History of Jews in the Scotland
Ethnic group
The
history of the Jews in Scotland
goes back to at least the 17th century. It is not known when
Jews
first arrived in
Scotland
, with the earliest concrete historical references to a Jewish presence in Scotland being from the late 17th century.
[3]
Most Scottish Jews today are of
Ashkenazi
background who mainly settled in
Edinburgh
, then in
Glasgow
in the mid-19th century. In 2013 the Edinburgh Jewish Studies Network curated an online exhibition based on archival holdings and maps in the
National Library of Scotland
exploring the influence of the community on the city.
[4]
According to the 2011 census, 5,887 Jews lived in Scotland; a decline of 8.7% from the 2001 census.
[1]
The total population of Scotland at the time was 5,313,600, making Scottish Jews 0.1% of the population.
Middle Ages to union with England
[
edit
]
There is only scant evidence of a Jewish presence in medieval Scotland. In 1180, the Bishop of Glasgow forbade churchmen to "ledge their benefices for money borrowed from Jews".
[5]
This was around the time of
anti-Jewish riots in England
and so it is possible that Jews may have arrived in Scotland as refugees, or it may refer to Jews domiciled in England from whom Scots were borrowing money.
In the
Middle Ages
, much of Scotland's trade was with
Continental Europe
, with wool of the
Borders
abbeys being the country's main export to
Flanders
and the
Low Countries
. Scottish merchants from
Aberdeen
and
Dundee
had close trading links to
Baltic
ports in
Poland
and
Lithuania
. It is possible, therefore, that Jews may have come to Scotland to do business with their Scottish counterparts, but no direct evidence of that exists.
[6]
The late-18th-century author
Henry Mackenzie
speculated that the high incidence of biblical place names around the village of
Morningside
near Edinburgh might indicate that Jews had settled in the area during the Middle Ages. This belief has, however, been shown to be incorrect, with the names originating instead from the presence of a local farm named "Egypt" mentioned in historical documents from the 16th century and believed to indicate a
Romani
presence.
[7]
17th?19th centuries
[
edit
]
The first recorded Jew in
Edinburgh
was one David Brown who made a successful application to reside and trade in the city in 1691.
[8]
Most Jewish immigration appears to have occurred post-industrialisation, and post-1707, by which time Jews in Scotland were subject to various anti-Jewish laws that applied to Britain as a whole.
Oliver Cromwell
readmitted Jews to the
Commonwealth of England
in 1656, and would have had influence over whether they could reside north of the border. Scotland was under the jurisdiction of the
Jewish Naturalisation Act
, enacted in 1753, but repealed the next year. It has been theorised that some Jews who arrived in Scotland promptly assimilated, with some converting to Christianity.
[9]
Unlike their English contemporaries, Scottish university students were not required to take a religious oath. Joseph Hart Myers, born in New York, was the first Jewish student to study medicine in Scotland; he graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1779.
[10]
The first graduate from the
University of Glasgow
who was openly known to be Jewish was Levi Myers, in 1787. In 1795, Herman Lyon, a dentist and
chiropodist
, bought a burial plot in Edinburgh. Originally from
Mogendorf
,
Germany
he left there around 1764 and spent some time in Holland before arriving in London. He moved to Scotland in 1788. The presence of the plot on
Calton Hill
is no longer obvious today, but it is marked on the Ordnance Survey map of 1852 as "Jew's Burial vault".
[8]
The first
Jewish congregation in Edinburgh
was founded in 1817, when the Edinburgh community consisted of 20 families.
[8]
The first congregation in Glasgow was founded in 1821.
[11]
Much of the first influx of Jews to Scotland were Dutch and German merchants attracted to the commercial economies of Scottish cities.
[12]
Isaac Cohen, a hatter resident in Glasgow, was admitted a
burgess
of the city on 22 September 1812. The first interment in the
Glasgow Necropolis
was that of Joseph Levi, a quill merchant and cholera victim who was buried there on 12 September 1832. This occurred in the year before the formal opening of the burial ground, a part of it having been sold to the Jewish community beforehand for one hundred guineas.
