Vitamin

Bach khoa toan th? m? Wikipedia
Thu?t ng? "Sinh t?" trong bai nay noi v? m?t lo?i h?p ch?t h?u c? co trong th?c ph?m. đ? bi?t v? m?t lo?i th?c u?ng, xem bai sinh t? trai cay .

Vitamin (con g?i la sinh t? [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] , b?t ngu?n t? t? Han Vi?t duy sinh t? ?生素) la m?t phan t? h?u c? (ho?c t?p h?p cac phan t? co lien quan) la m?t lo?i vi ch?t dinh d??ng thi?t y?u ma m?t sinh v?t c?n v?i s? l??ng nh? đ? duy tri ho?t đ?ng đung đ?n c?a qua trinh trao đ?i ch?t . Cac ch?t dinh d??ng thi?t y?u khong th? đ??c t?ng h?p trong c? th?, c? ho?c khong đ? s? l??ng, va do đo ph?i co đ??c thong qua ch? đ? ?n u?ng . Vitamin C co th? đ??c t?ng h?p b?i m?t s? loai nh?ng khong ph?i b?i nh?ng loai khac; No khong ph?i la vitamin trong tr??ng h?p đ?u tien ma la trong l?n th? hai. Thu?t ng? vitamin khong bao g?m ba nhom ch?t dinh d??ng thi?t y?u khac : khoang ch?t, axit beo thi?t y?u va amino acid thi?t y?u . [6] H?u h?t cac vitamin khong ph?i la cac phan t? đ?n l?, ma la cac nhom phan t? lien quan đ??c g?i la vitamers. Vi d?, vitamin E bao g?m 4 tocopherol va 4 tocotrienol . 13 vitamin c?n thi?t cho qua trinh trao đ?i ch?t c?a con ng??i la: vitamin A (nh? all- trans - retinol , all- trans -retinyl-este, c?ng nh? all- trans - beta-carotene va cac lo?i carotenoid A khac), vitamin B 1 ( thiamin ), vitamin B 2 ( riboflavin ), vitamin B 3 ( niacin ), vitamin B 5 ( axit pantothenic ), vitamin B 6 ( pyridoxin ), vitamin B 7 ( biotin ), vitamin B 9 ( axit folic ho?c folate ), vitamin B 12 ( cobal ), vitamin C ( axit ascorbic ), vitamin D ( calciferols ), vitamin E ( tocopherol va tocotrienol ) va vitamin K ( quinon ).

Vitamin co ch?c n?ng sinh hoa đa d?ng. Vitamin A ho?t đ?ng nh? m?t ch?t đi?u ch?nh s? phat tri?n va bi?t hoa t? bao va mo . Vitamin D cung c?p ch?c n?ng gi?ng nh? hormone , đi?u ch?nh chuy?n hoa khoang ch?t cho x??ng va cac c? quan khac. Cac vitamin B co ch?c n?ng nh? cac đ?ng y?u t? enzym (coenzyme) ho?c ti?n ch?t cho chung. Vitamin C va E co ch?c n?ng nh? ch?t ch?ng oxy hoa . [7] C? vi?c thi?u vitamin va d? vitamin co th? co kh? n?ng gay b?nh đang k? v? m?t lam sang , m?c du tieu th? qua nhi?u l??ng vitamin tan trong n??c la it co kh? n?ng x?y ra.

Tr??c n?m 1935, ngu?n vitamin duy nh?t la t? th?c ph?m . N?u ?n thi?u vitamin, k?t qu? la ch?ng thi?u vitamin va h?u qu? la cac b?nh phat sinh. Sau đo, cac vien thu?c vitamin đ??c s?n xu?t th??ng m?i g?m ph?c h?p vitamin B chi?t xu?t men va vitamin C ban t?ng h?p đa co s?n. đi?u nay đ??c ti?p n?i vao nh?ng n?m 1950 b?i vi?c s?n xu?t va ti?p th? hang lo?t cac ch?t b? sung vitamin , bao g?m vitamin t?ng h?p , đ? ng?n ng?a s? thi?u h?t vitamin trong dan s? noi chung. Cac chinh ph? b?t bu?c ph?i b? sung vitamin vao th?c ph?m ch? y?u nh? b?t ho?c s?a , đ??c g?i la t?ng c??ng th?c ph?m , đ? ng?n ng?a s? thi?u h?t. [8] Khuy?n cao v? vi?c b? sung axit folic khi mang thai lam gi?m nguy c? d? t?t ?ng th?n kinh ? tr? s? sinh . [9] M?c du vi?c gi?m t? l? thi?u h?t vitamin ro rang co l?i ich, vi?c b? sung đ??c cho la r?t it gia tr? đ?i v?i nh?ng ng??i kh?e m?nh đang tieu th? m?t ch? đ? ?n u?ng đ?y đ? vitamin. [10]

