Former American licensing company
"4Kids" redirects here. For the programming block, see
4Kids TV
.
4Kids Entertainment
|
Formerly
| Leisure Concepts
(1970?1995)
4Kids Entertainment
(1995?2012)
4Licensing Corporation (2012?2017)
|
---|
Company type
| Public
|
---|
| NYSE
: KDE
OTCBB: KIDE
OTCQB: FOUR
|
---|
Industry
| Licensing
|
---|
Founded
| 1970 (as Leisure Concepts, Inc.)
|
---|
Founders
| Mike Germakian
Stan Weston
|
---|
Defunct
| February 7, 2017
; 7 years ago
(
2017-02-07
)
|
---|
Fate
| Bankruptcy
|
---|
Successor
| Konami Cross Media NY
|
---|
Headquarters
| ,
U.S.
|
---|
Area served
| Worldwide
|
---|
Products
| Fox Box
/
4Kids TV
The CW4Kids
/
Toonzai
|
---|
Number of employees
| 16 (2013)
|
---|
Subsidiaries
| 4Kids Entertainment International Limited
4Kids Entertainment Licensing, Inc.
4Kids Entertainment Home Video, Inc.
4Kids Productions, Inc.
4Kids Ad Sales, Inc.
The Summit Media Group, Inc.
4Kids Technology, Inc.
Websites 4 Kids, Inc.
4Kids Entertainment Music, Inc.
|
---|
Footnotes / references
[1]
[2]
|
4Kids Entertainment, Inc.
(formerly known as
Leisure Concepts, Inc.
and later known as
4Licensing Corporation
; stylized as
4K!DS ENTERTAINMENT
) was an American
licensing
company. The company was previously also a film and television production company that produced English-
dubbed
Japanese
anime
through its subsidiary
4Kids Productions
between 1992 and 2012; it specialized in the acquisition, production and licensing of children's entertainment around the United States. The first anime that
4Kids Productions
dubbed was the first eight seasons of
Pokemon
that originally began airing in
first run syndication
, and then it later moved to exclusively air on
Kids' WB!
in the United States. The company is most well known for its range of television licenses, which has included the multibillion-dollar
Pokemon
and
Yu-Gi-Oh!
Japanese anime franchises. They also ran two program blocks:
Toonzai
(originally The CW4Kids) on
The CW
, and
4Kids TV
(originally FoxBox) on
Fox
, both aimed at children.
[3]
The 4KidsTV block ended on December 27, 2008, while its Toonzai block ended on August 18, 2012, which was replaced by
Saban's
Vortexx
, which in itself was succeeded by the
One Magnificent Morning
block by Litton Entertainment (now known as
Hearst Media Production Group
) in 2014.
4Licensing Corporation had its world headquarters on
Third Avenue
in
New York City
, its former subsidiary,
4Kids Productions
, had its headquarters in a separate building in Manhattan. The
New York Stock Exchange
delisted 4Kids (NYSE:
KDE
) on June 1, 2010. On April 6, 2011, it filed for
Chapter 11 bankruptcy
protection following a lawsuit concerning the
Yu-Gi-Oh!
franchise. On December 13, 2012, the company announced that it had emerged from bankruptcy.
[4]
On September 21, 2016, it filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection once again and shut down operations one year later.
[5]
4Kids' former CEO,
Alfred R. Kahn
, founded a successor company called Kidtagious Entertainment in 2019.
[6]
History
[
edit
]
Company origins
[
edit
]
Leisure Concepts was co-founded on April 28, 1970,
[7]
[8]
by Mike Germakian (later who would be known as one of the creators of
ThunderCats
) and
Stan Weston
(the creator of
G.I. Joe
and
Captain Action
),
[9]
[10]
as an independent licensing agency in
New York City
. Mike Germakian was the secretary of LCI, while Stan Weston was initially the President and later the Chairman of Leisure Concepts.
[8]
[11]
[12]
Weston was also the
Treasurer
of the company.
