Xung đ?t ? R?p ? Israel
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![](//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Arab_Israeli_Conflict_5.png/300px-Arab_Israeli_Conflict_5.png)
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Lien đoan ? R?p
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Israel
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T?ng x?y ra chi?n tranh v?i Israel
|
D?i Gaza va B? Tay
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Th?i gian
| c.
15 thang 5 n?m 1948?nay
(76 n?m, 1 thang va 2 ngay)
Pha chinh: 1948?1982
[1]
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đ?a đi?m
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K?t qu?
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C?p th?p đang di?n ra:
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Tham chi?n
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Israel
đ??c h? tr? b?i:
Hoa K?
(1973?)
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Lien đoan ? R?p
đ??c h? tr? b?i:
Lien Xo
(1967?91)
[2]
D?i Gaza
(2006?)
đ??c h? tr? b?i:
Iran
(2006?12)
|
Ch? huy va lanh đ?o
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Th??ng vong va t?n th?t
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?22.570 ng??i ch?t quan s?
[3]
?1.723 cai ch?t dan s?
[4]
?1.050 ng??i dan SLA t? vong
[5]
|
91.105 t?ng s? ng??i ch?t ? ? R?p
[6]
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C? hai m?t:
74.000 quan nhan t? vong
18.000 cai ch?t dan s?
(1945?1995)
[7]
|
Xung đ?t ? R?p ? Israel
(
ti?ng ? R?p
:
?????? ?????? ??????????
,
ti?ng Hebrew
:
?????? ??????? ????
) la nh?ng hanh vi thu đ?ch va c?ng th?ng chinh tr? đa keo dai kho?ng m?t th? k?. No lien quan t?i s? thanh l?p
Nha n??c Israel
hi?n đ?i, c?ng nh? s? thanh l?p va đ?c l?p c?a nhi?u qu?c gia
? R?p
trong cung th?i k?, va m?i quan h? gi?a cac n??c ? R?p va Israel (xem bai lien quan
Xung đ?t Israel ? Palestine
).
M?t s? ng??i s? d?ng thu?t ng? "Xung đ?t
Trung đong
" đ? ch? v?n đ? nay; tuy nhien, đay la vung đa x?y ra nhi?u cu?c xung đ?t khong co s? tham gia c?a Israel (xem
Danh sach nh?ng cu?c xung đ?t t?i Trung đong
). T? n?m
1979
, cu?c xung đ?t co them s? hi?n di?n c?a n??c C?ng hoa H?i giao
Iran
(m?t qu?c gia khong ? R?p, khong n?i b?t tren b?n đ?).
Du ch? x?y ra tren m?t di?n tich đ?a ly va v?i s? l??ng th??ng vong kha nh?, cu?c xung đ?t đa tr? thanh tam đi?m quan tam c?a truy?n thong qu?c t? c?ng nh? s? chu y c?a gi?i ngo?i giao trong nhi?u th?p k?, co l? b?i tr? l??ng
d?u m?
to l?n trong vung, du th?c t? r?ng Israel th?c t? khong s? h?u b?t k? ngu?n tai nguyen d?u m? nao,
[8]
va c?
Liban
c?ng nh?
Chinh quy?n Palestine
c?ng khong h? co
[9]
. H?n n?a, nhi?u
qu?c gia
,
ca nhan
va cac
t? ch?c phi chinh ph?
? kh?p n?i tren th? gi?i đ?u c?m th?y minh co lien quan t?i cu?c xung đ?t nay vi nh?ng ly do nh? quan h?
v?n hoa
va
ton giao
v?i
đ?o H?i
,
v?n hoa ? R?p
,
Thien Chua giao
,
Do Thai giao
hay
V?n hoa Do Thai
, hay vi
y th?c h?
,
nhan quy?n
, chi?n l??c hay cac ly do tai chinh khac.
