????? (????)

????? (??????) ??? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? . ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? . ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ????????. ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????. ^[1]

???? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????.

?????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????. ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ????.

?????????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

???? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? . ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????.

?? ??? 1895 ?? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ^[2] ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? 1961-1963. ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????.

?????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? (???? ?????) ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ??????????. ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? (???? ??????? ) ???? ????? ?? ??? 1881 ???? ???? ???????.

???? ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 1888 ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? (??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? )? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??? 1914? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? feldkompanie ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? 150 ? 200 ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????.

??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ????????. ^[3]

?? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? 11000 ?? ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? 1918.

???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? (??????? ???????) ?? ??? 1964 ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? 350 ?? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ????????.

??? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? 1918 ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????: ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????????. ^[4]

????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? .
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????
????? ?? ???????
????? ?? ????? ?? ???? .
????? ?? ????? ??? ( ????? ???????? ?????? ).
????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????

??????? ??????? [ ??? ]

???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ≪???????≫ ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ^[5] ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????.

????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? . ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????.

?????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????. ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????. ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? . ??? ?????? ???????? ( ?????? ) ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????.

??????? [ ??? ]

???? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? . ^[6] ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? 1888 ?? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?????-????? ?? ??? ?????????. ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? 1891 ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??? ?????. ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ^[7] ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????????.

?? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? 1940 ??????? ????? 256000 ???? ?? ????? ????? 182000 ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? (1935-1936). ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????? 1941 ?? ????? 1941 ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????.

???? ?????? [ ??? ]

????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????. ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ?? ??????? ????????? ?? 64 ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????.

??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? (???? ?????) ?? ?????? ??????? ????. ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????.

?????????? ????????? [ ??? ]

??? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ^[8] ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? 1913. ^[9]

?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? 1909. ^[10]

?????????? ?????????? [ ??? ]

?? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????. ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? 1960 ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??????: ?????? ???????? (????? ??????????) ??????? ????????? (≪????????? ???????? ?????≫) ??????? ???????? (???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????????). ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? 1960 - ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???????. ^[11]

??? ??? ?????? 2003 [ ??? ]

???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????????. ^[12] ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? 1000 ????? ??????? ????? 80,000 ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? EOD Technologies ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? . ???? ???? ?????? ?? 400 ?? ?????? ≪?????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????≫ ???? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ≪?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????≫. ??? ????? ???? 11 ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ^[13]

??????? [ ??? ]

^ Kamusi Project ???? ?????? April 20, 2008, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ Armies of the 19thC East Africa Chris Peer, Foundry books 2003
^ Moyd, Michelle "Askari and Askari Myth" in Prem Poddar et al. Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures: Continental Europe and its Colonies , Edinburgh University Press, 2008.
^ In Treue fest (July 21, 1975) DER SPIEGEL 30/1975, pp. 64?65 ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ Reitlinger, Gerald. The SS: Alibi Of A Nation, 1922-1945. Da Capo Press, 1989. at page 126.
^ Hagos? Tecola W. " "Ethiopia & Eritrea: Healing Past Wounds and Building Strong People-to-People Relationships" - Disillusionment of International Law and National Strangulations" (PDF) . Ethiomedia. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-01-24 .
^ Raffaele Ruggeri, pages 78-79, "Italian Colonial Wars", Editrice Militare Italiana 1988
^ Book image of Spanish "Tropas coloniales" ???? ?????? April 3, 2012, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}
^ Jose Bueno, page 39"Uniformes de las Unidades Militares de la Ciudad de Melilla" ( ???? 84-86629-26-8 )
^ Jose Bueno, page 48 "Uniformes de las Unidades Militares de la Ciudad de Melilla" ( ???? 84-86629-26-8 )
^ Coelho, Joao Paulo Borges, African Troops in the Portuguese Colonial Army, 1961-1974: Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique , Portuguese Studies Review 10 (1) (2002), pp. 129?50
^ Kiswahili Radio Report (in Swahili) ???? ?????? July 22, 2011, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .
^ "Uganda: Askaris in Iraq Ripped Off" . New Vision. 12 ????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-10-07.

????? ?????? [ ??? ]

Comando Supremo
African World War II Veterans
Histoire de la Force Publique (History of the Force Publique) by Lieutenant-General Emile Janssens, Wasmael-Chalier of Namur in 1979
Ascari: I Leoni di Eritrea/Ascari: The Lions of Eritrea. Eritrea colonial history, Eritrean ascari pictures/photos galleries and videos, historical atlas...
Ascari of Eritrea Collection of about 200 pictures listed by categories.
Moyd, Michelle: Askari , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War .

????? ?? ???????? ??????? :

??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????.

[1] Kamusi Project ???? ?????? April 20, 2008, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[2] Armies of the 19thC East Africa Chris Peer, Foundry books 2003

[3] Moyd, Michelle "Askari and Askari Myth" in Prem Poddar et al. Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures: Continental Europe and its Colonies , Edinburgh University Press, 2008.

[4] In Treue fest (July 21, 1975) DER SPIEGEL 30/1975, pp. 64?65 ???? ?????? 15 ???? 2019 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[5] Reitlinger, Gerald. The SS: Alibi Of A Nation, 1922-1945. Da Capo Press, 1989. at page 126.

[Hagos-6] Hagos? Tecola W. " "Ethiopia & Eritrea: Healing Past Wounds and Building Strong People-to-People Relationships" - Disillusionment of International Law and National Strangulations" (PDF) . Ethiomedia. ????? ?? ????? (PDF) ?? 2015-09-24 . ???? ???? ?????? 2015-01-24 .

[7] Raffaele Ruggeri, pages 78-79, "Italian Colonial Wars", Editrice Militare Italiana 1988

[8] Book image of Spanish "Tropas coloniales" ???? ?????? April 3, 2012, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? . ^{[
???? ??????
]}

[9] Jose Bueno, page 39"Uniformes de las Unidades Militares de la Ciudad de Melilla" ( ???? 84-86629-26-8 )

[10] Jose Bueno, page 48 "Uniformes de las Unidades Militares de la Ciudad de Melilla" ( ???? 84-86629-26-8 )

[11] Coelho, Joao Paulo Borges, African Troops in the Portuguese Colonial Army, 1961-1974: Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique , Portuguese Studies Review 10 (1) (2002), pp. 129?50

[12] Kiswahili Radio Report (in Swahili) ???? ?????? July 22, 2011, ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? .

[13] "Uganda: Askaris in Iraq Ripped Off" . New Vision. 12 ????? 2007. ????? ?? ????? ?? 2012-10-07.

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???? ??????