? T?ng-bu?t
Chh?-leng t?ng-bu?t , chiau-a , liong-chhe t?ng-bu?t , ki-thaⁿ.
Hoa-chio?h ho?n-ui
Late Neoproterozoic - Recent
Seng-bu?t-ha?k hun-l?i
He?k: Eukaryota Kai: Animalia Linnaeus , 1758

T?ng-bu?t ( Han-j? : 動物 ) s? chi?t l?i seng-bu?t e mia, sio?k-i T?ng-bu?t-kai ( Han-j? : 動物界 ; Ha?k-mia: Animalia ). In ?-hoat-t?· tin-t?ng, m?-koh bo chhi?ⁿ si?t-bu?t ? chai-ti?u l?-i?ng kng lai ha?p-seng chia?h-mi?h ( kng-ha?p-seng chok-i?ng , photosynthesis ); in su-iau siau-hoa pa?t-e seng-bu?t chiah ?-tang seng-chun--lo?h-khi.

Thong-sio?k gi-gian it-poaⁿ k? jin-l?i pai-tu t? t?ng-bu?t-l?i chi g?a. T?ng-bu?t m? ti?ⁿ i?ng lai cho cheng-siⁿ e tong-g?-su. Chong-s? tui seng-bu?t-ha?k e koan-tiam lai khoaⁿ, lang m? s? 1 chiong t?ng-bu?t. ^[1]

Te?k-teng [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

T?ng-bu?t long s? to-se-pau chin-hu?t seng-bu?t . ^{[2] [3]} T?a-to-so? e t?ng-bu?t long s? ?-eng seng-bu?t , ^{[4] [5] [6]} chio-so? t?ng-bu?t ?-sai chin-heng bo-sng-so? ho?-khip , ^[7] che kah ? kng-ch?-eng seng-bu?t ( si?t-bu?t , cho-l?i ) oan-a bo-kang. ^[8] T?ng-bu?t t? i siⁿ-mi? chiu-ki e mo?-chi?t-e kham-ch?m ? ?n-t?ng-seng . T?a-t??-so? t?ng-bu?t e phoe-thai hoat-io?k tiong ? phoe-pau-ki . ^[9] Keng-koe phoe-pau-ki, se-pau ? hun-hoa cho bo-kang e cho?-chit kap khi-koan .

To-i?ⁿ-seng [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Mn?g	Example	Cheng e so?-li?ng	Lio?k-seng	Hai-seng	T?m-chui	To?k-li?p seng-oa?h	Kia-seⁿ
Khoan-chat t?ng-bu?t		17,000 [10]	S? (tho?) [11]	S? [11]	1,750 [12]	S?	400 [13]
Chat-kha t?ng-bu?t		1,257,000 [10]	1,000,000 (insects) [14]	>40,000 (Malac- ostraca) [15]	94,000 [12]	S? [11]	>45,000 [lower-alpha 1] [13]
G?a-kong t?ng-bu?t		6,000 [10]		S? [11]	60?80 [12]	S?
Chek-soh t?ng-bu?t		>70,000 [10] [16]	23,000 [17]	13,000 [17]	18,000 [12] 9,000 [17]	S?	40 (catfish) [18] [13]
Chhi-pau t?ng-bu?t		16,000 [10]		S? [11]	Yes (few) [11]	S? [11]	>1,350 (Myxozoa) [13]
Kek-phoe t?ng-bu?t		7,500 [10]		7,500 [10]		S? [11]
N?g-the t?ng-bu?t		85,000 [10] 107,000 [19]	35,000 [19]	60,000 [19]	5,000 [12] 12,000 [19]	S? [11]	>5,600 [13]
Soaⁿ-thang		25,000 [10]	S? (tho?) [11]	4,000 [20]	2,000 [12]	11,000 [20]	14,000 [20]
Piⁿ-heng t?ng-bu?t		29,500 [10]	S? [21]	S? [11]	1,300 [12]	S? [11] 3,000?6,500 [22]	>40,000 [13] 4,000?25,000 [22]
Lian-a-thang		2,000 [10]		>400 [23]	2,000 [12]	S?
Hai-mi t?ng-bu?t		10,800 [10]		S? [11]	200-300 [12]	S?	S? [24]
2013 ni ? ki-lio?k e hi?n-chun bu?t-cheng chong-siau: 1,525,728

Hoat-seng-ha?k [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

T?ng-bu?t s? chi?t e tan-h?-thong , ? ki?ng-tong cho?-sian. In kah nia-piⁿ-mn?g-thang s? chi-m?e-kun koan-h?. Ki-kun s? hai-mi t?ng-bu?t , loa?h-a-th? t?ng-bu?t , piⁿ-poaⁿ t?ng-bu?t , chhi-pau t?ng-bu?t , chia-e t?ng-bu?t sin-khu m? s? nn?g-peng tui-th?n.