Vi Israel la m?t ch? đ? dan ch? v?i h? th?ng bao chi t? do, truy?n thong đ??c phep ti?p c?n cu?c xung đ?t va nh? th? cu?c xung đ?t c?ng đ??c t??ng thu?t nhi?u h?n. M?t s? ng??i coi cu?c xung đ?t ? R?p-Israel la m?t ph?n c?a (hay la d?u hi?u c?nh bao tr??c c?a) m?t s?
xung đ?t gi?a cac n?n v?n minh
l?n h?n gi?a
Th? gi?i ph??ng Tay
va
? R?p
hay
Th? gi?i H?i giao
.
[10]
[11]
Nh?ng ng??i khac cho r?ng s? lien quan ton giao la m?t v?n đ? kha m?i trong cu?c xung đ?t nay.
[12]
Cu?c xung đ?t nay đa gay ra tinh tr?ng thu đ?ch va nhi?u cu?c t?n cong l?n nhau t? phia nh?ng ng??i ?ng h? (hay đ??c cho la ?ng h?) t? phia cac ben đ?i ngh?ch t?i cac qu?c gia tren toan th? gi?i.
T? th? k? th? 11 tr??c Cong nguyen,
nha n??c c? đ?i c?a ng??i Do Thai
đa ra đ?i ? vung đ?t
Palestine
. Vao th? k? th? 8 TCN, cac qu?c gia c? c?a ng??i Do Thai b? tieu di?t, ng??i Do Thai t?n ra t? n?n ? kh?p chau Au va Trung đong. Vung Palestine l?n l??t n?m d??i s? cai tr? c?a cac
đ? ch? Assyria
,
đ? ch? Babylon
,
đ? ch? Ba T?
,
đ? ch? La Ma
trong hang th? k? sau đo, tr??c khi
ng??i H?i giao ? R?p
chi?m đ??c khu v?c nay vao th? k? th? 8.
Palestine
tr? thanh m?t ph?n c?a
đ? ch? Ottoman
t? gi?a
th? k? 16
.
Kh?i ngu?n c?a cu?c xung đ?t ? R?p-Do Thai đa b?t đ?u t? cu?i
th? k? 19
va đ?u
th? k? 20
, v?i s? ra đ?i c?a cac phong trao
ch? ngh?a dan t?c ? R?p
v?
ch? ngh?a ph?c qu?c Do Thai
, c? hai đ?u h??ng t?i m?c tieu gianh đ??c đ?c l?p t?
đ? ch? Ottoman
va thanh l?p m?t
qu?c gia co ch? quy?n
cho dan t?c c?a h? ? khu v?c
Trung đong
. V?i s? gia t?ng c?a
ch? ngh?a bai Do Thai
?
Chau Au
, m?t lan song di c? c?a ng??i Do Thai t?i Palestine đa di?n ra t? đ?u nh?ng n?m 1880. Sau th?t b?i c?a
đ? ch? Ottoman
trong
Th? chi?n th? nh?t
, Palestine đa tr? thanh m?t vung lanh th? ?y tr? c?a Anh vao n?m 1918.
Amin al-Husseini
, lanh đ?o c?a phong trao dan t?c ? R?p t?i Palestine, đa coi lan song nh?p c? c?a ng??i Do Thai vao Palestine la k? thu l?n nh?t trong s? nghi?p đ?u tranh gianh đ?c l?p c?a ng??i ? R?p, ong ta đa kh?i x??ng cac cu?c b?o lo?n quy mo l?n ch?ng l?i ng??i Do Thai vao đ?u n?m 1920 ?
Jerusalem
va n?m 1921 t?i
Jaffa
. N?m 1929, m?t lo?t cac cu?c b?o lo?n ch?ng Do Thai đa đ??c cac nha lanh đ?o ? R?p kh?i x??ng. Cac cu?c b?o lo?n nay đa d?n đ?n th??ng vong l?n c?a ng??i Do Thai t?i
Hebron
va
Safed
, bu?c ng??i Do Thai ph?i s? tan kh?i Hebron va Gaza. M?t cu?c b?o lo?n đ?m mau c?a ng??i ? R?p đa di?n ra vao n?m 1936 nh?m ch?ng l?i s? cai tr? c?a Anh va ch?ng l?i lan song nh?p c? c?a ng??i Do Thai, song b?
quan đ?i Anh
d?p t?t. Ng??i Do Thai va ng??i ? R?p gay s?c ep keu g?i ng??i Anh trao tr? đ?c l?p cho h?, c? hai c?ng đ?u tuyen b? ch? quy?n đ?i v?i toan b? vung đ?t Palestine va khong ch?p nh?n phan chia lanh th?.
