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 | This is the
pronunciation key
for
IPA
transcriptions of Russian on Wikipedia.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Russian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing
consensus
on the
talk page
first.
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Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Russian
The charts below show the way in which the
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
represents
Russian
pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see
Template:IPA
and
Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation §?Entering IPA characters
.
Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (
palatalized
) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript
?
?
?
, are pronounced with the body of the
tongue
raised toward the
hard palate
, like the articulation of the
y
sound in
yes
. In native words,
/j,
?ː,
t?/
are always soft, whereas
/?,
?,
ts/
are always hard.
[1]
See
Russian phonology
and
Russian alphabet
for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.
- ^
a
b
c
Even though
/ts/
and its voicing
[dz]
are considered to be exclusively hard consonants, they may be palatalized in certain words of foreign origin.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
Consonants in consonant clusters are
assimilated
in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except
[v,
v?]
). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (
Halle 1959
:31).
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
The
affricates
[ts]
,
[t?]
, and
[t?]
(and their voiced counterparts
[dz]
,
[d?]
, and
[d?]
) are sometimes written with
ligature ties
:
[t?s]
,
[t??]
, and
[t??]
(
[d?z]
,
[d??]
, and
[d??]
). Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
The voiced obstruents
/b,
b?,
d,
d?,
?,
v,
v?,
z,
z?,
?/
are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (
Halle 1959
:22).
- ^
a
b
c
d
?
г
?
is usually pronounced
[
?
]
or (word-finally)
[
x
]
in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as
Г
оспо?дь
[??s?pot?]
and
Бо
г
ⓘ
[box]
, and in the interjections
а
г
а?
ⓘ
,
о
г
о?
ⓘ
,
Г
о?споди
ⓘ
,
ей-бо?
г
у
ⓘ
, and also in
бу
хг
а?лтер
ⓘ
[b???alt??r]
(
Timberlake 2004
:23).
/?/
devoices and
lenites
to
[x]
before voiceless obstruents (
dissimilation
) in the word roots
-мягк-
or
-мягч-
,
-легк-
or
-легч-
,
-тягч-
, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of
-ногт-
,
-когт-
,
кто
. Speakers of the
Southern Russian dialects
may pronounce
?
г
?
as
[
?
]
(soft
[
??
]
, devoiced
[
x
]
and
[
x?
]
) throughout.
- ^
a
b
Intervocalic
?
г
?
represents
/v/
in certain words (
се
г
о?дня
ⓘ
,
се
г
о?дняшний
ⓘ
,
ито
г
о?
), and in the genitive suffix
-ого/-его
(
Timberlake 2004
:23).
- ^
The soft vowel letters
?
е, ё, ю, я
?
represent
iotated
vowels
/je,
jo,
ju,
ja/
, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for
?
ё
?
, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the
/j/
may not be present. The letter
?
и
?
produces iotated sound
/ji/
only after
ь
.
- ^
/l/
is often strongly
pharyngealized
[
?
]
, but that feature is not distinctive (
Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996
:187-188).
- ^
Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
- ^
Most speakers pronounce
?
ч
?
in the pronoun
что
and its derivatives as
[?]
. All other occurrences of
чт
cluster stay as affricate and stop.
- ^
?
щ
?
is sometimes pronounced as
[?ː]
or
[??]
and sometimes as
[?t?]
, but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word
сч
и?тывать
sometimes has
[?t?]
because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix
?
с-
?
and the root
?
-чит-
?
.
- ^
Geminated
[
?ː
]
is pronounced as soft
[
?ː
]
, the voiced counterpart to
[
?ː
]
, in a few lexical items (such as
дро?
жж
и
or
зае
зж
а?ть
) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (
Yanushevskaya & Bun?i? (2015
:224)).
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
f
Vowels are
fronted
and/or
raised
in the context of palatalized consonants:
/a/
and
/u/
become
[æ]
and
[?]
, respectively between palatalized consonants,
/e/
is realized as
[e]
before and between palatalized consonants and
/o/
becomes
[?]
after and between palatalized consonants.
- ^
a
b
Unstressed
/a/
and
/o/
regularly lose their contrast, being pronounced
[?]
in word-initial position, as well as when in a sequence, and
[?]
in posttonic position (i.e. after the stress); in non-initial pretonic position (i.e. before the stress) they are reduced to
[?]
only immediately before the stress, being realized
[?]
otherwise.
- ^
Only in certain word-final morphemes (
Timberlake 2004
:48-51).
- ^
Unstressed
/a/
is pronounced as
[?]
after
?
ч
?
and
?
щ
?
except when word-final.
[
citation needed
]
- ^
a
b
In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed
/e/
and
/o/
in words of foreign origin may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
- ^
Unstressed
[?]
only occurs in words of foreign origin.
- Cubberley, Paul (2002),
"The phonology of Modern Russian"
,
Russian: A Linguistic Introduction
, Cambridge University Press
- Halle, Morris
(1959),
Sound Pattern of Russian
, MIT Press
- Jones, Daniel
; Ward, Dennis (1969),
The Phonetics of Russian
, Cambridge University Press
- Ladefoged, Peter
;
Maddieson, Ian
(1996).
The Sounds of the World's Languages
. Oxford: Blackwell.
ISBN
0-631-19815-6
.
- Timberlake, Alan (2004),
"Sounds"
,
A Reference Grammar of Russian
, Cambridge University Press
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bun?i?, Daniel (2015),
"Russian"
(PDF)
,
Journal of the International Phonetic Association
,
45
(2): 221?228,
doi
:
10.1017/S0025100314000395
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