[13]
Glasgow-born
Asher Asher
(1837?1889) was the first Scottish Jew to enter the medical profession. He was the author of
The Jewish Rite of Circumcision
(1873).
The story of his own family's experience was immortalised in
Jack Ronder
's book and TV series called
The Lost Tribe
, starring
Miriam Margolyes
and
Bill Paterson
.
In 1878, Jewish
Hannah de Rothschild
(1851?1890), the richest woman in Britain at the time, married Scottish aristocrat
Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery
, despite strong antisemitic sentiments in court and the aristocracy. They had four children. Their son,
Harry
, would become
Secretary of State for Scotland
in 1945 during
Winston Churchill
's postwar caretaker government.
To avoid persecution and
pogroms
in the
Russian Empire
in the 1880s, many Jews settled in the larger cities of Britain, including Scotland, most notably in Glasgow (especially the poorer part of the city, the
Gorbals
, alongside Irish and Italian immigrants).
[14]
Smaller numbers settled in Edinburgh and even smaller groups in
Dundee
(first synagogue founded in 1878
[15]
and cemetery acquired in 1888) and
Aberdeen
(synagogue founded 1893). Small communities also existed for a time in
Ayr
,
Dunfermline
,
Falkirk
,
Greenock
, and
Inverness
.
[16]
Russian Jews tended to come from the lands in the west of the empire known as the
Pale of Settlement
, in particular Lithuania and Poland, many using Scotland as a stopping post en route to North America. This explains why Glasgow was their favoured location. However, those who were not able to earn enough to afford the transatlantic voyage ended up settling in the city.
[17]
In 1897, after the influx, the Jewish population of Glasgow was 6,500.
This second influx of Jews was notably larger than the first, and came from Eastern Europe as opposed to Western European countries like Germany and the Netherlands. This led to the informal distinction between the
Westjuden
, who tended to be middle-class and assimilated into Scottish society, and the much bigger
Ostjuden
community, consisting of poor
Yiddish
-speakers who fled pogroms in Eastern Europe.
[12]
The
Westjuden
had settled in more affluent areas such as
Garnethill
in Glasgow where
Garnethill Synagogue
was built between 1879 and 1881 in Victorian Romaneque style. It remains the oldest active synagogue in Scotland and now houses the
Scottish Jewish Archives Centre
[18]
and Scottish Jewish Heritage Centre.
[19]
The
Ostjuden
in contrast mostly settled in slums in the
Gorbals
. This led to the building in 1901 of the
South Portland Street Synagogue
, also known at various times as the South Side Synagogue, the Great Synagogue and the Great Central Synagogue,
[20]
regarded for many years as the religious centre of the Jewish community until its closure and demolition in 1974.
20th and 21st centuries
[
edit
]
Immigration continued into the 20th century, with over 9,000 Jews in 1901 and around 12,000 in 1911. Jewish life in the Gorbals in Glasgow initially mirrored that of traditional
shtetl
life; however, concerns around this being a contributing factor to a rise in anti-semitism led to the established Jewish community establishing various philanthropic and welfare organisations with the goals of offering assistance to the refugees, including support in assimilating into Scottish society.
[21]
Similarly the Edinburgh Jewish Literary Society was founded in 1888 for the purpose of teaching British culture to the Jewish immigrant population of Edinburgh
[22]
and is still active today, albeit with a different focus. The passing of the
Aliens Act 1905
and the onset of World War I led to a substantial decrease in the number of Jewish refugees arriving in Scotland.
[23]
In Edinburgh, the appointment of Rabbi Dr.
Salis Daiches
in 1918 was the catalyst for the unification of several disparate communities into a single
Edinburgh Hebrew Congregation
serving both the established anglicised Jews and the more recent
Yiddish
-speaking Eastern European immigrants.
[24]
Daiches also worked to foster good relations between the Jewish community and wider secular society,
[25]
and under his influence funds were raised for the building of the
Edinburgh Synagogue
, opened in 1932, the only purpose?built synagogue in the city.