V?i s? bung n? c?a
Th? chi?n th? hai
, tinh hinh c?ng th?ng ? Palestine đa ph?n nao d?u xu?ng,
ng??i Do Thai
va
ng??i ? R?p
t?m th?i h?p tac v?i nhau, đ?ng v? phia
phe đ?ng minh
. Tuy nhien, m?t s? ng??i theo ch? ngh?a dan t?c ? R?p c?c đoan nh? al-Husseini co xu h??ng h?p tac v?i
đ?c Qu?c xa
, ong ta đa tham gia thanh l?p m?t b? may tuyen truy?n ?ng h?
phat xit
va
ch?ng Do Thai
tren kh?p
th? gi?i ? R?p
. Vao cu?i
Th? chi?n II
, m?t lan song
nh?p c?
m?i vao Palestine c?a nh?ng ng??i Do Thai s?ng sot sau cu?c th?m sat
Holocaust
?
chau Au
đa khi?n cho mau thu?n gi?a hai ben bung phat tr? l?i. Ng??i Anh đa th?c hi?n chinh sach h?n ch? ng??i Do Thai nh?p c?, khi?n cho phong trao đ?u tranh c?a ng??i Do Thai ch?ng l?i ng??i Anh ? Palestine tr? nen quy?t li?t. Ap l?c qu?c t? c?ng gia t?ng keu g?i Anh trao tr? đ?c l?p cho ng??i Do Thai.
Lanh đ?o c?a ng??i ? R?p Palestine, Amin al Husseini, trong cu?c g?p m?t v?i nha đ?c tai đ?c Qu?c Xa
Adolf Hitler
Vao ngay 29 thang 11 n?m 1947,
đ?i h?i đ?ng Lien H?p Qu?c
đa thong qua
Ngh? quy?t 181 (II)
, th?c hi?n k? ho?ch phan chia vung đ?t Palestine thanh m?t nha n??c c?a ng??i ? R?p va m?t nha n??c c?a ng??i Do Thai, trong khi thanh ph? thanh
Jerusalem
đ??c đ?t d??i s? qu?n ly qu?c t?. Ng??i Do Thai nhanh chong ch?p nh?n k? ho?ch nay, song ng??i ? R?p l?i ph?n đ?i va đoi h?i ch? quy?n c?a h? đ?i v?i toan b?
Palestine
. Tuan th? theo ngh? quy?t c?a
Lien H?p Qu?c
, ng??i Do Thai đa chinh th?c tuyen b? thanh l?p nha n??c Israel vao ngay 14 thang 5 n?m 1948, c? hai sieu c??ng la
Hoa K?
va
Lien Xo
đ?u ngay l?p t?c cong nh?n nha n??c m?i nay ch? sau ch?a đ?y m?t ti?ng đ?ng h?. Tr??c tinh hinh đo, cac n??c ? R?p tuyen b? khong cong nh?n nha n??c Israel va đem quan t?n cong n??c nay, d?n đ?n
Chi?n tranh ? R?p-Israel 1948
. Cu?c chi?n tranh nay đa gay ra kho?ng 15.000 th??ng vong va k?t thuc v?i ph?n th?ng thu?c v?
Israel
.
Theo th?a thu?n ng?ng b?n va đinh chi?n đ??c ky k?t gi?a hai ben vao n?m 1949, h?u h?t cac vung lanh th? t?i Palestine đ??c phan chia cho ng??i ? R?p theo Ngh? quy?t 181 (II) đa b?
