Core city in Hokkaido, Japan
Hakodate
(
函館市
,
Hakodate-shi
)
(formerly written as Hakodadi) is a
city
and
port
located in
Oshima Subprefecture
,
Hokkaido
,
Japan
. It is the capital city of Oshima Subprefecture. As of January 31, 2024, the city had an estimated
population
of 239,813 with 138,807
households
, and a
population density
of 354 persons per km² (920 persons per mi²). The total area is 677.86 square kilometres (261.72 sq mi). The city is the third biggest in Hokkaido after
Sapporo
and
Asahikawa
.
History
[
edit
]
Hakodate was Japan's first city whose port was opened to foreign trade in 1854, as a result of
Convention of Kanagawa
, and used to be the most important port in northern Japan. Also, the city had been the biggest city in Hokkaido before
Great Fire of Hakodate
in 1934.
Pre-Meiji restoration
[
edit
]
Hakodate (like much of other parts of Hokkaido), was originally populated by the
Ainu
. They lived in the
Oshima Peninsula
. The name "Hakodate" may have originated from an Ainu word, "hak-casi" ("shallow fort"). Another possibility is that it means "box" or "building" in Japanese which refers to the castle built by the Kono (Kano) clan in the fifteenth century.
[2]
Hakodate was founded in 1454, when Kono Kaganokami Masamichi constructed a large manor house in the
Ainu
fishing village of Usukeshi, the word for bay in Ainu.
After his death, Masamichi's son, Kono Suemichi, and family were driven out of Hakodate into nearby
Kameda
during the Ainu rebellion in 1512 and little history was recorded for the area during the next 100 years. There was constant low-level conflict in the Oshima peninsula at the time with the Ainu, as armed merchants like the Kono family, established bases to control trade in the region. This conflict culminated in an uprising from 1669 to 1672, led by Ainu warrior
Shakushain
after which the Ainu in the region were suppressed.
[3]
Hakodate flourished during the
Hoei period
(1704?11), and many new temples were founded in the area. The town's fortunes received a further boost in 1741 when the
Matsumae clan
, which had been granted nearby areas on the
Oshima Peninsula
as a
march fief
, moved its Kameda magistracy to Masamichi's house in Hakodate.
In 1779, the
Tokugawa shogunate
took direct control over Hakodate, which triggered rapid development in the area. Merchant
Takadaya Kahei
, who is honoured as the founder of Hakodate port, set up trading operations, which included opening the northern
Etorofu
sea route to the
Kuril
island fisheries. He is credited with turning Hakodate from a trading outpost into a thriving city. A Hakodate magistracy was established in 1802.
[4]
By 1807, the power of the Tokugawa government extended to the entire region. However, in 1821, the central government relaxed their control of the area and restored the Matsumae clan to the full powers they had before.
[2]
- Gallery
-
Lithograph entitled "View of Hakodate from Snow Peak" looking towards the sea?artist,
Wilhelm Heine
(1856)
-
Port of Hakodate map
c.
1863
Meiji restoration
[
edit
]
The port of Hakodate was surveyed by a fleet of five U.S. ships in 1854 under the conditions of the Convention of Kanagawa, as negotiated by Commodore
Matthew Perry
.
Hakodate port partially opened to foreign ships for provisioning in the following year and then completely to foreign trade on 2 June 1859 as one of five Japanese open ports designated in the
1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce
signed with the U.S. The
Hakodate foreign settlement
is one of the legacies of foreign influence in Hakodate.
A mariner in Perry's fleet died during a visit to the area and became the first U.S. citizen to be buried in Japan when he was interred in Hakodate's
cemetery for foreigners
.
British merchant, naturalist and spy,
Thomas Blakiston
, took up residence in Hakodate in the summer of 1861 to establish a saw milling business. He stayed in Hakodate until 1884, during which time he documented the local natural environment, equipped the local meteorological station and ran guns to the
Boshin War
rebels.