Refugees from
Nazi Germany
and the
Second World War
further augmented the Scottish Jewish community, which has been estimated to have reached over 20,000 in the mid-20th century. By way of comparison, the Jewish population in the United Kingdom peaked at 500,000, but declined to just over half that number by 2008.
[26]
Whittinghame Farm School
operated from 1939 to 1941 as a shelter for 160 children who had arrived in Britain as part of the
Kindertransport
mission.
[27]
It was established in Whittinghame House in East Lothian, the family home of the
Earl of Balfour
and the birthplace of
Arthur Balfour
, author of the
Balfour Declaration
. The children were taught agricultural techniques in anticipation of settling in Palestine after the war.
The practising Jewish population continues to fall in Scotland, as many younger Jews either became secular, or intermarried with other faiths. Scottish Jews have also emigrated in large numbers to England, the United States, Israel, Canada, Australia and New Zealand for economic reasons, as other Scots have done. According to the 2001 census, 6,448 Jews lived in Scotland,
[28]
According to the 2011 census, 5,887 Jews lived in Scotland; a decline of 8.7% from 2001.
[1]
[29]
41% (2,399) of Scottish Jews live in the local authority area of
East Renfrewshire
,
Greater Glasgow
, making up 2.65% of the population there. 25% of Scottish Jews live in the Greater Glasgow suburb of
Newton Mearns
alone. Many Jewish families slowly moved southwards to more prosperous suburban areas in Greater Glasgow, from more central areas of
Glasgow
over the generations.
[14]
Glasgow city itself has 897 Jews (15% of the Jewish population) living there, whilst Edinburgh has 855 (also 15%). The area with the least Jewish people was the
Outer Hebrides
, which reported just 3 Jews (0.05%) living there.
In March 2008, a Jewish
tartan
was designed by Brian Wilton
[30]
for
Chabad
rabbi Mendel Jacobs of Glasgow and certified by the
Scottish Tartans Authority
.
[31]
The tartan's colors are blue, white, silver, red and gold. According to Jacobs: "The blue and white represent the colours of the
Scottish
and
Israeli flags
, with the central gold line representing the gold from the Biblical
Tabernacle
, the
Ark of the Covenant
and the many ceremonial vessels ... the silver is from the decorations that adorn the
Scroll of Law
and the red represents the traditional red
Kiddush
wine."
[32]
Jewish communities in Scotland are represented by the
Scottish Council of Jewish Communities
.
Historic antisemitism
[
edit
]
In the
Middle Ages
, while Jews in England faced state persecution culminating in the
Edict of Expulsion
of 1290, there was never a corresponding expulsion from Scotland, suggesting either greater religious tolerance or the simple fact that there was no Jewish presence at that time. In his autobiographical work
Two Worlds,
the eminent Scottish-Jewish scholar
David Daiches
, son of Rabbi
Salis Daiches
, wrote that his father would often declare that Scotland is one of the few European countries with no history of state persecution of Jews.
[33]
Modern antisemitism
[
edit
]
Some elements of the
British Union of Fascists
formed in 1932 were anti-Jewish and
Alexander Raven Thomson
, one of its main ideologues, was a Scot. Blackshirt meetings were physically attacked in Edinburgh by communists and "
Protestant Action
", which believed the group to be an Italian (i.e. Roman Catholic) intrusion.
[34]
In fact, William Kenefick of
Dundee University
has claimed that bigotry was diverted away from Jews by anti-Catholicism, particularly in Glasgow where the main ethnic chauvinist agitation was against Irish Catholics.
[35]
Archibald Maule Ramsay
, a
Scottish Unionist
MP claimed that World War II was a "Jewish war" and was the only MP in the UK interned under
Defence Regulation 18B
. In the Gorbals at least, neither Louise Sless nor Woolf Silver recall antisemitic sentiment.
[36]
(
See also
Jews escaping from Nazi Europe to Britain
.