Israel
đanh chi?m, trong khi
Jordan
chi?m đ??c
B? Tay
va
Ai C?p
chi?m l?y
D?i Gaza
. đ?ng th?i Israel c?ng chi?m
Tay Jerusalem
, con
đong Jerusalem
t?m th?i đ??c đ?t d??i quy?n ki?m soat c?a
Jordan
. B? m?t toan b? lanh th?, m?t lan song t? n?n chi?n tranh kh?ng l? c?a
ng??i ? R?p
t?i
Palestine
sang cac qu?c gia lang gi?ng đa bung n? trong th?i gian nay.
1949-11 thang 6 n?m 1967
[
s?a
|
s?a ma ngu?n
]
N?m
1954
, Ai C?p b?t đ?u phong to?
Eo Tiran
, ng?n c?n m?i con tau t?i
Eilat
.
[13]
Ngay
26 thang 7
n?m
1956
, Ai C?p qu?c h?u hoa
Cong ty Kenh đao Suez
, va đong c?a kenh đao nay v?i tau be Israel.
[14]
Israel tr? đ?a ngay
29 thang 10
n?m
1956
, b?ng cach xam chi?m
Ban đ?o Sinai
v?i s? h? tr? c?a Anh va
Phap
. Trong cu?c
Kh?ng ho?ng kenh đao Suez
, Israel đa chi?m D?i Gaza va Ban đ?o Sinai.
Hoa K?
va
Lien hi?p qu?c
nhanh chong gay s?c ep bu?c n??c nay ng?ng chi?n,
[14]
[15]
m? l?i đ??ng bi?n trong khu v?c, hoan thanh vi?c rut hoan toan quan đ?i Israel kh?i lanh th? Ai C?p, va gi?i giap hoan toan Sinai.
L?c l??ng Kh?n c?p Lien hi?p qu?c
(UNEF) đ??c tri?n khai đ? giam sat vi?c gi?i giap.
[16]
Vao n?m 1964,
T? ch?c Gi?i phong Palestine
(PLO) đ??c thanh l?p b?i
Yasser Arafat
.
Ngay
19 thang 5
n?m
1967
, Ai C?p tr?c xu?t cac quan sat vien UNEF,
[17]
va tri?n khai 100.000 binh s? t?i Ban đ?o Sinai.
[18]
Sau đo n??c nay đong c?a Eo Tiran đ?i v?i tau be Israel,
[19]
[20]
khi?n tinh hinh khu v?c quay tr? l?i nh? giai đo?n tr??c n?m 1956. Ngay
30 thang 5
n?m
1967
, Jordan tham gia m?t hi?p ??c phong v? chung v?i Ai C?p va Syria. T?ng th?ng Nasser tuyen b?: "M?c tieu c?n b?n c?a chung ta la pha hu? Israel. Ng??i ? R?p mu?n chi?n đ?u."
[21]
đ? tr? đ?a, ngay
5 thang 6
Israel tung h?u h?t t?t c? may bay c?a minh vao m?t
cu?c t?n cong khong quan ph? đ?u
vao Ai C?p.
Khong quan Israel
(AIF) đa tieu di?t h?u h?t
Khong quan Ai C?p
- v?n đang b?t ng? tr??c cu?c t?n cong, sau đo quay v? phia đong tieu di?t n?t cac l?c l??ng khong quan Jordan, Syria va
Iraq
.
[22]
Cu?c t?n cong nay la y?u t? ch? ch?t d?n t?i chi?n th?ng c?a Israel trong cu?c
Chi?n tranh Sau Ngay
.
[18]
[20]
. K?t thuc cu?c chi?n, Israel đa chinh ph?c đ??c
B? Tay
(bao g?m c?
đong Jerusalem
),
D?i Gaza
,
Cao nguyen Golan
va
Ban đ?o Sinai
, đanh d?u m?t th?t b?i n?ng n? danh cho kh?i ? R?p.
12 thang 6 n?m 1967-1973
[
s?a
|
s?a ma ngu?n
]
Mua he n?m 1967, cac lanh đ?o ? R?p g?p m?t t?i
Khartoum
v? cu?c chi?n tranh nh?m tim ra m?t l?p tr??ng chung v?i Israel. H? đ?t đ?n đ?ng thu?n nh? sau:
- Khong cong nh?n Nha n??c Israel.