Thu?t ng? vitamin co ngu?n g?c t? ch? vitamine , đ??c đ?t ra vao n?m 1912 b?i nha hoa sinh ng??i Ba Lan Casimir Funk , ng??i đa co l?p m?t ph?c h?p cac vi ch?t dinh d??ng thi?t y?u cho s? s?ng, t?t c? đ?u đ??c ong coi la cac amin thi?t y?u (vital amine). Tuy nhien sau đo ng??i ta phat hi?n ra m?t s? vitamin khong ph?i la axit amin, vi v?y "vital amine" đ??c đ?i thanh "vitamin". [11] T?t c? cac vitamin đa đ??c phat hi?n (xac đ?nh) t? n?m 1913 đ?n 1948.

Danh sach [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ten mo t? chung Ten hoa h?c c?a vitamer (khong đ?y đ?) đ? hoa tan M?c chu?n tieu th?

hang ngay t?i M?
(nam/n?, tu?i

19?70) [12]

B?nh khi b? thi?u Tri?u ch?ng khi

qua li?u dung

Ngu?n th?c ?n
Vitamin A all- trans - Retinol , Retinol , va
alternative provitamin A-functioning Carotenoid
k? c? all- trans - Beta-Carotene 		Ch?t beo 900 μg/700 μg Ch?ng quang ga , T?ng s?ng , va Keratomalacia [13] Hypervitaminosis A - T? ngu?n g?c đ?ng v?t nh? Vitamin A / all-trans-Retinol: Ca noi chung, gan va cac s?n ph?m t? s?a .

T? ngu?n g?c th?c v?t nh? prov vitamin A / all-trans-beta-carotene: cam , qu? chin vang, rau la, ca r?t , bi ngo , bi, rau bina ;

Vitamin B 1 Thiamin N??c 1.2 mg/1.1 mg Thi?u vitamin B1 , Ch?ng Wernicke?Korsakoff Bu?n ng? va gian c? [14] Th?t l?n , oatmeal, g?o l?t , rau , khoai tay , gan, tr?ng
Vitamin B 2 Riboflavin N??c 1.3 mg/1.1 mg Ariboflavinosis , Viem l??i , Viem moi bong v?y S?n ph?m s?a, chu?i , đ?u xanh , m?ng tay
Vitamin B 3 Niacin , Nicotinamide , Nicotinamide riboside N??c 16 mg/14 mg Pellagra Gan b? h?ng (li?u dung > 2g/ngay) [15] va Niacin#Toxicity Th?t , ca, tr?ng, nhi?u lo?i rau, n?m , h?t cay
Vitamin B 5 Axit pantothenic N??c 5 mg/5 mg D? c?m Tieu ch?y ; co th? bu?n non va ? nong . [16] Th?t, bong c?i xanh , b?
Vitamin B 6 Pyridoxin , Pyridoxamin , Pyridoxal N??c 1.3?1.7 mg/1.2?1.5 mg Thi?u mau , [17] B?nh th?n kinh ngo?i bien Suy gi?m kh? n?ng nh?n th?c , T?n th??ng th?n kinh (dung li?u > 100 mg/ngay) Th?t, rau, h?t cay, chu?i
Vitamin B 7 Biotin N??c AI: 30 μg/30 μg Cham , Viem ru?t non Long đ? tr?ng s?ng , gan, l?c, rau xanh
Vitamin B 9 Folat , Axit folic N??c 400 μg/400 μg Thi?u mau va thi?u h?t nguyen bao kh?ng l? trong thai k? co lien quan đ?n B?t th??ng b?m sinh , ch?ng h?n nh? d? t?t ?ng th?n kinh Co th? che gi?u cac tri?u ch?ng thi?u vitamin B12 ; Folate#Toxicity . Rau la, pasta , banh mi , ng? c?c , gan
Vitamin B 12 Cyanocobalamin , Hydroxocobalamin , Methylcobalamin , Adenosylcobalamin N??c 2.4 μg/2.4 μg Thi?u mau do thi?u vitamin B12 [18] Ch?a phat hi?n Th?t, ca, tr?ng, s?a
Vitamin C Acid ascorbic N??c 90 mg/75 mg Scorbut đau d? day, tieu ch?y va đ?y h?i. Hoa qu? va rau, gan
Vitamin D Cholecalciferol (D3), Ergocalciferol (D2) Ch?t beo 15 μg/15 μg Coi x??ng va Nhuy?n x??ng Hypervitaminosis D đia y , tr?ng, gan, m?t s? loai ca nh? ca moi , m?t s? loai n?m nh? n?m h??ng
Vitamin E Tocopherol , Tocotrienol Ch?t beo 15 mg/15 mg S? thi?u h?t la r?t hi?m; Ch?ng tan mau, thi?u mau ? tr? s? sinh [19] Co th? t?ng t? l? m?c b?nh suy tim sung huy?t . [20] [21] Nhi?u lo?i trai cay va rau qu?, cac lo?i h?t cay, va d?u h?t
Vitamin K Phytomenadione , Vitamin K2 Ch?t beo AI: 110 μg/120 μg Bleeding diathesis Gi?m tac d?ng ch?ng đong mau c?a warfarin . [22] Cac lo?i rau la xanh nh? rau bina ; long đ? tr?ng; Gan