) As a result of rising anti-semitism in the United Kingdom by the 1930s, Jewish leadership bodies including the Glasgow Jewish Representative Council adopted a position of trying to prevent drawing attention to the city's Jewish population, such as through the promotion of assimilation.
[37]
This was in line with the national leadership at the Board of Deputies of British Jews, although the Edinburgh Jewish Representative Council was notably more active and visible in its campaigning for support to be offered to German Jews.
[38]
In 2012, the Scottish Jewish Student Chaplaincy and the Scottish Council of Jewish Communities reported a "toxic atmosphere" at the
University of Edinburgh
, in which Jewish students were forced to hide their identity.
[39]
In September 2013, the Scottish Council of Jewish Communities published the "Being Jewish in Scotland" project, which researched the situation of Jewish people in Scotland through interviews and focus group attended by approximately 180 participants. The report included data from the
Community Security Trust
that, during 2011, there were 10 antisemitic incidents of abusive behaviour, 9 incidents of damage and desecration to Jewish property, and one assault. Some participants described experiences of antisemitism in their workplace, campus and at school.
[40]
During the
Operation Protective Edge
, in August 2014, the Scottish Council of Jewish Communities reported a sharp increase in antisemitic incidents. During the first week of August, there were 12 antisemitic incidents ? almost as many as in the whole of 2013.
[41]
A few months later, an irritating chemical was thrown on a member of staff selling Kedem (Israeli cosmetics) products in Glasgow's St Enoch Centre.
[42]
In 2015, the Scottish government published statistics on abusive behaviour in
Religiously Aggravated Offending in Scotland in 2014?15
, covering the Protective Edge period, which noted an increase in the number of charges filed for anti-Jewish acts from 9 in 2014 (2% of those charged with religious offences) to 25 in 2015 (4% of total). Most dealt with "threatening and abusive behavior" and "offensive communications". The penalty imposed on those convicted was typically a fine.
[43]
Anti-semitism continues to be a topic of political debate in Scotland.
[44]
[45]
[46]
In 2017 the
Scottish Government
formally adopted the
International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
’s (IHRA) definition of anti-Semitism.
[47]
Scots-Yiddish
[
edit
]
Scots-Yiddish
is the name given to a Jewish hybrid vernacular between
Scots
and
Yiddish
, which had a brief currency in the
Lowlands
in the first half of the 20th century. The Scottish literary historian
David Daiches
describes it in his autobiographical account of his
Edinburgh
Jewish childhood,
Two Worlds
.
[48]
Daiches explores the social stratification of Edinburgh's Jewish society in the interwar period, noting what is effectively a class divide between two parts of the community, on the one hand a highly educated and well-integrated group who sought a synthesis of Orthodox Rabbinical and modern secular thinking, on the other a Yiddish-speaking group most comfortable maintaining the lifestyle of the Eastern European ghetto. The Yiddish-speaking population grew up in Scotland in the 19th century, but by the late 20th century had mostly switched to using English. The
creolisation
of Yiddish with Scots was therefore a phenomenon of the middle part of this period.
[
citation needed
]
Daiches describes how this language was spoken by the band of itinerant salesmen known as "trebblers" who travelled by train to the coastal towns of Fife peddling their wares from battered suitcases. He notes that Scots preserves some Germanic words lost in standard English but preserved in Yiddish, for example "licht" for light or "lift" for air (German "Luft").
[48]
[49]
The Glaswegian Jewish poet
A C Jacobs
also refers to his language as Scots-Yiddish.
[50]
The playwright and director Avrom Greenbaum also published a handful of Scots-Yiddish poems in the
Glasgow Jewish Echo
in the 1960s; these are now housed in the
Scottish Jewish Archives Centre
in Glasgow.
[51]
In 2020 the poet David Bleiman
[52]
won the first prize and Hugh MacDiarmaid Tassie in the Scots Language Association Sangschaw competition for his poem "The Trebbler's Tale" written in "macaronic" Scots-Yiddish.
[53]
Bleiman describes the poem as being 5% "found" Scots-Yiddish, the rest being reimagined and reconstituted from the component languages.
