in
Ontario
. In the States, the city of
Nashville, Tennessee
includes the largest
Kurdish
population in the United States. The Kurds celebrate Newroz by holding a Nashville festival; dressed in their traditional clothing, they sing and dance around a fire with their family and friends.
[151]
Pakistan
In Pakistan, Nowruz is typically celebrated in parts of
Gilgit-Baltistan
,
[152]
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
, especially near the border with Afghanistan, and across
Balochistan
, with a large celebration held in the capital of
Quetta
.
[153]
Recently, the government of Iran has participated in hosting celebrations in Islamabad to commemorate the holiday.
[153]
Like in India, the
Parsi
and
Isma'ili
communities have historically celebrated the holiday,
[154]
as have some
Shi'a Muslims
.
[17]
United States
Vibrant Persian speaking Immigrant communities have been celebrating Nowruz for decades in the United States. The state of California is considered to have the largest Farsi speaking community in the country. On 19 March 2024, Gov. Gavin Newsom issued a proclamation declaring 19 March the day as Nowruz day.
[155]
Theology
Zoroastrianism
Followers of the Zoroastrian faith include Nowruz in their religious calendar, as do followers of other faiths.
[156]
[
better source needed
]
Shia
literature refers to the merits of the day of Nowruz; the
Day of Ghadir
took place on Nowruz; and the fatwas of major Shia scholars
[157]
recommend fasting. Nowruz is also a holy day for
Sufis
,
Bektashis
,
Ismailis
,
Alawites
,
[158]
Alevis
,
Babis
and adherents of the
Baha?i Faith
.
[159]
Baha?i Faith
Naw-Ruz is one of nine holy days for adherents of the
Baha?i Faith
worldwide. It is the first day of the
Baha?i calendar
, occurring on the vernal equinox around 21 March.
[160]
The Baha?i calendar is composed of 19 months, each of 19 days,
[161]
and each of the months is named after an attribute of God; similarly, each of the 19 days in the month also are named after an attribute of God.
[161]
The first day and the first month were given the attribute of
Baha
, an
Arabic
word meaning splendour or glory, and thus the first day of the year was the day of Baha in the month of Baha.
[160]
[162]
Baha?u'llah
, the founder of the Baha?i Faith, explained that Naw-Ruz was associated with the
Most Great Name
of God,
[160]
[162]
and was instituted as a festival for those who observed the
Nineteen-Day Fast
.
[163]
[164]
The day is also used to symbolize the renewal of time in each religious dispensation.
[165]
?Abdu'l-Baha
, Baha'u'llah's son and successor, explained that significance of Naw-Ruz in terms of
spring
and the new life it brings.
[160]
He explained that the equinox is a symbol of the
messengers of God
and the message that they proclaim is like a spiritual springtime, and that Naw-Ruz is used to commemorate it.
[166]
As with all Baha?i holy days, there are few fixed rules for observing Naw-Ruz, and Baha?is all over the world celebrate it as a festive day, according to local custom.
[160]
Persian Baha?is still observe many of the Iranian customs associated with Nowruz such as the Haft-sin, but American Baha?i communities, for example, may have a
potluck dinner
, along with prayers and readings from
Baha?i scripture
.
Shia Islam
Along with
Ismailis
,
[167]
[168]
Alawites
[
citation needed
]
and Alevis
[
citation needed
]
, the
Twelver
Shia also hold the day of Nowruz in high regard.
[
citation needed
]
It has been said that
Musa al-Kadhim
, the seventh Twelver Shia
imam
, has explained Nowruz and said: "In Nowruz God made a covenant with His servants to worship Him and not to allow any partner for Him. To welcome His messengers and obey their rulings. This day is the first day that the fertile wind blew and the flowers on the earth appeared. The archangel
Gabriel
appeared to the
Prophet
, and it is the day that
Abraham
broke the
idols
. The day Prophet
Muhammad
held
Ali
on his shoulders to destroy the Quraishie's idols in the house of God, the
Kaaba
."
[169]
[
better source needed
]
The day upon which Nowruz falls has been recommended as a day of fasting for Twelver Shia Muslims by Shia scholars, including
Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei
[
citation needed
]
,
Ruhollah Khomeini
[170]
and
Ali al-Sistani
.
[171]
The day also assumes special significance for Shias as it has been said that it was on 16 March 632 AD, that the first Shia Imam, Ali, assumed the office of caliphate. Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims around the globe celebrate Nowruz as a religious festival. Special prayers and Majalis are arranged in Jamatkhanas. Special foods are cooked and people share best wishes and prayers with each other.
[
citation needed
]
See also
Notes
- ^
By
Iranians
,
Kurds
, and
Yazidis
.
- ^
By the
Ajam
(Iranians).
[3]
- ^
By
Iranians
and
Turkic peoples
.
- ^
By
Xinjiang Tajiks
and Turkic peoples.
[5]
- ^
By
Azerbaijanis
.
[8]
- ^
By
Parsis
,
Iranis
,
Kashmiris
,
Deccanis
, and many
Shia Muslims
.
[9]
- ^
By
Kurds
and
Turkmen
.
[10]
- ^
By
Baha?is
and some
Iranian Jews
.
[11]
[12]
- ^
By
Bayan-Olgii Kazakhs
.
[14]
- ^
By
Baloch
,
Baltis
, Parsis, Iranis,
Pashtuns
,
Wakhis
, and some
Shia Muslims
.
[16]
[17]
- ^
By
Tatars
,
Bashkirs
,
Tabasarans
, and others.
[18]
- ^
By
Iranians
.
- ^
By
Kurds
.
[19]
[20]
- ^
By
Azerbaijanis
,
Kurds
, and
Yoruks
.
[22]
[23]
- ^
By
Crimean Tatars
.
- ^
By
Azerbaijanis
,
Iranians
, and others.
- ^
By
Afghans
,
Azerbaijanis
,
Iranians
, and others.
- ^
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Further reading
External links
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See Also
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Shared
|
- Novruz
(
Azeri
· 2009)
- Flatbread making and sharing culture:
Lavash
, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka (2016)
- Art of crafting and playing with
kamancha
(2017)
- Heritage of the
Book of Dede Gorgud
, epic culture, folk tales and music (2018)
- Art of
miniature
(2020)
- Sericulture
and traditional production of silk for weaving (
Azeri
· 2022)
- Culture of
tea
, a symbol of identity, hospitality and social interaction (
Azeri
· 2022)
- Telling tradition of
Molla Nasraddin
anecdotes (2022)
- Craftsmanship and performing art of
balaban
(2023)
- Craftsmanship of mother of pearl
inlay
(2023)
- Iftar
and its socio-cultural traditions (2023)
- Art of
illumination
(2023)
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Need of Urgent Safeguarding
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Inscribed in 2009
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Inscribed in 2010
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Inscribed in 2011
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Inscribed in 2012
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Inscribed in 2016
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- Flatbread making and sharing culture:
Lavash
, Katyrma, Jupka, Yufka
|
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Inscribed in 2017
| |
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Inscribed in 2019
|
- Traditional skills of crafting and playing
Dotar
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