[5]
As one of few points of Japanese contact with the outside world, Hakodate was soon host to several overseas consulates. The Russian consulate included a chapel from where
Nicholas of Japan
is credited with introducing
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
to Japan in 1861 (now the
Japanese Orthodox Church
). The Orthodox church is neighbored by several other historical missionary churches, including
Anglican
and
Catholic
.
Hakodate also played a central role in the
Boshin War
between the
Tokugawa shogunate
and the
Meiji Emperor
which followed Perry's opening of Japan. Shogunate rebel
Enomoto Takeaki
fled to Hakodate with the remnants of his navy and his handful of French advisers in winter 1868, including
Jules Brunet
. They formally established the
Republic of Ezo
on December 25. The republic tried unsuccessfully to gather international recognition to foreign legations in Hakodate, including the Americans, French, and Russians. The
Naval Battle of Hakodate
was fought from 4 to 10 May 1869, between the remnants of the
Tokugawa shogunate
navy and the newly formed
Imperial Japanese Navy
. It was a decisive victory for the Imperial Japanese Navy.
On 14 June 1868, Hakodate was designated as an urban prefecture (府 fu), one of the first two, the other being
Kyoto
. On February 8, 1882, it was enlarged into Hakodate-ken, and then became part of
Hokkaido
on January 26, 1886.
The rebels occupied Hakodate's famous European-style
Gory?kaku
fort
and used it as the centre of their defences in southern Hokkaido. Government forces defeated the secessionists in the
Battle of Hakodate
in 1869 and the city and fort were surrendered to emperor. Military leader,
Hijikata Toshiz?
, was one of those slain in the fighting.
In 1878,
Isabella Bird
reported of the city in her travelogue:
The streets are very wide and clean, but the houses are mean and low. The city looks as if it had just recovered from a conflagration. The houses are nothing but tinder… Stones, however, are its prominent feature. Looking down upon it from above you see miles of grey boulders, and realise that every roof in the windy capital is "hodden doun" by a weight of paving stones.
20th century to present day
[
edit
]
Hakodate was awarded
city
status on August 1, 1922. On March 21, 1934, a serious fire had destroyed around two-thirds of all the buildings in Hakodate. This event also led to many residents leaving and subsequently depopulating the city.
[2]
The city escaped most of the ravages of World War II. Areas around Hakodate-yama were fortified and access restricted to the public. Many prisoners of war were interned in Hakodate and historians record a total of 10 camps.
[6]
The city was subjected to two Allied bombing raids on 14 and 15 July 1945. Around 400 homes were destroyed on the western side of Hakodate-yama and an Aomori-Hakodate ferry was attacked with 400 passengers killed.
In 1976, a defecting
Soviet
pilot named
Viktor Belenko
flew his plane into the civilian airport in Hakodate.
Hakodate's size nearly doubled on December 1, 2004, when the town of Minamikayabe (from
Kayabe District
), and the towns of Esan and Toi, and the village of Todohokke (all from
Kameda District
), were merged into it.
The
Hokkaido Shinkansen
line opened on 26 March 2016.
[7]
The undersea
Seikan Tunnel
with the
Shinkansen
rail line greatly reduced the travel time from
Honshu
to Hakodate.
In April 2023, Jun ?izumi became the mayor of Hakodate. ?izumi, the older brother of actor
Yo Oizumi
, defeated 3-term incumbent Toshiki Kud?, receiving more than 80% of the vote.
[8]
- Gallery
-
Hakodate Port circa 1930
-
US Navy
Grumman TBF Avenger
aircraft dropping bombs on Hakodate during July 1945
Geography
[
edit
]
Mount Hakodate
was originally an island that was formed by volcanic eruptions millions of years ago.
[9]
During the course of history a sand bar formed between Mount Hakodate and the peninsula.
[9]
This landform, which is an example of a
tombolo
, finished forming in circa 1000 BCE.
[9]
The tombolo connects the former Hakodate island with the main island
Hokkaido
to the north.
[9]
The main central area of Hakodate city is located on the sandbar.
[9]
Hakodate is located at the center of Kameda Peninsula. The city is overlooked by
Mount Hakodate
. The summit can be reached by hiking trail,
cable car
, or by car. Visitors can also reach the peak of Mount Hakodate by taking tour bus and/or direct bus.