[51]
Mythical history of the Jews in Scotland
[
edit
]
List of Scottish Jews
[
edit
]
- Ronni Ancona
, comedian
[54]
- Jenni Calder
, writer
- Hazel, Lady Cosgrove
,
[55]
first female Court of Session judge
- Ivor Cutler
, musician, teacher and comedian
- Noam Dar
, professional wrestler
- Sir Monty Finniston
, industrialist
- Hannah Frank
, artist and sculptor
- Myer Lord Galpern
, MP, Lord Provost of Glasgow
- Ralph Glasser
, psychologist and economist (born in
Leeds
but grew up in
Glasgow
)
- Professor Sir
Abraham Goldberg
KB MD DSc FRCP FRSE, leading medical academic
- Muriel Gray
, author and presenter of
The Tube
- Jeremy Isaacs
, broadcaster, born in
Glasgow
from what were described as "Scottish Jewish roots".
[56]
- A C Jacobs
, poet
- Mark Knopfler
,
Dire Straits
co-founder, lead vocalist and lead guitarist
- Kevin Macdonald
, director, known for
Touching the Void
- Isi Metzstein
, architect
- Saul Metzstein
, filmmaker
- Neil Primrose
, MP and soldier, younger son of
Hannah de Rothschild
- Malcolm Rifkind
, politician
- Hugo Rifkind
, broadcaster
- Harry Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery
,
Secretary of State for Scotland
, elder son of
Hannah de Rothschild
- Jerry Sadowitz
, controversial comedian and conjurer
- Benno Schotz
, sculptor
- Sara Sheridan
, writer
- Manny Shinwell
, politician
- J. David Simons
, novelist
- Dame Muriel Spark
, novelist
[57]
- Harry, Lord Woolf
, judge, brought up and educated in Scotland
- Scottie Wilson
, artist
See also
[
edit
]
Notes and references
[
edit
]
- ^
a
b
c
"Scotland's Census 2011 ? Table KS209SCb"
(PDF)
. scotlandscensus.gov.uk
. Retrieved
26 September
2013
.
,
- ^
"2011 Standard Outputs"
. Scotland's Census
. Retrieved
23 September
2016
.
- ^
Daiches, Salis (1929).
The Jew in Scotland
. Scottish Church History Society. pp. 196?209
. Retrieved
25 August
2018
.
- ^
"Exhibition: Edinburgh Jews"
.
Edinburgh Jewish Studies Network
. 20 May 2013
. Retrieved
14 November
2021
.
- ^
"Scotland Virtual Jewish History Tour"
.
Jewish Virtual Library
. Retrieved
12 September
2019
.
- ^
"Edinburgh Jewish Community"
. Electric Scotland
. Retrieved
12 September
2019
.
- ^
C J Smith,
Historic South Edinburgh
, Edinburgh & London 1978, p. 205: "At the distance of less than a mile from Edinburgh there are places with Jewish names?Canaan, the river or brook called Jordan, Egypt?a place called Transylvania, a little to the east of Egypt. There are two traditions of the way in which they got their names: one, that there was a considerable eruption of gypsies into the county of Edinburgh who got a grant of these lands, then chiefly a moor; the other, which I have heard from rather better authority, that some rich Jews happened to migrate into Scotland and got from one of the Kings (James I, I think it was said) a grant of these lands in consideration of a sum of money which they advanced him."
- ^
a
b
c
"Edinburgh Jewish History"
. Edinburgh Jewish Community
. Retrieved
12 September
2019
.
- ^
Collins, Kenneth E. (1987).
Aspects of Scottish Jewry
. Glasgow: Glasgow Jewish Representative Council. p. 4.
- ^
"Joseph Hart Myers | RCP Museum"
.
history.rcplondon.ac.uk
. Retrieved
28 March
2023
.
- ^
"Glasgow ? SJAC"
. Retrieved
30 March
2023
.
- ^
a
b
Alderman, Geoffrey (1992).
Modern British Jewry
. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 25?26.