[13]
1970?1990: Early beginnings
[
edit
]
In the beginning, the company pitched toy and cartoon ideas to various companies, as well as formed partnerships with companies such as
Rankin/Bass
, among others.
[11]
LCI began making news in the 1980s through licensing actual people, a variety of products, and even concepts. The company also had a growing number of deals with television producers and toy manufacturers. Among the company's licenses at the time were
Farrah Fawcett
of Charlie's Angels fame,
Charlie Chan
,
James Bond 007
, a wide array of Nintendo characters and products,
the Hulk
,
Buck Rogers in the 25th Century TV Series
[14]
and many others.
[15]
LCI is credited in its assistance in the initial development of the "ThunderCats" concept and acted on behalf of
Lorimar-Telepictures
Corp as an exclusive worldwide licensing agent for products based on "Thundercats",
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
an agreement that was signed between the two parties on June 15, 1984.
[20]
During the mid-1980s,
Ted Wolf
came up with the idea of a race of catlike humanoid superheroes. He shared his vision with his friend Stan Weston, who in turn, through LCI, pitched it to
Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment
. Both
Arthur Rankin Jr
and
Jules Bass
were impressed with the idea and the potential that it had of becoming an instant success. They approved of it and "ThunderCats" went into production.
During the early development stage, Mike Germakian designed much of the ThunderCats' characters, vehicles and locations. He was also responsible for creating the now iconic ThunderCats logo, featuring a stylized black panther head on a red circle. Germakian's designs were then sent to Pacific Animation Corporation in Japan to be adapted into cartoon format. After completing work on ThunderCats, Germakian went on to design characters for
SilverHawks
and
The Comic Strip
, both Rankin/Bass shows.
In July 1987,
Alfred Kahn
, former Executive Vice President of Marketing
[21]
at
Coleco
, who was credited for bringing the
Cabbage Patch Kids
to the Mainstream, joined the company as vice chairman and a member of the board of directors.
[22]
On December 17, 1987,
[22]
LCI signed a licensing deal with
Nintendo of America
, Inc. to market the software products that went along with its increasingly popular gaming systems. Nintendo had already introduced
The Legend of Zelda
for its home video game system, a software product that went on to sell more than one million copies during the year.
[15]
Some time in 1986, the company also signed a licensing deal to market
Star Wars
.
[23]
1990?2000: Expansion and name change
[
edit
]
| This section
needs expansion
. You can help by
adding to it
.
(
August 2016
)
|
The 1990s were seen as turning point for the company. In the early 1990s, LCI expanded its operations and began television production in 1992. This would include English-
dubbing
Japanese
anime
through its subsidiary
4Kids Productions
, which the company would be mostly known for.
In 1987,
Bobby Kotick
(former President and CEO of
Activision Blizzard
) tried to acquire
Commodore International
. When Kotick was unsuccessful, he instead purchased a controlling stake in LCI, thus also becoming LCI's CEO and chairman in June 1990.
[24]
[25]
Kotick later traded out of his stake in LCI and bought a 25% stake in
Activision
in December 1990. In March 1991, Kotick became CEO at
Activision
.
[26]
The company did $6 million in sales in 1989 and employed 14 people by 1990.
[27]
On March 12, 1991, LCI appointed
Alfred Kahn
as its chairman and CEO.
[22]
In 1992, two subsidiaries were established by the company:
The Summit Media Group
, Inc. and
4Kids Productions
.
[15]
The company changed its name from Leisure Concepts Inc. to 4Kids Entertainment Inc. on November 16, 1995.
[22]
Although the company changed its name, "Leisure Concepts" still operated as a separate subsidiary of the company,
[22]
meaning the company may have decided to use the "Leisure Concepts" name for branding purposes.
By 1999, 4Kids Entertainment employed 50 people.
[28]
2000?2005: The new millennium
[
edit
]
The new century found 4Kids Entertainment Inc., switching from the NASDAQ market and joining the New York Stock Exchange on September 20, 2000.