Phan lo?i [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Vitamin đ??c phan lo?i la hoa tan trong n??c ho?c hoa tan trong ch?t beo . ? ng??i co 13 lo?i vitamin: 4 tan trong ch?t beo (A, D, E va K) va 9 tan trong n??c (8 vitamin B va vitamin C). Cac vitamin tan trong n??c d? dang hoa tan trong n??c va noi chung la d? dang đao th?i ra kh?i c? th?, đ?n m?c ma l??ng n??c ti?u la m?t y?u t? d? bao m?nh m? v? tieu th? vitamin. [23] B?i vi chung khong đ??c l?u tr? d? dang, l??ng tieu th? đ?u đ?n la r?t quan tr?ng. [24] Cac vitamin tan trong ch?t beo đ??c h?p th? qua đ??ng ru?t v?i s? tr? giup c?a lipid (ch?t beo). Vitamin A va D co th? tich l?y trong c? th?, co th? d?n đ?n nguy hi?m th?a vitamin. Thi?u vitamin tan trong ch?t beo do kem h?p thu co y ngh?a đ?c bi?t trong b?nh x? nang . [25]

Anti vitamin [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Anti-vitamin la cac h?p ch?t hoa h?c ?c ch? s? h?p th? ho?c ho?t đ?ng c?a vitamin. Vi d?, avidin la m?t protein trong long tr?ng tr?ng s?ng co tac d?ng ?c ch? s? h?p th? biotin ; no b? vo hi?u hoa b?ng cach n?u ?n. [26] Pyrithiamine , m?t h?p ch?t t?ng h?p, co c?u truc phan t? t??ng t? thiamin ( vitamin B 1 ) va ?c ch? cac enzym s? d?ng thiamin. [27]

Ch?c n?ng sinh hoa [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

M?i vitamin th??ng đ??c s? d?ng trong nhi?u ph?n ?ng, va do đo h?u h?t co nhi?u ch?c n?ng. [28]

V? s? t?ng tr??ng c?a thai nhi va s? phat tri?n th?i th? ?u [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Cac vitamin r?t c?n thi?t cho s? t?ng tr??ng va phat tri?n binh th??ng c?a m?t sinh v?t đa bao . S? d?ng b?n thi?t k? di truy?n đ??c th?a h??ng t? cha m? c?a no, thai nhi phat tri?n t? cac ch?t dinh d??ng ma no h?p th?. No đoi h?i m?t s? vitamin va khoang ch?t c?n co m?t t?i m?t s? th?i đi?m nh?t đ?nh. [9] Nh?ng ch?t dinh d??ng nay t?o đi?u ki?n cho cac ph?n ?ng hoa h?c t?o ra da , x??ng , c? b?p va cac b? ph?n khac. N?u co s? thi?u h?t nghiem tr?ng c?a m?t ho?c nhi?u ch?t dinh d??ng nay, m?t đ?a tr? co th? b? b?nh do thi?u h?t. Ngay c? nh?ng thi?u sot nh? c?ng co th? gay ra thi?t h?i v?nh vi?n. [29]

B?o d??ng s?c kh?e ng??i l?n [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Sau khi t?ng tr??ng va phat tri?n hoan thanh, vitamin v?n la ch?t dinh d??ng thi?t y?u cho s? duy tri lanh m?nh c?a cac t? bao, mo va c? quan t?o nen m?t sinh v?t đa bao; chung c?ng cho phep m?t d?ng s?ng đa bao s? d?ng hi?u qu? n?ng l??ng hoa h?c đ??c cung c?p b?i th?c ph?m ma no ?n va đ? giup x? ly protein, carbohydrate va ch?t beo c?n thi?t cho qua trinh ho h?p t? bao . [7]