[10]
that departs from JR Hakodate Station. An obscure local nickname of the bumpy mountain is
Gagy?zan
(Mount Cow's Back), alluding to the way the mountain resembles a resting cow.
The former
Gory?kaku
fort is now used in as a public park and is popular in Hokkaido for
hanami
(cherry blossom viewing). Since April 2006, the park has also featured the tall, white Gory?kaku Tower. Resembling an air traffic control tower, the structure offers a panoramic view of the park, including mainland Japan across the
Tsugaru Strait
on clear days.
Nearby cities and towns
[
edit
]
Mountains
[
edit
]
Rivers
[
edit
]
- Kameda River
(
?田川
,
Kameda-gawa
)
- Matsukura River
(
松倉川
,
Matsukura-gawa
)
- Shiodomari River
(
汐泊川
,
Shiodomari-gawa
)
Cityscape
[
edit
]
Hakodate has a cityscape that covers the center of the Kameda peninsula. A narrow land area separates Hakodate Bay to the west from
Tsugaru Strait
in the south-east side. It is best viewed from the top of
Mount Hakodate
.
Panoramic view of Hakodate (10 July 2015)
Demographics
[
edit
]
The population of Hakodate increased by 402% from 28,825 to 144,749 between 1873 till 1920. Hakodate's population peaked in 1980 at 320,154, but has been gradually
in decline
due to aging since then.
[11]
Census
data
Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1873
| 28,825
| ?
|
---|
1920
| 144,749
| +402.2%
|
---|
1925
| 163,972
| +13.3%
|
---|
1930
| 197,252
| +20.3%
|
---|
1935
| 207,480
| +5.2%
|
---|
1940
| 203,862
| ?1.7%
|
---|
1950
| 228,994
| +12.3%
|
---|
1955
| 242,582
| +5.9%
|
---|
1960
| 243,012
| +0.2%
|
---|
1965
| 243,418
| +0.2%
|
---|
| Year
| Pop.
| ±%
|
---|
1970
| 241,663
| ?0.7%
|
---|
1975
| 307,453
| +27.2%
|
---|
1980
| 320,154
| +4.1%
|
---|
1985
| 319,194
| ?0.3%
|
---|
1990
| 307,249
| ?3.7%
|
---|
1995
| 298,881
| ?2.7%
|
---|
2000
| 287,637
| ?3.8%
|
---|
2005
| 294,264
| +2.3%
|
---|
2010
| 279,127
| ?5.1%
|
---|
2015
| 265,979
| ?4.7%
|
---|
|
Source:
Statistics Bureau
[1]
, Japanese Imperial Commission
[2]
(1873)
|
Climate
[
edit
]
According to the
Koppen climate classification
, Hakodate's climate is
humid continental
(
Dfb
) of warm summer and winters with regular intense
blizzards
. With an alternate definition, using the ?3 °C (27 °F) isotherm, Hakodate falls in the rare
oceanic climate
(
Cfb
) of the east coast of the continents due to the warm current of Tsushima. The warmest month has an average temperature of 22 °C (72 °F). And so the city is the limit of hot summer climates for a city on the immediate coast in
Japan
(
Cfa
/
Dfa
), although appearing in other interior regions of the province.
[12]
Hakodate has snowy winters and warm, humid summers. Winters are cold for the latitude but milder than much of Hokkaido.
Hakodate features four distinct seasons. The city sees a substantial amount of snowfall during the course of the year, averaging roughly 380 cm (150 in) of snow annually. Spring typically begins with some snowfall, but sees a gradual warming trend as the season progress. Summers are generally warm but not hot, with average high temperatures in the warmest month (August) hovering around 26 °C (79 °F). Fall initially is warm but becomes increasingly colder as the season progress. It is not uncommon to see snowfall in the latter parts of the fall season.