[15]
[29]
[30]
The firm's new ticker symbol was KDE, and the company was riding high during the continuing success of "
Pokemon
" when it earned Fortune's top slot on its 100 Fastest Growing Companies for 2000.
[31]
[32]
[33]
The company was also listed on the Frankfurt Exchange earlier in the year.
[34]
On April 5, 2000, 4Kids and
Mattel
signed a licensing agreement to create
Hot Wheels
die-cast cars and racing sets featuring the
PACE Motor Sports
line of monster trucks. The license included rights to the monster truck
Grave Digger
, and a new line of
World Championship Wrestling
vehicles designed after their star wrestlers such as
Goldberg
,
Sting
and
Bret Hart
. The PACE Motor Sports and World Championship Wrestling line of Hot Wheels vehicles have been available nationally at mass-market retailers beginning in the summer of that year.
[35]
In 2001, 4Kids Entertainment obtained the merchandising and television rights to the series
Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters
[36]
from Nihon Ad Systems, producing an English-language version which aired in North America on Kids' WB from September 29, 2001, to June 10, 2006.
In October 2001, 4Kids Entertainment acquired a 3% stake in
The Pokemon Company
, in a move to benefit indirectly from Pokemon's success in Asia, and from worldwide sales of Pokemon electronic cards and video games.
[37]
[38]
In late January 2002, after engaging in a bidding war with
DIC Entertainment
, 4Kids Entertainment signed a four-year, US$100 million deal with the
Fox Broadcasting Company
to program its Saturday morning lineup.
[39]
4Kids Entertainment was wholly responsible for the content of the block and collected all advertising revenues from it.
[40]
In May 2002, 4Kids Entertainment launched a home video division called 4Kids Entertainment Home Video and appointed
FUNimation Productions
as the exclusive distributor for their
Yu-Gi-Oh!
,
Cubix
,
Cabbage Patch Kids
and
Tama and Friends
properties.
[41]
By 2002, 4Kids got $140 million in
Pokemon
revenue.
[42]
[43]
4Kids' new Saturday-Morning cartoon block on Fox premiered on September 14, 2002, as "
FoxBox
".
[44]
FoxBox rebranded to "4Kids TV" in January 2005.
[45]
2005?2010: Further expansion and financial failings
[
edit
]
On October 10, 2005, 4Kids Entertainment sold its 3% stake in The Pokemon Company for US$960,000, to the three parties owning the rights to Pokemon (
Nintendo
,
Creatures
and
Game Freak
).
[46]
On December 23, 2005, the company announced that it will not renew the Pokemon representation agreement set to expire on December 31, 2005. And that beginning in 2006, Pokemon USA, Inc.'s in-house licensing group will handle all Pokemon licensing outside of Asia. However, the company will continue to receive commissions for the next several years, on payments made under existing Pokemon license agreements whose term expires after December 31, 2005.
[47]
[48]
On January 17, 2006, 4Kids and
Microsoft
signed a deal to license children's video games exclusively for the
Xbox 360
gaming system, in an effort to put more child-oriented games on the system, whose gaming library was at the time dominated by games targeted toward the 12-and-up market.
[49]
One of the first titles announced was
Viva Pinata
which would be developed by
Rare
. On June 10, 2006, 4Kids licensed the sequel series to Yu-Gi-Oh,
Yu-Gi-Oh GX
, for release in North America.
[50]
On April 18, 2006, 4Kids launched a new subsidiary entitled 4Sight Licensing Solutions Inc.,
[51]
which licenses and market brands aimed at adults, teenagers and pre-teens. "We have built an impressive roster of captivating and successful children's entertainment properties," said
Alfred Kahn
.
[51]
"Given the increased number of brands that we are representing that focus on an older audience, we felt it would be beneficial to organize a new subsidiary primarily devoted to the marketing and licensing of these brands. We believe that we can successfully utilize our marketing and licensing expertise to build brand value for properties targeting an older consumer that are not necessarily media or character driven."
