???? ??????

???? ??????
??????? ?????
???????	??? 1933 ; ?????
??????	27 ?????? 1998 (64–65 ???) ; ????
??????	??????? ???????? (1932?1948) ; ????????? ???????? (1958?1968) ; ????????? ???????? (1968?1998)
???? ??????	??? ??????
?????? ???????
??????? ????	????? ?????
??????	???? ? ????? ? ????? ? ?????
?????	?????? ??????? ??????? (1951?1954)
??????	??????? ? ??????????? ? ?????????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ??????????
????? ?????	?????? ?????? ??????? ‏
	????? ????? - ?????

???? ???? ????? ?????? (1932 - 27 ?????? 1998) ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??? 1956. ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????. ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 1932 ? /1350 ?? ?? 1933 ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ??? 1950 ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? 1956. ^[7]

???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ?? 1976. ???? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????.

???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? 26 ?? 27 ?????? 1998/ 4-5 ????? ?????? 1419 ???? ???. ^[8]^[9]

????? ??????? [ ??? ]

??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? 1960 ?? ???? ≪??????≫. ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? . ^[10]

???? ??? ???????? ????????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???????. ≪ ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????. ≫ ^[11]

?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????. ^[12]

???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????. ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????????. ^[13] ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ≪ ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????. ≫

??????? [ ??? ]

≪?? ??????? ?????????≫? 1974
≪?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????≫? 1986
≪???????? ??????? ?? ???????≫? 1988
≪???? ?? ????? ??????? ???????≫? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? 1999
≪?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????≫? ?????? ?????? ???????? 1998
≪?????? ?????≫? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? 1997
≪???? ?? ??????≫? 1996
≪?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????≫? 1995
≪???????? ??????≫? 1980
≪???? ?????≫? ??????? ????? ??????? 1995
≪?????? ?????? ???????≫? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ≪????? ??????? ????????≫ 1997? ???????? ≪????? ?????? ?????????≫.

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ??????? [ ??? ]

^ https://www.almadapaper.net/view.php?cat=5818 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: |url= ????? ?????? ( ?????? ) ? ?????? |title= ??? ????? ?? ???? (?? ???? ??????) ( ?????? )
^ ???? ???? ???? (2001). ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? (?. ??????). ?????? ?????: ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ?. ?????? ??????. ?. 872-877.
^ "??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? idref.fr" . idref.fr. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15.
^ "??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? id.loc.gov" . id.loc.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15.
^ "??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? d-nb.info" . d-nb.info. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15.
^ Hadi al-`Alawi, Scion of the Two Civilizations - MERIP ???? ?????? 2020-11-09 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ???? ?????? (1999)? ?.24
^ ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? 2021-02-06 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "???? ?????? ... ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-02-06 .
^ ???? ?????? (1999)? ?.12
^ ???? ?????? (1999)? ?.14
^ ???? ?????? (1999)? ?.15
^ ???? ?????? (1999)? ?.18

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? (1999). ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? (?. ??????). ????? ?????: ??? ??????? ???????.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? .
?? ???? ??????? ???????

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[2] ???? ???? ???? (2001). ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? (?. ??????). ?????? ?????: ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ?. ?????? ??????. ?. 872-877.

[3] "??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? idref.fr" . idref.fr. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15.

[4] "??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? id.loc.gov" . id.loc.gov. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15.

[5] "??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? d-nb.info" . d-nb.info. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2019-12-15.

[6] Hadi al-`Alawi, Scion of the Two Civilizations - MERIP ???? ?????? 2020-11-09 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[7] ???? ?????? (1999)? ?.24

[8] ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? 2021-02-06 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[9] "???? ?????? ... ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????????" . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2021-02-06 . ???? ???? ?????? 2021-02-06 .

[10] ???? ?????? (1999)? ?.12

[11] ???? ?????? (1999)? ?.14

[12] ???? ?????? (1999)? ?.15

[13] ???? ?????? (1999)? ?.18

[1]

[2]

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[4]

[5]

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[7]

[8]

[9]

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[11]

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[13]