Climate data for Hakodate (1991?2020 normals, extremes 1872?present)
|
Month
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Year
|
Record high °C (°F)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
13.6
(56.5)
|
16.9
(62.4)
|
23.0
(73.4)
|
28.0
(82.4)
|
29.1
(84.4)
|
33.6
(92.5)
|
35.4
(95.7)
|
32.6
(90.7)
|
27.8
(82.0)
|
21.5
(70.7)
|
16.3
(61.3)
|
35.4
(95.7)
|
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
|
0.9
(33.6)
|
1.8
(35.2)
|
5.8
(42.4)
|
12.0
(53.6)
|
17.0
(62.6)
|
20.4
(68.7)
|
24.1
(75.4)
|
25.9
(78.6)
|
23.2
(73.8)
|
17.1
(62.8)
|
10.0
(50.0)
|
3.2
(37.8)
|
13.5
(56.3)
|
Daily mean °C (°F)
|
?2.4
(27.7)
|
?1.8
(28.8)
|
1.9
(35.4)
|
7.3
(45.1)
|
12.3
(54.1)
|
16.2
(61.2)
|
20.3
(68.5)
|
22.1
(71.8)
|
18.8
(65.8)
|
12.5
(54.5)
|
6.0
(42.8)
|
?0.1
(31.8)
|
9.4
(48.9)
|
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
|
?6.0
(21.2)
|
?5.7
(21.7)
|
?2.2
(28.0)
|
2.8
(37.0)
|
8.0
(46.4)
|
12.6
(54.7)
|
17.3
(63.1)
|
18.9
(66.0)
|
14.6
(58.3)
|
7.8
(46.0)
|
1.8
(35.2)
|
?3.6
(25.5)
|
5.5
(41.9)
|
Record low °C (°F)
|
?21.7
(?7.1)
|
?20.4
(?4.7)
|
?18.9
(?2.0)
|
?8.6
(16.5)
|
?5.0
(23.0)
|
2.0
(35.6)
|
6.3
(43.3)
|
9.0
(48.2)
|
1.7
(35.1)
|
?4.0
(24.8)
|
?12.1
(10.2)
|
?19.4
(?2.9)
|
?21.7
(?7.1)
|
Average
precipitation
mm (inches)
|
77.4
(3.05)
|
64.5
(2.54)
|
64.1
(2.52)
|
71.9
(2.83)
|
88.9
(3.50)
|
79.8
(3.14)
|
123.6
(4.87)
|
156.5
(6.16)
|
150.5
(5.93)
|
105.6
(4.16)
|
110.8
(4.36)
|
94.6
(3.72)
|
1,188
(46.77)
|
Average snowfall cm (inches)
|
91
(36)
|
74
(29)
|
41
(16)
|
2
(0.8)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
0
(0)
|
18
(7.1)
|
79
(31)
|
306
(120)
|
Average precipitation days
(≥ 0.5 mm)
|
19.9
|
17.5
|
16.8
|
12.2
|
11.1
|
8.9
|
10.2
|
10.4
|
11.9
|
12.9
|
16.7
|
19.2
|
167.7
|
Average
relative humidity
(%)
|
73
|
71
|
68
|
67
|
73
|
79
|
82
|
81
|
76
|
73
|
71
|
74
|
74
|
Mean monthly
sunshine hours
|
103.1
|
117.9
|
158.7
|
186.1
|
198.5
|
172.6
|
134.4
|
148.0
|
160.8
|
163.9
|
109.4
|
91.5
|
1,744.9
|
Average
ultraviolet index
|
1
|
2
|
4
|
6
|
8
|
9
|
9
|
8
|
6
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
5
|
Source 1: Japan Meteorological Agency
[13]
|
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)
[14]
|
See or edit
raw graph data
.
Economy
[
edit
]
Prior to its dissolution,
Air Hokkaido
was headquartered in Hakodate.
[15]
In January 2006, the regional airline
Airtransse
was headquartered in Hakodate.
[16]
Culture and landmarks
[
edit
]
In Funami-cho there is the Koryu-ji temple. It's the oldest Buddhist temple (affiliated with the
Soto
school) in the region which was built in 1633. It was badly damaged during the
Boshin War
and moved to its current location in 1879. The existing main building was built in 1900.