[51]
On December 11, 2006, 4Kids Entertainment announced the formation of two subsidiaries, TC Digital Games, LLC, a trading card company, and TC Websites, LLC, an online multi-platform game company. "The formation of TC Digital Games and TC Websites represent a significant enhancement of our business strategy," said Alfred R. Kahn, chairman and CEO of 4Kids Entertainment.
[52]
TC Digital Games LLC and TC Websites LLC were shut down in 2010, due to continued lack of profitability.
On October 2, 2007,
Warner Bros.
and
CBS
announced that the
Kids' WB
programming block on their co-owned network,
The CW
, would be ending in 2008, and no longer be marketed and produced in-house, due to factors including cable competition. Rights for the five-hour Saturday morning block were bought by 4Kids, and they began to program the time with their own programming (mixed in with three former Kids' WB originals) in September 2008.
[53]
Because of this additional deal, 4Kids provided programming for both The CW and
Fox
in the 2008?09 season giving 4Kids nine hours of combined children's programming on two broadcast networks, as 4KidsTV ran until December 27, 2008. The new block,
The CW4Kids
, started May 24, 2008. The CW4Kids was renamed to
Toonzai
starting on August 14, 2010, featuring
Magical Do-Re-Mi!
,
Cubix: Robots for Everyone
,
Dinosaur King
,
Yu-Gi-Oh!
,
Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's
,
Sonic X
and
Dragon Ball Z Kai
. Even though
4Kids TV
was discontinued as it was online only, this programming block continued to use the CW4Kids name, to reflect to the network it airs on. 4Kids also indicated that it retained
Yu-Gi-Oh!
and
Sonic X
in its lineup. In addition to that, Toonzai also aired
Dragon Ball Z Kai
. The Toonzai block ended on August 18, 2012. A week later, the block was replaced by
Vortexx
, which ran as a final Saturday morning cartoon block on The CW from August 25, 2012, to September 27, 2014, before being replaced by
One Magnificent Morning
on October 4, 2014.
On November 10, 2008, 4Kids Entertainment announced that it would exit its contract with Fox and terminate its Fox programming block by the end of 2008.
[54]
[55]
The final broadcast of 4Kids TV on Fox was on December 27, 2008.
[56]
On December 17, 2008, 4Kids Entertainment announced that it is laying off about 15% of its workforce due to the
worsening economic environment
, and financial situation at the company.
[57]
2010?2012: Decline and first bankruptcy
[
edit
]
On May 28, 2010, the company announced that New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) trading in its common stock would be suspended prior to the opening of trading on Tuesday, June 1, 2010, thus effectively delisting the company from the
New York Stock Exchange
. Beginning June 1, 2010, the company began trading under the new stock symbol "KIDE" on the OTC Bulletin Board (OTCBB) market.
[58]
On January 11, 2011, the company announced that
Alfred Kahn
, the CEO and Chairman of the Company since March 1991, had left the company. Michael Goldstein, a member of the company's Board of Directors since March 2003, was appointed interim chairman, while the company was conducting a search for a new CEO.
[59]
On March 29, 2011,
TV Tokyo
and
Nihon Ad Systems
(NAS) sued 4Kids Entertainment, alleging that the company entered into illegal agreements with other companies, including
Funimation Entertainment
and
Majesco Entertainment
, regarding the
Yu-Gi-Oh!
anime franchise. TV Tokyo claimed that those agreements allowed 4Kids to collect royalties without paying a portion of those royalties to TV Tokyo, which violates their original agreement. The companies are seeking almost $5 million in "underpayments, wrongful deductions, and unmet obligations." As part of the suit, the companies terminated the
Yu-Gi-Oh!
license from 4Kids. Neither Funimation nor Majesco are listed as defendants in the case.