Hui-nn?g-peng-tui-th?n t?ng-bu?t [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Nn?g-peng-tui-th?n t?ng-bu?t [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

?-bo-khiuⁿ t?ng-bu?t s? nn?g-peng-tui-th?n t?ng-bu?t e ki-kun. ^{[25] [26] [27]}

Goan-khau t?ng-bu?t kap ?u-khau thong-bu?t [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

Tu khai-si hoat-io?k e si, ?u-khau t?ng-bu?t e phoe-pau ? hok-si?-sek li?h-nn?g , ah t?a-t??-so? e goan-khau t?ng-bu?t ( k?g-le t?ng-bu?t ) ? chin-heng k?g-le-a-heng li?h-nn?g. Cheng-khau t?ng-bu?t kap ?u-khau thong-bu?t long ? oan-cheng e siau-hoa-t?, m?-koh cheng-khau t?ng-bu?t e goan-tn?g chi?t-khai-si e phoe-kang (Eng-gi: blastobore) boe-a e hoat-io?k cho i e chhui , to-thau hit boe-liu ? heng-seng kong-bun ; ah ?u-khau t?ng-bu?t tu-ho tian-to, in thau-·a e phoe-kang s? hoat-io?k cho kong-bun, to-thau seⁿ-cho chhui. ^{[28] [29]}

Tai-oan e t?ng-bu?t [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

• Chang-sui-niau (Phong-boe-ba)
• Kau-chat-niau (Chhit-a,Chhau-chhit-a,Si?-hiuⁿ)
• Pe?h-ph?ⁿ-sim (O·-kha-hiuⁿ)

Koan-h? bun-chiuⁿ [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

• T?ng-bu?t lia?t-toaⁿ

Chham-kho chu-li?u [ siu-kai | kai goan-si-be ]