L??ng tieu th? [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ngu?n [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ph?n l?n, vitamin thu đ??c t? ch? đ? ?n, nh?ng m?t s? đ??c thu nh?n b?ng cac ph??ng ti?n khac: vi d?, vi sinh v?t trong h? vi sinh đ??ng ru?t s?n xu?t vitamin K va biotin; va m?t d?ng vitamin D đ??c t?ng h?p trong cac t? bao da khi chung ti?p xuc v?i m?t b??c song nh?t đ?nh c?a tia c?c tim co trong anh sang M?t Tr?i . Con ng??i co th? s?n xu?t m?t s? vitamin t? ti?n ch?t ma h? tieu th?: vi d?, vitamin A đ??c t?ng h?p t? beta-carotene ; va vitamin B 3 đ??c t?ng h?p t? amino acid tryptophan . [30] Sang ki?n T?ng c??ng Th?c ph?m li?t ke cac qu?c gia co ch??ng trinh t?ng c??ng b?t bu?c đ?i v?i vitamin A va vitamin B 1 , B 2 , B 3 , B 9 va B 12 . [8]

Thi?u h?t [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Cac kho d? tr? c?a c? th? cho cac vitamin khac nhau r?t khac nhau; vitamin A, D va B 12 đ??c l?u tr? v?i s? l??ng đang k?, ch? y?u ? gan , [19] va ch? đ? ?n c?a ng??i tr??ng thanh co th? b? thi?u vitamin A va D trong nhi?u thang va B 12 trong m?t s? tr??ng h?p trong nhi?u n?m, tr??c khi b? sinh b?nh. Tuy nhien, vitamin B 3 (niacin va niacinamide) khong đ??c l?u tr? v?i s? l??ng đang k?, vi v?y l??ng d? tr? co th? ch? keo dai m?t vai tu?n. [13] [19] đ?i v?i vitamin C, cac tri?u ch?ng đ?u tien c?a b?nh scorbut trong cac nghien c?u th?c nghi?m v? s? thi?u h?t vitamin C hoan toan ? ng??i đa thay đ?i r?t nhi?u, t? m?t thang đ?n h?n sau thang, tuy thu?c vao l?ch s? ch? đ? ?n tr??c đo xac đ?nh l??ng vitamin l?u tr? trong c? th?. [31]

S? thi?u h?t vitamin đ??c phan lo?i la nguyen phat ho?c th? phat. S? thi?u h?t nguyen phat x?y ra khi m?t sinh v?t khong co đ? vitamin trong th?c ?n. S? thi?u h?t th? phat co th? la do r?i lo?n c? b?n ng?n c?n ho?c h?n ch? s? h?p th? ho?c s? d?ng vitamin, do "y?u t? l?i s?ng", ch?ng h?n nh? hut thu?c , u?ng qua nhi?u r??u ho?c s? d?ng thu?c c?n tr? s? h?p th? ho?c s? d?ng c?a vitamin. [19] Nh?ng ng??i ?n m?t ch? đ? ?n u?ng đa d?ng khong co kh? n?ng b? thi?u vitamin nguyen phat nghiem tr?ng, nh?ng co th? tieu th? it h?n l??ng khuy?n cao; m?t cu?c kh?o sat th?c ph?m va th?c ph?m b? sung qu?c gia đ??c th?c hi?n t?i Hoa K? trong giai đo?n 2003-2006 đa bao cao r?ng h?n 90% ca nhan khong tieu th? vitamin b? sung đ??c phat hi?n co m?c đ? khong đ? c?a m?t s? vitamin thi?t y?u, đ?c bi?t la vitamin D va E. [32]

S? thi?u h?t vitamin ? ng??i đ??c nghien c?u k? l??ng lien quan đ?n thiamin ( beriberi ), niacin ( pellagra ), [33] vitamin C ( scorbut ), folate ( d? t?t ?ng th?n kinh ) va vitamin D ( coi x??ng ). [34] Trong ph?n l?n th? gi?i phat tri?n, nh?ng thi?u h?t nay r?t hi?m; đi?u nay la do A) cung c?p đ? th?c ph?m va B) b? sung vitamin vao th?c ph?m thong th??ng (t?ng c??ng). [19] Ngoai cac b?nh thi?u vitamin c? đi?n nay, m?t s? b?ng ch?ng c?ng cho th?y m?i lien h? gi?a vi?c thi?u vitamin va m?t s? r?i lo?n khac nhau. [35] [36]