[60]
4Kids Entertainment informed the licensors on March 27, 2011, that their termination letter was "wrongful and devoid of any factual and legal basis," and that they had not given 4Kids 10 days' notice as required. 4Kids further revealed that they had made a good-faith payment of $1 million and agreed to a March 18 meeting in lieu of a lawsuit, which TV Tokyo and NAS nevertheless decided to go ahead with. The company also stated that even if the termination is found to be valid, the company is prepared to do whatever it takes to stay in business. 4Kids filed for
Chapter 11 bankruptcy
protection as of April 6, 2011.
[61]
[62]
4Kids requested that the court suspend co-licensor
Asatsu DK
's attempts to exercise control of the
Yu-Gi-Oh!
franchise in the United States, particularly in terms of selling the rights to the latest anime series,
Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal
, which was due to be pitched at the Licensing International Expo on June 14.
[63]
[64]
However, on June 2, 2011, bankruptcy judge Shelley Chapman issued a
court order
on TV Tokyo and NAS for an automatic stay on the U.S.
Yu-Gi-Oh!
license and said that the trial will proceed in two phases. The first phase is whether the contractual termination was valid, and the second is how much money 4Kids would owe the companies. The first phase of the trial began on August 29, 2011.
[65]
On October 27, 2011, 4Kids and the executives of former financial company
Lehman Brothers
reached a deal, after Lehman had improperly invested most of 4Kids funds in
auction rate securities
. 4Kids received $500,000 from the deal.
[66]
Chapman later ruled that the
Yu-Gi-Oh!
license is still in effect due to TV Tokyo, NAS and ADK not terminating the agreement properly.
[67]
On February 29, 2012, there was an amicable settlement of the lawsuit between 4Kids Entertainment and Asatsu-DK (ADK) and TV Tokyo over the license of the Yu-Gi-Oh! property.
[68]
On May 1, 2012, Kidsco Media Ventures LLC, an affiliate of
Saban Capital Group
, placed a bid to acquire some of 4Kids' assets, including the US rights to the
Yu-Gi-Oh!
franchise and
The CW4Kids block
, for $10 million.
[69]
On June 5, 2012, 4Kids commenced an auction between Kidsco and 4K Acquisition which was then adjourned so 4Kids, Kidsco, and 4K Acquisition could consider an alternative transaction.
[70]
[71]
[72]
On June 15, 2012, 4Kids filed a notice outlining a proposed deal in which its assets would be divided between Kidsco and 4K Acquisition which was finalized on June 26, 2012. The deal saw 4K Acquisition acquire the US rights to the
Yu-Gi-Oh!
franchise and KidsCo acquire 4Kids' other assets including the agreements for
Dragon Ball Z
,
Sonic X
,
Cubix
and The CW Network's Toonzai Saturday morning programming block.
[73]
[74]
On August 14, 2012, it was announced through a quarterly report that 4Kids Entertainment had discontinued operations of four operating divisions: 4Kids Ad Sales Inc.,
4Kids Productions
Inc., 4Kids Entertainment Music Inc., and 4Kids Entertainment Home Video, Inc. due to their continued lack of profitability. On September 13, 2012, it was revealed through a quarterly report that on August 16, 2012, the Board of Directors of 4Kids Entertainment determined to discontinue the operations of its UK subsidiary, 4Kids Entertainment International Ltd., which became effective on September 30, 2012.
[75]
On December 5, 2012, 4Kids Entertainment announced that it had ended a dispute (over the so-called
Pokemon
agreement) with The Pokemon Company International under which TPCi will get a $1 million general unsecured claim against the debtor.
[76]
2012?2016: Rebrand as 4Licensing Corporation
[
edit
]
A meeting was scheduled on December 13, 2012, to confirm 4Kids' plan to exit bankruptcy.
[77]
The same day, the New York bankruptcy judge sent 4Kids Entertainment Inc. on its way out of Chapter 11 protection Thursday, overruling an objection by the American Kennel Club Inc. over a licensing agreement and approving its reorganization plan, which calls for the full payment of claims.