- ^
D Daiches, Glasgow, Andre Deutsch, 1977, p.139?140
- ^
a
b
Pupils at Queen's Park Secondary 1936 (Scottish Jewish Archives Centre)
, The Glasgow Story
- ^
Abrams, Nathan (2009).
Caledonian Jews: a study of seven small communities in Scotland
. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
ISBN
978-0-7864-5432-7
.
OCLC
646854050
.
- ^
"JCR-UK: Scotland Jewish Community and Congregations (Synagogues)"
.
www.jewishgen.org
. Retrieved
29 March
2023
.
- ^
R Glasser, Growing Up in the Gorbals, Chatto & Windus, 1986
- ^
"SJAC ? The Scottish Jewish Archives Centre"
. Retrieved
29 March
2023
.
- ^
"Home"
.
Scottish Jewish Heritage Centre
. Retrieved
29 March
2023
.
- ^
"JCR-UK: Great Central Synagogue (formerly known as Great Synagogue) Glasgow, Scotland"
.
www.jewishgen.org
. Retrieved
29 March
2023
.
- ^
Adler, Cyrus (1920).
American Jewish Yearbook
. New York City: American Jewish Yearbook. p. 183.
- ^
"About"
.
Edinburgh Jewish Literary Society
. 5 June 2011
. Retrieved
29 March
2023
.
- ^
Bermant, Chaim (1970).
Troubled Eden: An Anatomy of British Jewry
. New York City: Basic Books. p. 74.
- ^
Holtschneider, K. Hannah (2019).
Jewish Orthodoxy in Scotland: Rabbi Dr Salis Daiches and religious leadership
. Edinburgh.
ISBN
978-1-4744-5261-8
.
OCLC
1128271833
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
Gilfillan, M.D. (2019).
Jewish Edinburgh: a history, 1880-1950
. Jefferson, NC.
ISBN
978-1-4766-3565-1
.
OCLC
1086210748
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
- ^
Pigott, Robert (21 May 2008).
"Jewish population on the increase"
.
BBC News
.
- ^
"Home Front ? Whittingehame Farm School"
.
www.eastlothianatwar.co.uk
. Retrieved
28 March
2023
.
- ^
Scottish Government (28 February 2005).
"Analysis of Religion in the 2001 Census"
.
scotland.gov.uk
.
- ^
"Census 2011"
.
- ^
"Jewish Tartan"
. Scottish Tartans Authority
. Retrieved
1 May
2010
.
- ^
Schwartzapfel, Beth (17 July 2008).
"Sound the Bagpipes: Scots Design Jewish Tartan"
.
Forward
. Retrieved
1 May
2010
.
- ^
Hamilton, Tom (16 May 2008).
"Rabbi creates first official Jewish tartan"
.
Daily Record
. Retrieved
1 May
2010
.
- ^
David Daiches,
Two Worlds
, 1956, Cannnongate edition 1987,
ISBN
0-86241-148-3
, p. 93.
- ^
Cullen, Stephen (26 December 2008),
"Nationalism and sectarianism 'stopped rise of Scots fascists'
"
,
Herald
- ^
Boztas, Senay (17 October 2004),
"Why Scotland has never hated Jews ... it was too busy hating Catholics"
,
Sunday Herald
, archived from
the original
on 31 January 2006
, retrieved
1 May
2010
- ^
Fleischmann, Kurt.
"The Gorbals and the Jews of Glasgow"
. European Sephardic Institute.
- ^
Braber, Ben (2007).
Jews in Glasgow 1879?1939: Immigration and Integration
. London: Vallentine Mitchell. p. 38.
- ^
Gilfillan, Mark (2015). "Jewish responses to fascism and antisemitism in Edinburgh, 1933?1945".
Journal of Scottish Historical Studies
.
35
(2): 211?239.
doi
:
10.3366/jshs.2015.0155
– via JSTOR.
- ^
"Jewish students warn of 'toxic' atmosphere at uni"
.
The Scotsman
. 15 December 2012
. Retrieved
12 January
2015
.
- ^
Granat, Leah; Borowski, Ephraim; Frank, Fiona.
