English aristocrat
Henry Percy, 4th Earl of Northumberland
KG
(c. 1449 ? 28 April 1489) was an English aristocrat during the
Wars of the Roses
. After losing his title when his father was killed fighting the Yorkists, he later regained his position. He led the rearguard of
Richard III
's army at the
Battle of Bosworth
, but failed to commit his troops. He was briefly imprisoned by
Henry VII
, but later restored to his position. A few years later he was murdered by citizens of York during a revolt against Henry VII's taxation.
Origins
[
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]
Percy was the son of
Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland
, and his wife Eleanor Poynings.
His father was first cousin to (among others)
Edward IV of England
, Anne, Duchess of Exeter, Edmund, Earl of Rutland, Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk,
Margaret of York
,
George, Duke of Clarence
, and
Richard III of England
. Percy himself was second cousin to (among others)
Elizabeth of York
,
Edward V of England
,
Richard, Duke of York
,
Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle
,
Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury
,
Edward, Earl of Warwick
, and
Edward of Middleham
. Both
Perkin Warbeck
and
Lambert Simnel
claimed to be his second cousins.
Loss and restoration of title
[
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]
His father was loyal to the
House of Lancaster
. His wife, Maud Herbert, had in fact been first betrothed to Henry of Richmond, who would usurp the throne in 1485 and become Henry VII. His father was killed in the
Battle of Towton
on 29 March 1461. The earldom of Northumberland was forfeited to the victorious Yorkists. The
adolescent
Percy was imprisoned in the
Fleet Prison
. He was transported to the
Tower of London
in 1464.
In 1465,
John Neville
was named
Earl of Northumberland
in his place. Percy eventually swore fealty to Edward IV and was released in 1469. He petitioned for the return of his paternal titles and estates to him. He gained support from Edward IV himself. John Neville had to quit his title and was instead named
Marquess of Montagu
in 1470. However, the restoration of the title to Percy was delayed by the
Parliament of England
until 1473. He was made a
Knight of the Garter
in 1474 by Edward IV.
For the following twelve years, Percy held many of the important government posts in northern England, such as
warden of the east and middle marches
, which were traditional in his family.
Bosworth campaign and aftermath
[
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]
He commanded the Yorkist reserve at the
Battle of Bosworth Field
on 22 August 1485. Percy never committed his forces to the battle. His inactivity played an important part in the defeat and death of Richard III. Historians suspect him of
treason
in favour of victor
Henry VII of England
, although there is an alternative theory that his forces, placed behind those of King Richard, were in no position to take part in the battle before Richard was killed.
Percy was arrested along with
Ralph Neville, 3rd Earl of Westmorland
and
Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk
. He was nominally imprisoned for several months but swore allegiance to the new King. Henry VII released him on terms of good behaviour. Percy was allowed to retain his titles and lands as well as being allowed to return to his old posts, and was in fact sent on diplomatic missions for the crown, something that would not have occurred had Henry VII not trusted him implicitly.
[2]
Marriage and children
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At some time between 1473 and 1476 he married Maud Herbert (died before 1485), daughter of
William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke
and his wife Anne Devereux.
[3]
Their children included:
- Henry Algernon Percy
(died 1527),
[3]
his heir, who married Catherine Spencer.
- Eleanor Percy
(died 1530), who first married
Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham
.
[4]
- Sir William Percy (died 1540), who married first Agnes Constable and secondly Margaret Sothill, widow of Sir John Normanville.
- Alan Percy
(died 1560),
[3]
[5]
who became Master of
St John's College, Cambridge
.
- Sir Josceline Percy (died 1532), who married Margaret Frost and was grandfather to
Thomas Percy
.
- Anne Percy (died 1552), who married as his second wife
William FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel
.
[6]
Death
[
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]
In April 1489, Percy held temporary residence in his estates of
Yorkshire
. Henry VII had recently allied himself to
Anne of Brittany
against
Charles VIII of France
.
Taxes
rose to finance the military action. Sir John Egremont of Yorkshire led a
riot
in protest at the high taxation, known as the
Yorkshire rebellion
. Percy was targeted by the rioters as he approached the city and was slain on 28 April. He was buried at
Beverley Minster
.
Notes
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]
References
[
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]
- Richardson, Douglas (2011). Everingham, Kimball G. (ed.).
Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families
. Vol. III (2nd ed.). Salt Lake City.
ISBN
978-1449966393
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link
)
Further reading
[
edit
]
- Rose, Alexander
Kings in the North - The House of Percy in British History
. Phoenix/Orion Books Ltd, 2002,
ISBN
1-84212-485-4
(722 pages paperback)
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