On December 21, 2012, 4Kids Entertainment was renamed 4Licensing Corporation.
[77]
2016?2017: Second bankruptcy and closure
[
edit
]
On September 21, 2016, 4Licensing Corporation filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy;
[5]
the bankruptcy plan became effective on February 7, 2017, and the company immediately ceased operations thereafter.
[78]
[79]
Licenses and productions
[
edit
]
4Kids Entertainment licensed a wide variety of media products, ranging from
video games
and television programs to toy lines featuring the
Royal Air Force
. 4Kids focused on licensing content for the children's market.
[80]
including content for both boys and girls.
[81]
Many of its licenses came from
dubs
of Japanese anime, including
Fighting Foodons
, and
Shaman King
, while others are
Western
animations or properties like
Chaotic
or
Back to the Future: The Animated Series
.
Most programs were either licensed out to local stations, or broadcast on their dedicated programming block
4Kids TV
. Typically, 4Kids would retain several properties on hiatus (such as
Yu-Gi-Oh! GX
), or in production to allow for turnover of their existing products. 4Kids also licensed, and merchandised, a number of non-animation based products, such as calendars like
The Dog
, and toys like
Cabbage Patch Kids
.
Back catalogues
[
edit
]
Executive management
[
edit
]
This is a list of
Chief Executive Officers
that ran 4Kids Entertainment.
Chief executive officers
[
edit
]
- June 1990?December 1990:
Bobby Kotick
[25]
- March 12, 1991 ? January 11, 2011:
Alfred R. Kahn
[82]
- January 11, 2011 ? September 30, 2012: Michael Goldstein
[83]
- October 16, 2012 ? February 29, 2016: Bruce R. Foster
[84]
Criticism and controversy
[
edit
]
During its operation as 4Kids Entertainment, the company faced intense criticism from viewers over the company's extensive editing and localization of the
anime
and other non-American series they licensed. Practices like censorship, story editing, music editing, and their "Americanization" of Japanese culture references, were changed to be more American. One example included characters eating
rice balls
commenting that they were eating jelly donuts in their dub of the original
Pokemon
anime.
[85]
At the 2019 Fan Expo Canada,
Eric Stuart
, who was the voice of Brock and James in the 4Kids dub of
Pokemon
, the voice of Seto Kaiba in the English dub of
Yu-Gi-Oh!
, and who was also part of the production side, mentioned why 4Kids' dubs had this censorship. He explained that American culture has a different sensitivity to certain content compared to Japanese culture, and networks on Saturday mornings had standards that would forbid certain inappropriate content like firearms, sexual references, religious references, display or mention of death, alcohol, cigarettes, and other content that is considered offensive to American audiences. As the censorship is dictated by the networks and not the production company itself, 4Kids would submit the scripts and footage of their dubs to the networks their dubs air on, and then the executives of those networks would review them. Then after they reviewed it, they would tell 4Kids to cut out certain scenes and edit inappropriate content to something particular like changing Sanji's cigarette to a
lollipop
in
One Piece
, or changing a stone that looks like a
cross
to something non-religious for their dubs to pass the network's standards. He also pointed out that
Pokemon
, and anime as a whole, wouldn't be as wildly popular as it is today if companies like 4Kids didn't air it on network television instead of being in the back of a video store.
[86]
At the 2016 Metrocon, Eric Stuart also explained the "Americanization" in 4Kids' dubs. He stated that those edits were international edits. When companies like 4Kids purchase the licensing to Japanese anime, the anime not only was redubbed into English but also redubbed into multiple languages because companies like 4Kids were used to distribute the anime to other countries by using their dubs and licensing them to other countries to have their dubs be used to distribute the anime. The Japanese food products being changed, and Japanese references being removed were requested by those Japanese anime companies because they wanted their anime to be distributed worldwide and wanted international audiences to relate to their products much easier. So, while the Japanese anime companies remove the Japanese text on signs, 4Kids removed the scenes involving Japanese references and changed the names of the Japanese food products like rice balls to something more international like donuts while only occasionally changing the animation to the foods since making animation changes causes a rise in production costs and they already have to make plenty of animation changes in their dubs.
