???? ??? ??? ??????

???? ???????? ????
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	???? ?????? ; 05 ????? 2009 ? 01 ????? 2019 (9 ????? ? 11 ??? ? 27 ?????)
	?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ????????
?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????
	?? ?????? ; 30 ????? 2014 ? 30 ????? 2015 (1 ???)
	????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????
?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????
	?? ?????? ; 25 ????? 2016 ? 23 ???? 2017
	??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????
	?? ?????? ; 06 ????? 2008 ? 15 ????? 2009 (8 ???? ?9 ????)
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???????	20 ?????? 1956 (????? 67 ???) ; ?????? ??? ??????? ???????
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	?? ?????? ; ?? 1980 ??? 2009 (29 ???)
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???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? (?????? 20 ?????? 1956 ?? ?????? ) ?? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ?? ??? 2009 ???? ??? 2019? ^[1]^[2]^[3] ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ^[4] ?? ?????? ????? ???? (?? ????? ??????? ??????) ?? 6 ????? 2008 ? ^[5] ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? 18 ????? 2009 ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ????? 52.6%. ^[6] ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ^[7]^[8] ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ^[9] ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ^[10] ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ^[11]

??? ?????? ?????? ? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? 2003 ?? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?? ?????? ??? 2005 ???? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????.

???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? 18 ????? 2009 ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? 52.58% ?? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????.???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? 5 ????? 2009 . ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????

??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ^[12] ????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????.

?? ?????? 2023? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ^[13] ?? 4 ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????. ^[14]

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

???? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ???? Munzinger IBA (?????????)

????? [ ??? ]

^ David Gollust (7 ????? 2008). "US Cuts Non-Humanitarian Aid to Mauritania After Coup" . ??? ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-09-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-11-23 .
^ "???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????/ ??? ??? ??????" . Taqadoumy. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-11 .
^ "Le Haut Conseil d'Etat rend public un nouveau communique" , AMI, 7 August 2008 (?????????) . ???? ?????? 27 ????? 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ ?? ???? ????? "???? ??????" ?? ?????????? ? ?? ?? ?? ??????? (?????? 20 ????? 2019). ???? ?????? 2019-08-25 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? (?????? 7 ????? 2008). ???? ?????? 2020-08-09 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ?? (?????? 19 ????? 2009). ???? ?????? 1 ????? 2022 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ali.alayd. "??????? ??? ?????? ??????????" . https://cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.alaraby.co.uk/?amp=1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-03-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-03-02 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????? ?? |????= ( ?????? )
^ "???? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????" . www.aljazeera.net . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-01-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-03-02 .
^ "????? ?????? ??????????: ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????" . ??????? ?? . 2 ?????? 2019. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-01-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-01-25 .
^ ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ????? ????? ?????? (?????? - 30 ?? ?????? 1440 ?? - 01 ????? 2019 ?? ??? ????? [ 14856]). ???? ?????? 2021-01-15 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ ?????????: ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? "???? ???????" ? ?????? ?????? (25 ????? 2023). ???? ?????? 2023-01-25 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Hamed Oumar, consultant en securite :≪ Abdel Aziz m'a mele a des affaires plutot illicites ≫ / Le Challenger" [en]. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-07-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-03-09 .
^ Mauritanie : vingt ans de prison ferme requis contre l'ex-president Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ???? ?????? 3 November 2023 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ., Le Monde, 25 November 2023.
^ " "We intend to appeal": lawyer for Mauritania's ex-president" . Africanews (??????????? ??????????). 5 Dec 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-12-05 . Retrieved 2023-12-05 .

?? ????? ??? ?????? ??: ???? ??? ??? ??????

????
???? ??? ??? ?????? ???: 20 ?????? 1956
???? ?? ?????? ??????	???? ????????? 5 ????? 2009?1 ????? 2019	???? ???? ??? ????????

[1] David Gollust (7 ????? 2008). "US Cuts Non-Humanitarian Aid to Mauritania After Coup" . ??? ?????? . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2008-09-11 . ???? ???? ?????? 2008-11-23 .

[2] "???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????/ ??? ??? ??????" . Taqadoumy. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2018-09-30 . ???? ???? ?????? 2011-12-11 .

[3] "Le Haut Conseil d'Etat rend public un nouveau communique" , AMI, 7 August 2008 (?????????) . ???? ?????? 27 ????? 2008 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[bbc1-4] ?? ???? ????? "???? ??????" ?? ?????????? ? ?? ?? ?? ??????? (?????? 20 ????? 2019). ???? ?????? 2019-08-25 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[الاتحاد-5] ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ??????? ?????????? (?????? 7 ????? 2008). ???? ?????? 2020-08-09 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[6] ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ? ???? ??????? ?? (?????? 19 ????? 2009). ???? ?????? 1 ????? 2022 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[7] .alayd. "??????? ??? ?????? ??????????" . https://cdn.ampproject.org/c/s/www.alaraby.co.uk/?amp=1 . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-03-02 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-03-02 . {{ ??????? ??? }}: ????? ?????? ?? |????= ( ?????? )

[8] "???? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????" . www.aljazeera.net . ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-01-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-03-02 .

[9] "????? ?????? ??????????: ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????" . ??????? ?? . 2 ?????? 2019. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2023-01-25 . ???? ???? ?????? 2023-01-25 .

[me-10] ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ? ????? ????? ?????? (?????? - 30 ?? ?????? 1440 ?? - 01 ????? 2019 ?? ??? ????? [ 14856]). ???? ?????? 2021-01-15 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[هو-11] ?????????: ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? "???? ???????" ? ?????? ?????? (25 ????? 2023). ???? ?????? 2023-01-25 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[12] "Hamed Oumar, consultant en securite :≪ Abdel Aziz m'a mele a des affaires plutot illicites ≫ / Le Challenger" [en]. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2013-07-31 . ???? ???? ?????? 2020-03-09 .

[LeMonde-13] Mauritanie : vingt ans de prison ferme requis contre l'ex-president Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz ???? ?????? 3 November 2023 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ., Le Monde, 25 November 2023.

[14] " "We intend to appeal": lawyer for Mauritania's ex-president" . Africanews (??????????? ??????????). 5 Dec 2023. Archived from the original on 2023-12-05 . Retrieved 2023-12-05 .

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[2]

[3]

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[14]

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