Igama elithi
logic
livela kwigama lesiGreek elithi logos. I-logos yona ingathetha
isivakalisi
,
i-discourse
,
i-reason
,
i-rule
,
i-ratio
. Ewe kona ezi ntsingiselo azinakunceda ngokwaneleyo ukunika intsingiselo eyiyo yegama elithi 'logic' ngale ndlela lisetyenziswa ngayo kungoku nje.
Ungayichaza uthi yintoni kanye kanye i-logic? Ngokufutshane singathi i-logic sisifundo
ngeeprinciples
ze-
reasoning
efanelekileyo okanye eyiyo, nekuthiwa ngokwakwa
science
yi-
correct reasoning
. Le nkcazo yeyexeshana nje kuba indlela ekuchazwa ngayo intsingiselo ye-logic ngumcimb'onzima otshis'ibunzi nodala ingxwaba-ngxwaba.
kodwa ke, ngenxa yokokuba kufuneka sikwazisile mfundi ngesi sifundo se-logic, sicinga okokuba kubalulekile okokuba sikunike ufifi ngesi sifundo ozakube usifunda. yiloo nto kuphela esizakube siyenza kweli phepha okwangoku. Nje ngoko sele siwuchazile umahluko phakathi kwe-
logic reasoning
ne-
psychology of reasoning
phantsi kwesihloko esithi 'ii-
principles
, ngoku sizakuthetha kuvokotheke ngayo nge-logic neeprinciples zayo.
Khawutsho ke, zeziphi ezi principles zereasoning ezenza i-logic? zininzi ii-principles ezi lolu hlobo, kodwa ke eyona nto esiyifundayo (kungeyiyo yodwa) kwi-logic
zii-principles
ezilawula nezingumkhomba-ndlela obonisa
i-validity
yeengxoxo (okanye
yee-arguments
ukuze sikwazi ukubona okokuba ingaba izigqibo ezithile ekuthi kufikelelwe kuzo ziziziphumo zoko bekukukhe kwabekwa ngaphambili njengento enokwenzeka. Umzekelo, khawuqwalasele ezi ngxoxo zintathu zilandelayo:
Ukuba uZola uhlala e
zilalini
, ke uZola ulihlwempu.
UZola uhlala ezilalini.
Ngoko ke, uZola lihlwempu.
Ukuba u-K>10, ke u-K>2.
u-K>10.
Ngoko ke, u-K>2.
Ukuba
i-Johannesburg
iseRhawutini, ke i-Johannesburg ayikho se-Eastern Cape.
I-Johannesburg ise-Rhawutini.
Ngoko ke, i-Johannesburg ayikho se-Eastern Cape.
Ezi ngxoxo zintathu sizibonayo apha ngokuqinisekileyo ziingxoxo ezilungileyo kuba kaloku izigqibo ekufikelelwa kuzo ngazo zisekelezelwe zikwalandela
ii-assumptions
(oko sele kutshiwo ngaphambili). Ukuba ngaba
ezi-assumptions
ze-argument
ngenene zinyanisekile okanye
zi-true
, nesigqibo se-argument ekufikelelwa kuso
si-true
. I-logician izakukuxelela okokuba zonke ziyimibandela yaloo argument ekuthiwa y
i-modus ponens
.