[17]
[18]
The city is well known for seafood and
sushi
. Hakodate shio (salt)
ramen
is also a famous specialty of the city. Shio ramen has a pale, clear, broth made with plenty of salt and any combination of chicken, pork bone, vegetables, fish, and
seaweed
.
[19]
On a similar note, Hakodate's city fish is the squid. Hakodate is famous for the restaurant Ikkatei Tabiji, which serves a dish called "dancing squid": - a recently deceased squid is served with soy sauce, the sodium of the soy sauce causes a
cadaveric spasm
when it is poured over the squid.
[20]
Every year (August) the city gets together for the Hakodate Port Festival. Many citizens gather in the streets to dance a wiggly dance known as the
Ika-odori
(Squid Dance), the name of which describes the dance appropriately. The glowing lights of squid-catching boats can be seen in the waters surrounding the city.
[21]
[22]
The bell of Haristos Orthodox Church is one of the
100 Soundscapes of Japan
.
The Hakodate Fish Market (otherwise known as the Asaichi or the Morning Market) is approximately 10-minute walk from the JR Hakodate Station. It is open daily and boasts hundreds of fish and sea food stands in addition to restaurants. Popular fares include sea urchin and calamari, the famous Japanese snow crab from the famous Hokkaido waters.
Transportation
[
edit
]
Hakodate Transportation Bureau
operates
tram
(
Light rail
) lines.
The
Hokkaido Shinkansen
opened in March 2016. It currently runs to
Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto Station
through the
Seikan Tunnel
from
Shin-Aomori Station
. The new terminal is 17 km (11 mi) away from Hakodate Station. There are plans to extend the Hokkaido Shinkansen north to
Sapporo Station
by 2030.
Mass Media and Communications
[
edit
]
In Hakodate, there are mass media and information and telecommunications providers such as newspaper companies, TV broadcasters, community broadcasters, and cable TV operators.
Newspapers
[
edit
]
Television Broadcastings
[
edit
]
- NHK Hakodate Broadcasting Station
- HBC Hakodate Broadcasting Station
- STV Hakodate Broadcasting Station
Cable TV
[
edit
]
Education
[
edit
]
Universities
[
edit
]
National
Public
Private
Colleges
[
edit
]
National
High schools
[
edit
]
Public
[
edit
]
- Hokkaido Hakodate Chubu High School
- Hokkaido Hakodate Nishi High School
- Hokkaido Hakodate Ryohoku High School
- Hokkaido Hakodate Technical High School
- Hokkaido Hakodate Commercial High School
- Hokkaido Minamikayabe High School
- Hokkaido Toi High School
- Hakodate City High School
Private
[
edit
]
Sister cities
[
edit
]
- Halifax, Nova Scotia
, Canada (since 1982)
[23]
[24]
- Vladivostok
,
Primorsky Krai
, Russia (since 1992)
- City of Lake Macquarie
,
New South Wales
, Australia (since 1992)
- Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
,
Sakhalin Oblast
, Russia (since 1997)
- Singapore
, since 1992 (Treaty of Friendship)
[25]
- Tianjin
, China (since 2001)
- Goyang
,
Gyeonggi-do
, South Korea (since 2011)
Notable people
[
edit
]
- Kazuo Ohno
, Butoh dancer
- Sabur? Kitajima
, singer
- Glay
, rock/pop band
- Juran Hisao
, mystery writer
- K?han Kawauchi
, screenwriter
- Hidemi Kon
, literary critic
- Naoko Matsui
, voice actress
- Kogo Noda
, screenwriter
- Hideko Takamine
, actress
- Yuki
, musician (Real Name: Yuki Kuramochi,
Nihongo
: 倉持 有希,
Kuramochi Yuki
)
- Great Kojika
,
Japanese professional wrestler
, founder and chairman of
Big Japan Pro Wrestling
(Real Name: Shinya Koshika,
Nihongo
: 小鹿 信也,
Koshika Shinya
)
- Menso-re Oyaji
,
Japanese professional wrestler
(Real Name: Yohei Nakajima,
Nihongo
: 中島洋平,
Nakajima Y?hei
)
- Goro Naya
, voice actor
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"Where is Hakodate, Japan?"
