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American chemist
Malcolm Dole
(March 4, 1903 – November 29, 1990) was an
American
chemist known for the
Dole Effect
in which he proved that the atomic weight of oxygen in air is greater than that of oxygen in water
[1]
and for his work on
electrospray ionization
, polymer chemistry, and
electrochemistry
.
[2]
[3]
Dole effect
[
edit
]
The Dole effect is the inequality in the ratio of heavy oxygen
isotope
18
O
to the more abundant
16
O in the Earth's
atmosphere
and in seawater.
This effect was reported by Dole in 1935.
[4]
[5]
The effect is due to slightly different reaction rates for the two isotopes in
respiration in plants
and
in animals
which tends to retain the lighter
16
O, which increases the relative concentration of
18
O in the atmosphere. The effect has also been linked to hydrologic processes, such as the enrichment of the lighter
16
O as water vapor is transported poleward.
[6]
Electrospray
[
edit
]
Electrospray
is a process in which a high voltage is applied to a liquid to create an
aerosol
containing highly charged droplets. Dole in 1968 was the first to use
electrospray ionization
with mass spectrometry.
[7]
[8]
Books
[
edit
]
- Dole, Malcolm (1935).
Principles of Experimental and Theoretical Electrochemistry
.
LCCN
35014525
.
- Dole, Malcolm (1941).
The Glass Electrode: Methods, Applications, and Theory
.
ASIN
B0007DVA2W
.
LCCN
41016574
.
- Dole, Malcolm (1954).
Introduction to Statistical Thermodynamics
.
LCCN
54009934
.
- Dole, Malcolm (1972).
The Radiation Chemistry of Macromolecules
. Boston: Academic Press.
ISBN
0-12-219802-6
.
- Dole, Malcolm (1989).
My Life in the Golden Age of America
. New York: Vantage Press.
ISBN
0-533-07995-0
.
References
[
edit
]
- ^
Dole, M. (1935). "The relative atomic weight of oxygen in water and air".
J. Am. Chem. Soc
.
57
(12): 2731.
doi
:
10.1021/ja01315a511
.
- ^
Klotz, Irving M.;
Ratner, Mark
(December 1991).
"Obituary: Malcolm Dole"
.
Physics Today
.
44
(12): 100.
Bibcode
:
1991PhT....44l.100K
.
doi
:
10.1063/1.2810380
.
- ^
"Malcolm Dole Papers, 1924 - 1990"
(PDF)
. Retrieved
2014-10-12
.
- ^
Dole, Malcolm (1936). "The Relative Atomic Weight of Oxygen in Water and in Air".
Journal of Chemical Physics
.
4
(4): 268?275.
Bibcode
:
1936JChPh...4..268D
.
doi
:
10.1063/1.1749834
.
- ^
Morita, N. (1935). "The increased density of air oxygen relative to water oxygen".
J. Chem. Soc. Japan
.
56
: 1291.
- ^
Bender, Sowers and Labeyrie (1994). "The Dole Effect and its variations during the last 130,000 years as measured in the Vostok Ice Core".
Global Biogeochemical Cycles
.
8
(3): 363?376.
Bibcode
:
1994GBioC...8..363B
.
doi
:
10.1029/94GB00724
.
- ^
Dole M, Mack LL, Hines RL, Mobley RC, Ferguson LD, Alice MB (1968). "Molecular Beams of Macroions".
Journal of Chemical Physics
.
49
(5): 2240?2249.
Bibcode
:
1968JChPh..49.2240D
.
doi
:
10.1063/1.1670391
.
- ^
Birendra N. Pramanik; A.K. Ganguly; Michael L. Gross (28 February 2002).
Applied Electrospray Mass Spectrometry: Practical Spectroscopy Series
. CRC Press. pp. 4?.
ISBN
978-0-8247-4419-9
.
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