- Khong co hoa binh v?i Israel.
- Khong đam phan v?i Israel.
[23]
N?m
1969
, Ai C?p đ?a ra sang ki?n
Chi?n tranh Tieu hao
, v?i m?c tieu lam ki?t qu? nha n??c Israel bu?c h? đ?u hang t?i Ban đ?o Sinai.
[24]
Cu?c chi?n tranh ch?m d?t v?i cai ch?t c?a
Nasser
n?m
1970
.
Sau cu?c chi?n Sau ngay,
T? ch?c Gi?i phong Palestine
(PLO) bu?c ph?i thao ch?y sang
Jordan
, n?i vua Hussein đa cung c?p cac c?n c? va n?i tru ?n cho h?. Tuy v?y đ?n n?m 1970,
PLO
b?t ng? ph?n b?i Hussein va quay sang ch?ng l?i ong trong s? ki?n đ?m mau đ??c g?i la
Thang Chin đen t?i
.
Th?t b?i tr??c quan đ?i chinh ph? Jordan,
PLO
l?i ph?i di d?i đ?n
Nam Lebanon
, n?i đay đa đ??c PLO s? d?ng lam c?n c? đ? ti?n hanh cac cu?c t?n cong
kh?ng b?
vao mi?n b?c Israel c?ng nh? cac chi?n d?ch khong t?c tren toan th? gi?i. M?t trong nh?ng hanh đ?ng kh?ng b? khet ti?ng nh?t c?a cac nhom phi?n quan
Palestine
trong th?i gian nay la
v? b?t gi? va gi?t h?i 11 v?n đ?ng vien Israel t?i Th? v?n h?i Olympic n?m 1972
. Ben c?nh đo, nh?ng ph?n t? kh?ng b? Palestine con ch?u trach nhi?m trong vo s? cac cu?c t?n cong đang chu y khac, ch?ng h?n nh?
v? khong t?c chuy?n bay Sabena 571
va
v? th?m sat ? san bay Lod
.
Ngay
6 thang 10
n?m
1973
, Syria va Ai C?p b?t ng? t?n cong Israel vao ngay l?
Yom Kippur
, l?n l??t l?c l??ng quan s? c?a Israel.
[25]
[26]
Cu?c
Chi?n tranh Yom Kippur
?nh h??ng t?i
s? đ?i đ?u gian ti?p
gi?a Hoa K? va Lien bang Xo vi?t.
Khi Israel đa chi?m l?i ?u th? tren chi?n tr??ng, Lien bang Xo vi?t đa đe d?a can thi?p quan s?. Hoa K?, lo ng?i v? m?t cu?c
chi?n tranh h?t nhan
, đa gian x?p m?t cu?c ng?ng b?n ngay
25 thang 10
.
[25]
[26]
- Ai C?p
Sau
Hi?p ??c Tr?i David
cu?i
th?p k? 1970
, Israel va Ai C?p đa ky k?t m?t
hi?p ??c hoa binh
vao
thang 3
n?m
1979
. Theo nh?ng đi?u kho?n c?a no, Ban đ?o Sinai đ??c trao tr? l?i cho Ai C?p, va
D?i Gaza
ti?p t?c n?m d??i quy?n ki?m soat c?a Israel, s? đ??c g?p vao trong
nha n??c Palestine
t??ng lai.
[27]
- Jordan
Thang 10
n?m
1994
, Israel va Jordan đa ky k?t m?t
hi?p ??c hoa binh
, quy đ?nh s? h?p tac song ph??ng, m?t s? k?t thuc nh?ng s? thu đ?ch, va m?t gi?i phap v?i nh?ng v?n đ? con ch?a đ??c gi?i quy?t.
[28]
- Iraq
Thang 6
n?m
1981
, Israel đa thanh cong trong vi?c t?n cong pha h?y c? s? h?t nhan m?i đ??c xay d?ng c?a Iraq trong
Chi?n d?ch Opera
.