.
worldatlas.com
.
Archived
from the original on 21 October 2019
. Retrieved
10 June
2019
.
- ^
a
b
c
Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996).
International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania
. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 317?320.
ISBN
1-884964-04-4
.
- ^
Capitalism from Within: Economy, Society, and the State in a Japanese Fishery
Archived
2020-05-11 at the
Wayback Machine
, David L. Howell, University of California Press 1995, retrieved 29 June 2007
- ^
City of Hakodate official website
Archived
2007-06-01 at the
Wayback Machine
, loaded 3 April 2007
- ^
Japan in Yezo, Thomas Wright Blakiston, Yokohama: Japan Gazette, 1883.
Online excerpts
Archived
2007-07-06 at the
Wayback Machine
, retrieved 12 July 2007.
- ^
Hakodate POW Camp Group: Camp Histories 1942 TO 1945
Archived
2007-06-11 at the
Wayback Machine
,
Center for Research Allied Pows under the Japanese
, loaded 29 June 2007.
- ^
北海道新幹線開業は?年3月26日 JRが最終調整
[Hokkaido Shinkansen to open on 26 March next year - JR Hokkaido makes final adjustments].
Doshin
(in Japanese). Japan: The Hokkaido Shimbun Press. 12 August 2015. Archived from
the original
on 2015-08-12
. Retrieved
12 August
2015
.
- ^
"Brother of Popular TV Personality Set to Become Mayor of Hakodate"
. Yomiuri Shimbun
. Retrieved
3 May
2023
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
e
"Travel Hakodate, History"
.
Hakodate.travel
. February 15, 2017. Archived from
the original
on October 24, 2020.
- ^
"About Mt. Hakodate - Hokkaido Travel Guide | Planetyze"
.
Planetyze
.
Archived
from the original on 2018-03-01
. Retrieved
2018-03-01
.
- ^
"Statistics Bureau (Japan)"
.
Archived
from the original on 2017-10-13
. Retrieved
2019-09-25
.
- ^
"Koppen Climate Classification"
(PDF)
.
- ^
?象? / 平年値(年?月ごとの値
.
Japan Meteorological Agency
. Retrieved
May 19,
2021
.
- ^
"Hakodate, Japan ? Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast"
. Weather Atlas
. Retrieved
5 August
2022
.
- ^
"
?社案?
."
Air Hokkaido
. June 11, 2004. Retrieved on May 20, 2009.
- ^
"
?社?要
."
Airtransse
. January 6, 2006. Retrieved on May 20, 2009.
- ^
"Koryu-ji Temple"
.
hakodate.travel
.
Archived
from the original on 31 October 2019
. Retrieved
30 October
2019
.
- ^
Youhei, Misaka (8 April 2018).
"Koryu-ji Shows the Boshin War in Silence"
.
Made in Japan Only
.
Archived
from the original on 24 September 2020
. Retrieved
30 October
2019
.
- ^
Young, Davey (7 October 2017).
"Hokkaido's Hakodate is heaven for gourmands of all stripes"
.
The Japan Times
.
Archived
from the original on 14 November 2019
. Retrieved
21 November
2019
.
- ^
"WATCH: How Is This Dead Squid Dancing?"
.
HuffPost
. 2013-02-12
. Retrieved
2022-04-06
.
- ^
"The Squid Dance of Hakodate"
.
Taiken Japan
. 20 March 2015.
Archived
from the original on 29 September 2020
. Retrieved
21 November
2019
.
- ^
"4 charming summer festivals in Hakodate and southern Hokkaido"
.
Hokkaido-Labo
. 6 July 2017.
Archived
from the original on 31 October 2019
. Retrieved
21 November
2019
.
- ^
"Sister Cities and Friendship City of Hakodate"
.
Archived
from the original on 2015-11-17
. Retrieved
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.
- ^
"Twin City Hakodate Japan"
. Halifax Municipal Archives
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T, G Z (15 December 2017).
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Hakodate City has had a long-time friendship with Singapore, which began in 1992.
External links
[
edit
]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Hakodate
.
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