"Being Jewish in Scotland"
(PDF)
.
The Scottish Council of Jewish Communities (scojec)
. Retrieved
12 January
2015
.
- ^
"Large Spike in Antisemitic Incidents in Scotland"
.
The Scottish Council of Jewish Communities
. Retrieved
11 January
2015
.
- ^
"Kedem staff member doused in 'burning' chemical in hate attack"
.
Jewish Chronicle
. Retrieved
18 August
2015
.
- ^
Davidson, Neil.
"Religiously Aggravated Offending in Scotland in 2014?15"
(PDF)
. Justice Analytical Services ? The Scottish Government
. Retrieved
29 June
2015
.
- ^
"Labour MSP 'ashamed of party' over anti-Semitism"
. BBC News. 28 November 2020
. Retrieved
14 November
2021
.
- ^
"Tories call for Greens to be removed from government after concerns by Jewish community"
.
www.scotsman.com
. Retrieved
14 November
2021
.
- ^
"Jackson Carlaw: Scotland's Jews are entitled to feel safe and valued"
.
HeraldScotland
. 6 January 2019
. Retrieved
14 November
2021
.
- ^
"Scottish Government adoption of full IHRA definition of anti-Semitism: FOI release"
.
www.gov.scot
. Retrieved
14 November
2021
.
- ^
a
b
Daiches, David (1987).
Two worlds : an Edinburgh Jewish childhood
. Edinburgh: Canongate. pp. 117?129.
ISBN
0-86241-148-3
.
OCLC
16758930
.
- ^
"The Secret Yiddish History of Scotland"
.
The Forward
. 16 September 2014
. Retrieved
28 March
2023
.
- ^
Relich, Mario.
"The Strange Case of A. C. Jacobs"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 30 September 2006.
- ^
a
b
"Scotslanguage.com ? Scots-Yiddish: A Dialect Re-imagined"
.
www.scotslanguage.com
. Retrieved
28 March
2023
.
- ^
"David Bleiman - Poet"
.
Scottish Poetry Library
. Retrieved
28 March
2023
.
- ^
"SCoJeC's Macaronic World Premiere"
.
www.scojec.org
. Retrieved
28 March
2023
.
- ^
Diary
p. 66, "Could there be a hint of racial stereotyping in the Almeida's decision to cast two Jewish actors ? Ronni Ancona and Henry Goodman ? in its upcoming production of The Hypochondriac?",
Jewish Chronicle
, 28 September 2005,
- ^
"Feature article"
. Culham College Institute. Archived from
the original
on 20 October 2007.
- ^
Attias, Elaine.
"Britain's exciting Channel 4 breaking all the TV rules"
,
Toronto Star
, 1 November 1986. Accessed 31 August 2011. "In his early 50s, he is a personal and passionate man who went from Scottish Jewish roots to a philosophy degree at Oxford, presidency of the
Oxford Union
and on to top programming positions at Thames and Granada television, Britain's powerful commercial independents."
- ^
Jewish father; mother Anglican but Muriel Spark's son says that she had Jewish parents; converted to Catholicism later in life
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Collins Dr. KE, Borowski E, and Granat L ?
Scotland's Jews ? A Guide to the History and Community of the Jews in Scotland
(2008)
- Daiches, David -
Two Worlds
, Canongate Classics (1987)
- Levy, A ?
The Origins of Scottish Jewry
- Phillips, Abel ?
A History of the Origins of the First Jewish Community in Scotland: Edinburgh, 1816
(1979)
- Glasser, R ?
Growing Up in the Gorbals
, Chatto & Windus (1986)
- Shinwell, Manny ?
Conflict Without Malice
(1955) ? autobiography
- Conn, A (editor) ?
Serving Their Country- Wartime Memories of Scottish Jews
(2002)
- Kaplan, H L ?
Jewish Cemeteries in Scotland
in Avotaynu, Vol.VII No 4, Winter 1991
- Ronder, Jack ?
The Lost Tribe
, W.H. Allen (1978)
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