1. ↑ Zhang, Zhi-Qiang (2013-08-30). "Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013)" . Zootaxa . 3703 (1): 5. doi : 10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3 . goan-lo?-iong t? 24 April 2019 h?ng kho?-pih . 2 March 2018 khoaⁿ--e .   Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( help )
2. ↑ Avila, Vernon L. (1995). Biology: Investigating Life on Earth . Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 767?. ISBN   978-0-86720-942-6 .  
3. ↑ "Palaeos:Metazoa" . Palaeos . Goan-pun b?ng-ia?h Po-chun t? 2018-02-28 . 2018-02-25 khoaⁿ--e .  
4. ↑ In-i?ng chho-g??: Bu-h?u e <ref> tag; chh?e bo chi-mia e ref bun-j? palaeos2
5. ↑ Bergman, Jennifer. "Heterotrophs" . goan-lo?-iong t? 2007-08-29 h?ng kho?-pih . 2007-09-30 khoaⁿ--e .  
6. ↑ Douglas, Angela E.; Raven, John A. (January 2003). "Genomes at the interface between bacteria and organelles" . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B . 358 (1429): 5?17. doi : 10.1098/rstb.2002.1188 . PMC   1693093   . PMID   12594915 .  
7. ↑ Mentel, Marek; Martin, William (2010). "Anaerobic animals from an ancient, anoxic ecological niche" . BMC Biology . 8 : 32. doi : 10.1186/1741-7007-8-32 . PMC   2859860   . PMID   20370917 .  
8. ↑ Davidson, Michael W. "Animal Cell Structure" . goan-lo?-iong t? 2007-09-20 h?ng kho?-pih . 2007-09-20 khoaⁿ--e .  
9. ↑ Minkoff, Eli C. (2008). Barron's EZ-101 Study Keys Series: Biology (2nd, revised pan.). Barron's Educational Series. p.  48 . ISBN   978-0-7641-3920-8 .  
10. ↑ ^{10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11} In-i?ng chho-g??: Bu-h?u e <ref> tag; chh?e bo chi-mia e ref bun-j? Zhang2013
11. ↑ ^{11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12} In-i?ng chho-g??: Bu-h?u e <ref> tag; chh?e bo chi-mia e ref bun-j? Hogenboom2016
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8} In-i?ng chho-g??: Bu-h?u e <ref> tag; chh?e bo chi-mia e ref bun-j? Balian2008
13. ↑ ^{13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6} In-i?ng chho-g??: Bu-h?u e <ref> tag; chh?e bo chi-mia e ref bun-j? Poulin2007
14. ↑ Stork, Nigel E. (January 2018). "How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth?". Annual Review of Entomology . 63 (1): 31?45. doi : 10.1146/annurev-ento-020117-043348 . PMID   28938083 .   Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored ( help ) Stork notes that 1m insects have been named, making much larger predicted estimates.
15. ↑ Poore, Hugh F. (2002). "Introduction" . Crustacea: Malacostraca . Zoological catalogue of Australia. 19.2A. CSIRO Publishing . pp. 1?7. ISBN   978-0-643-06901-5 .  
16. ↑ Uetz, P. "A Quarter Century of Reptile and Amphibian Databases" . Herpetological Review . 52 : 246?255. goan-lo?-iong t? 21 February 2022 h?ng kho?-pih . 2 October 2021 khoaⁿ--e – via ResearchGate.   Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( help )
17. ↑ ^{17.0 17.1 17.2} Reaka-Kudla, Marjorie L.; Wilson, Don E.; Wilson, Edward O. (1996). Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources . Joseph Henry Press. p. 90. ISBN   978-0-309-52075-1 .  
18. ↑ Burton, Derek; Burton, Margaret (2017). Essential Fish Biology: Diversity, Structure and Function . Oxford University Press. pp. 281?282. ISBN   978-0-19-878555-2 . Trichomycteridae ... includes obligate parasitic fish. Thus 17 genera from 2 subfamilies, Vandelliinae ; 4 genera, 9spp. and Stegophilinae ; 13 genera, 31 spp. are parasites on gills (Vandelliinae) or skin (stegophilines) of fish.  
19. ↑ ^{19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3} Nicol, David (June 1969). "The Number of Living Species of Molluscs". Systematic Zoology . 18 (2): 251?254. doi : 10.2307/2412618 . JSTOR   2412618 .  
20. ↑ ^{20.0 20.1 20.2} In-i?ng chho-g??: Bu-h?u e <ref> tag; chh?e bo chi-mia e ref bun-j? Felder2009
21. ↑ Sluys, R. (1999). "Global diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola): a new indicator-taxon in biodiversity and conservation studies". Biodiversity and Conservation . 8 (12): 1663?1681. doi : 10.1023/A:1008994925673 .   Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored ( help )
22. ↑ ^{22.0 22.1} Pandian, T. J. (2020). Reproduction and Development in Platyhelminthes . CRC Press. pp. 13?14. ISBN   978-1-000-05490-3 . goan-lo?-iong t? 26 July 2020 h?ng kho?-pih . 19 May 2020 khoaⁿ--e .   Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( help )
23. ↑ Fontaneto, Diego. "Marine Rotifers | An Unexplored World of Richness" (PDF) . JMBA Global Marine Environment. pp. 4?5. goan-lo?-iong (PDF) t? 2 March 2018 h?ng kho?-pih . 2 March 2018 khoaⁿ--e .   Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( help )
24. ↑ Morand, Serge; Krasnov, Boris R.; Littlewood, D. Timothy J. (2015). Parasite Diversity and Diversification . Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN   978-1-107-03765-6 . goan-lo?-iong t? 12 December 2018 h?ng kho?-pih . 2 March 2018 khoaⁿ--e .   Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored ( help )
25. ↑ Philippe, H.; Brinkmann, H.; Copley, R.R.; Moroz, L.L.; Nakano, H.; Poustka, A.J.; Wallberg, A.; Peterson, K.J.; Telford, M.J. (2011). "Acoelomorph flatworms are deuterostomes related to Xenoturbella " . Nature . 470 (7333): 255?258. Bibcode : 2011Natur.470..255P . doi : 10.1038/nature09676 . PMC   4025995   . PMID   21307940 .  
26. ↑ Perseke, M.; Hankeln, T.; Weich, B.; Fritzsch, G.; Stadler, P.F.; Israelsson, O.; Bernhard, D.; Schlegel, M. (2007-08). "The mitochondrial DNA of Xenoturbella bocki: genomic architecture and phylogenetic analysis" (PDF) . Theory Biosci . 126 (1): 35?42. doi : 10.1007/s12064-007-0007-7 . PMID   18087755 . goan-lo?-iong (PDF) t? 2019-04-24 h?ng kho?-pih . 2018-03-04 khoaⁿ--e .  
27. ↑ Cannon, Johanna T.; Vellutini, Bruno C.; Smith III, Julian.; Ronquist, Frederik; Jondelius, Ulf; Hejnol, Andreas (2016-02-03). "Xenacoelomorpha is the sister group to Nephrozoa" . Nature . 530 (7588): 89?93. Bibcode : 2016Natur.530...89C . doi : 10.1038/nature16520 . PMID   26842059 .  
28. ↑ Peters, Kenneth E.; Walters, Clifford C.; Moldowan, J. Michael (2005). The Biomarker Guide: Biomarkers and isotopes in petroleum systems and Earth history . 2 . Cambridge University Press. p. 717. ISBN   978-0-521-83762-0 .  
29. ↑ Hejnol, A.; Martindale, M.Q. (2009). Telford, M.J.; Littlewood, D.J., pian. The mouth, the anus, and the blastopore ? open questions about questionable openings . Animal Evolution ? Genomes, Fossils, and Trees . Oxford University Press. pp. 33?40. ISBN   978-0-19-957030-0 . Goan-pun b?ng-ia?h Po-chun t? 2018-10-28 . 2018-03-01 khoaⁿ--e .  

Pun bun-chiuⁿ s? chi?t phiⁿ phi-a-kiaⁿ . Li thang tau khok-chhiong lai pang-ch?? Wikipedia. hian l?n pian

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