Trong
Chi?n tranh Vung V?nh
, Iraq đa b?n 39 ten l?a vao Israel, v?i hy v?ng th?ng nh?t th? gi?i ? R?p ch?ng l?i lien quan đang tim cach gi?i phong
Kuwait
. Tr??c yeu c?u c?a Hoa K?, Israel đa khong tr? đ?a cac cu?c t?n cong nay nh?m ng?n ch?n s? bung phat them c?a cu?c chi?n.
[28]
- Liban
N?m 1970, sau m?t cu?c
n?i chi?n
keo dai, vua
Hussein
đa tr?c xu?t
PLO
kh?i Jordan. PLO chuy?n sang đong t?i Liban va t? đo tung ra cac cu?c t?n cong nh?m vao Israel. N?m
1981
,
Syria
, đ?ng minh c?a PLO, b? tri ten l?a t?i Liban.
Thang 6
n?m
1982
, Israel xam chi?m Liban. Trong vong 2 thang, PLO đa đ?ng y rut lui.
Thang 3
n?m
1983
, Israel va Liban ky k?t m?t th?a thu?n ng?ng b?n. Tuy nhien, Syria đa gay s?c ep bu?c T?ng th?ng
Amine Gemayel
ph?i h?y b? hi?p ??c nay vao
thang 3
n?m
1984
. T?i n?m
1985
, cac l?c l??ng Israel h?u nh? đa rut toan b? kh?i Liban,
[28]
Israel đa hoan thanh vi?c rut quan vao
thang 5
n?m
2000
, đ? l?i m?t kho?ng tr?ng quy?n l?c va Syria cung
Hezbollah
đa nhanh chong n?m l?y.
[29]
- Palestine
N?m
1987
,
Phong trao Intifada l?n th? nh?t
b?t đ?u. PLO b? tr?c xu?t kh?i cac cu?c đam phan đ? gi?i quy?t v?n đ? cho t?i khi h? cong nh?n Israel va t? b? ch? ngh?a kh?ng b? trong n?m sau đo. N?m
1993
, Israel va PLO đa ky k?t
Hi?p ??c hoa binh Oslo
, va b?n "Tuyen b? v? cac Nguyen t?c" c?a h?, cung v?i
Ti?n trinh hoa binh
, đa đ??c coi la kim ch? nam cho m?i quan h? Israel-Palestine t? đo t?i nay.
[28]
đ? ch?ng l?i
al-Aqsa Intifada
, Israel đa tung ra cai g?i la cu?c t?n cong vao cac c? s? kh?ng b? t?i cac trung tam đo th? chinh ?
B? Tay
n?m
2002
. B?o l?c m?t l?n n?a l?i lan tran trong vung. V?i hy v?ng tai kh?i đ?ng ti?n trinh hoa binh, th? t??ng Israel
Ariel Sharon
đa b?t đ?u ch??ng trinh đ?n ph??ng rut quan kh?i D?i Gaza n?m
2003
. Chinh sach nay đ??c th?c thi toan b? vao
thang 8
n?m
2005
.
[30]
Thang 7
n?m
2006
, cac chi?n binh
Hezbollah
đa t?n cong m?t đoan xe quan s? Israel, b?t coc hai binh s? va gi?t h?i b?y ng??i khac, d?n t?i cu?c
Xung đ?t Israel-Liban n?m 2006
.
[27]
M?t cu?c ng?ng b?n đ??c Lien hi?p qu?c b?o tr? b?t đ?u co hi?u l?c ngay
14 thang 8
n?m
2006
, chinh th?c ch?m d?t cu?c xung đ?t.
[31]
- ^
“Arab-Israeli wars”
.
Encyclopædia Britannica
.
- ^
Pollack, Kenneth, M., Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, University of Nebraska Press, (2002), pp. 93?94, 96.
- ^
Memorial Day / 24,293 fallen soldiers, terror victims since Israel was born
.
Haaretz
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