[87]
A March 2006 study by the
Parents Television Council
, a conservative advocacy group, on violence in children's television programs claimed that the 4Kids dub of
Shaman King
was still too violent for children.
[88]
References
[
edit
]
- ^
"4Licensing Corporation Annual Report 2012"
.
SEC
. Archived from
the original
on March 5, 2017
. Retrieved
August 21,
2016
.
- ^
"FORM 10-K"
.
SEC
. Retrieved
September 21,
2015
.
- ^
"4Kids! Ad Sales"
. 4Kids Entertainment. Archived from
the original
on February 6, 2006
. Retrieved
September 21,
2015
.
- ^
Uhlman, Lisa (December 13, 2012).
"4Kids Plan Confirmed Over License Partner's Objection"
. Law360
. Retrieved
July 10,
2013
.
- ^
a
b
"4Licensing Corporation Files for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy"
.
Business Wire
. September 22, 2016
. Retrieved
September 25,
2016
.
- ^
Whyte, Alexandra (June 5, 2019).
"Al Kahn, Toper Taylor launch kid licensing co"
.
Kidscreen
.
- ^
"LEISURE CONCEPTS, INC"
.
SEC
. November 1995
. Retrieved
August 3,
2016
.
- ^
a
b
"Certificate-Of-Amendment-Certificate-Of-Incorporation 4 KIDS ENTERTAINMENT-INC"
.
Docstoc
. August 16, 1999. Archived from
the original
on May 19, 2015
. Retrieved
July 10,
2016
.
- ^
Alan McKee; Dr Alan McKee; Christy Collis; Ben Hamley (June 11, 2014).
Entertainment Industries: Entertainment as a Cultural System
. Routledge. p. 35.
ISBN
9781317979197
. Retrieved
August 8,
2016
.
- ^
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.
The New York Times
. June 20, 1974
. Retrieved
August 8,
2016
.
- ^
a
b
"Mike Germakian, a Father of the ThunderCats ? nn memorium ? ThunderCats Lair"
. Thundercatslair.org. September 29, 2008. Archived from
the original
on November 9, 2013
. Retrieved
July 10,
2013
.
- ^
"J. J. Winebaum Plans To Wed Cindy Weston"
.
The New York Times
. February 2, 1986
. Retrieved
August 8,
2016
.
- ^
"Schedule 13D"
.
SEC
. July 9, 1996
. Retrieved
August 16,
2016
.
- ^
"Buck Rogers in the 25th Century"
.
AFI
. Retrieved
August 12,
2016
.
- ^
a
b
c
d
"History of 4Kids Entertainment Inc"
.
Fundinguniverse.com
. Retrieved
July 10,
2013
.
- ^
The Business of Children's Entertainment
. Norma Odom Pecora. March 6, 2002. p. 74.
ISBN
9781572307742
. Retrieved
August 4,
2016
.
- ^
Lippman, John (August 16, 1999).
"Creating the Craze for Pokemon: Licensing Agent Bet on U.S. Kids"
.
The Wall Street Journal
. Retrieved
August 12,
2016
.
- ^
Millman, Nancy (July 29, 1986).
"Burger King aims at kids' market in new campaign"
.
Chicago Sun-Times
. Archived from
the original
on November 10, 2013
. Retrieved
August 12,
2016
– via HighBeam Research.
- ^
Teresa, Salas (August 1, 1988).
"Buyers, licensors: partners in profit; strong merchandising support considered vital to property's success. (toy industry) (Licensing Scope)"
.
Playthings
. Archived from
the original
on September 11, 2016
. Retrieved
August 12,
2016
– via HighBeam Research.
- ^
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External links
[
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