???????

??????? ? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????: ?????, ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?????, ?????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????.“ ^[1]

???????? ?????????, ???????? ????????? ??????? 2010 ?????, ????????? ????????? 940 ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ??????, ????? 6,6?%-???? ???? ??? 2009 ????????? ??????????. 2010 ?????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? $919 ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? (693 ???? ????), ????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? 4,7?%-???? ???? ???. ^[2] 2000-???? ??????? ?????, ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????, ???? ??? ????? 2008 ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? 28-?? ?????. ^[3] ?? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? 2009 ?????, ??? ????, ????-?? ????? ?????? ?????? H1N1 ??????? , ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? 4%-???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? 880 ??????? ????????, ??????? ??????????? 6%-?? ?????.

??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ???????, ????????, ????????? ??: ?????????? , ??????? , ?????????? , ?????? , ??????? , ?????????????? ????? , ??? , ???????? , ?????? , ???????? , ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???, ?????????, ????????? ??: ???????? , ???? , ????????? , ?????????? , ???????? ?????? , ?????. ??? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????, ????????????? ??????? ??????, ??? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????, ???????? ????????, ???????? ??????, ???????, ???????????? ????????, ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? (???????? ?? ?????????? ????). ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ???????, ????????? ?? ????????? ???????, ?????????, ???????? ????????, ?????????? ????????????? ?? ????????.

???????

????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????, ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????????. ????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????: ???????, ???????, ????????? ?? ????. ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ???????????, ??????????, ??????? ???????, ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????????, ????????????.

????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????????????, ???????? ??????????????????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????, XVII ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ?????, XVIII- XIX ?????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?? ????????? , ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? , ??????? ???????????? - ???????? , ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????. ????? ?? ????????, 1841 ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ???????????? ?????? ????, ??????? ??????? 20 ??????? ??????? ??????????, ????, ?????????? ?? ????? ????????? ????????. ???? ????????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????. ?? ??????? ??????? 450 ???????? ?? ???? 1 ??????? ?????????. ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ??????????. ???? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????????, ????-?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????. ??? ??????????, ?? ????? ????????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????. ????????? ??, ????-?? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????????? Thomas Cook and Son .

XX ????????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????, ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????????????. 20-30-??? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????? - ???????? , ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????.

XX ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????. 1950 ?????, ????????? ?????????? ????????? 25 ??????? ??????, 1970 ????? ? 170 ???????, 1990 ????? ? 400 ???????. ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????. XX ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? 4,5 ???????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ???? 10% ??????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? 100-150 ??????? ??? ??????.

????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????????. ??????????? ?????????? 2/3 ??????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? , ????? ???? ????? ?????????? 20%, ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? 10%, ???????? 3%.

????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????

????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????

????????? 10 ?????? ?????????? ?????????

2010 ?????, ????????? ????????? 940 ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ???, ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? 6.6%-?? ????? ???.

???? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ?????, 2009 ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? , ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??.

?????	?????	???? ????????? ???????? ^[4]	????????? ????????? ????????? (2013) ^[5]	????????? ????????? ????????? (2012) ^[5]	????? 2012/2013 (%)	????? 2011/2012 (%)
1	??????????	??????	84.7 ???????	83.0 ???????	2.0	1.8
2	???	????? ???????	69.8 ???????	66.7 ???????	4.7	6.3
3	????????	??????	60.7 ???????	57.5 ???????	5.6	2.3
4	??????	????	55.7 ???????	57.7 ???????	3.5	0.3
5	??????	??????	47.7 ???????	46.4 ???????	2.9	0.5
6	???????	??????	37.8 ???????	35.7 ???????	5.9	3.0
7	????????	??????	31.5 ???????	30.4 ???????	3.7	7.3
8	?????????????? ?????	??????	31.2 ???????	29.3 ???????	6.4	0.1
9	??????	??????	28.4 ???????	24.7 ???????	11.2	13.5
10	????????	????	26.5 ???????	22.4 ???????	8.8	9.1

??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????

2010 ?????, ??????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? $919 ???? ??? ?????? ???????? (693 ???? ????), ^[6] ????? 2009 ????????? ????????? 4.7%-???? ???? ???. ?????? ???????? ?? 2010 ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????, ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????????. ????????? ??, ????-?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??, ???? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????.

?????	?????	???? ????????? ????????	???????? ???????? ??????????? (2010) ^[2]
1	???	????? ???????	$103.5 ????????
2	????????	??????	$52.5 ????????
3	??????????	??????	$46.3 ????????
4	??????	????	$45.8 ????????
5	??????	??????	$38.8 ????????
6	????????	??????	$34.7 ????????
7	?????????????? ?????	??????	$30.4 ????????
8	?????????	????????	$30.1 ????????
9	????-????? ( ?????? )	????	$23.0 ????????
10	???????	??????	$20.8 ????????

????????? ???????? ?????????

????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??????, ????????? 2010 ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? (?????????? ?????????? ???????)

?????	?????	???? ????????? ????????	????????? ???????? ????????? (2010) ^[2]
1	????????	??????	$77.7 ????????
2	???	????? ???????	$75.5 ????????
3	??????	????	$54.9 billion
4	?????????????? ?????	??????	$48.6 ????????
5	??????????	??????	$39.4 ????????
6	??????	?????? ???????	$29.5 ????????
7	???????	????	$27.9 ????????
8	??????	??????	$27.1 ????????
9	??????	??????	$26.5 ????????
10	?????????	????????	$22.5 ????????

????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????

????	?????	????????? ????????? (???????)	????/???????
????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????
??????	??????????	15.1	2010 ^[7]
???????	?????????????? ?????	14.6	2010 ^[8]
???-?????	???	9.7	2010 ^[9]
???????	???????	9.2	2010 ^[10]
?????????	?????????	9.2	2010 ^[11]
?????-???????	????????	8.9	2010 ^[12]
????-?????	????-?????	8.4	2010 (???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????) ^[13]
?????	???????? ?????????????? ??????????	8.3	2010 ^[14]
????????	????????	7.2	2010 ^[15]
????????	???????	6.9	2010 ^[10]