D? th?a [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

M?t s? vitamin đa ghi nh?n co đ?c tinh c?p tinh ho?c man tinh ? l??ng l?n h?n, đ??c g?i la đ?c tinh khi dung qua nhi?u. Lien minh chau Au va chinh ph? c?a m?t s? qu?c gia đa thi?t l?p gi?i h?n tren cho m?c tieu th? (ULs) cho nh?ng vitamin co ghi nh?n đ?c tinh (xem b?ng). [12] [37] [38] Kh? n?ng tieu th? qua nhi?u vitamin t? th?c ph?m la r?t th?p, nh?ng l??ng h?p th? qua m?c ( ng? đ?c vitamin ) t? th?c ph?m b? sung đa x?y ra. Trong n?m 2016, vi?c ti?p xuc qua li?u v?i t?t c? cac cong th?c vitamin va đa vitamin/khoang ch?t đa đ??c bao cao t? 63.931 ca nhan cho Hi?p h?i cac Trung tam ki?m soat đ?c d??c Hoa K? v?i 72% cac ca ph?i nhi?m nay ? tr? em d??i 5 tu?i. [39] T?i Hoa K?, phan tich m?t cu?c kh?o sat v? ch? đ? ?n u?ng va b? sung qu?c gia đa bao cao r?ng kho?ng 7% ng??i dung b? sung ng??i tr??ng thanh v??t qua m?c gi?i h?n tren đ?i v?i folate va 5% nh?ng ng??i tren 50 tu?i v??t qua m?c đ?i v?i vitamin A. [32]

Tac d?ng c?a n?u ?n [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

B? Nong nghi?p Hoa K? đa ti?n hanh cac nghien c?u sau r?ng v? t? l? hao h?t c?a cac ch?t dinh d??ng khac nhau t? cac lo?i th?c ph?m va ph??ng phap n?u ?n khac nhau. [40] M?t s? vitamin co th? tr? nen "co s?n v? m?t sinh h?c " h?n - ngh?a la c? th? co th? s? d?ng đ??c - khi th?c ?n đ??c n?u chin. [41] B?ng d??i đay cho th?y cac lo?i vitamin khac nhau co d? b? m?t do nhi?t khong, ch?ng h?n nh? nhi?t t? đun soi, h?p, chien, v.v. Hi?u qu? c?a vi?c c?t rau co th? đ??c nhin th?y khi ti?p xuc v?i khong khi va anh sang . Cac vitamin tan trong n??c nh? B va C hoa tan vao n??c khi rau đ??c đun soi, va sau đo b? m?t khi n??c b? lo?i b?. [42]

Vitamin Hoa tan trong n??c ?n đ?nh khi ti?p xuc v?i khong khi ?n đ?nh v?i anh sang ?n đ?nh khi ti?p xuc v?i nhi?t
Vitamin A Khong m?t ph?n m?t ph?n t??ng đ?i ?n đ?nh
Vitamin C r?t khong ?n đ?nh Co Khong Khong
Vitamin D Khong Khong Khong Khong
Vitamin E Khong Co Co Khong
Vitamin K Khong Khong Co Khong
Thiamine (B 1 ) cao Khong ? > 100 °C
Riboflavin (B 2 ) r?t it Khong trong dung d?ch Khong
Niacin (B 3 ) Co Khong Khong Khong
Axit pantothenic (B 5 ) kha ?n đ?nh Khong Khong Co
Vitamin B 6 Co ? Co ?
Biotin (B 7 ) ph?n nao ? ? Khong
Axit Folic (B 9 ) Co ? khi kho ? nhi?t đ? cao
Cobalamin (B 12 ) Co ? Co Khong

M?c đ? xu?t [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Trong vi?c thi?t l?p cac h??ng d?n dinh d??ng c?a con ng??i, cac t? ch?c chinh ph? khong nh?t thi?t ph?i đ?ng y v? s? l??ng c?n thi?t đ? tranh thi?u h?t ho?c s? l??ng t?i đa đ? tranh nguy c? đ?c tinh. [12] [37] [38] Vi d?, đ?i v?i vitamin C , l??ng khuy?n cao trong kho?ng t? 40 mg/ngay ? ?n đ? [43] đ?n 155 mg/ngay ? Lien minh chau Au. [44] B?ng d??i đay cho th?y Yeu c?u trung binh ??c tinh c?a Hoa K? (EAR) va Tr? c?p ch? đ? ?n u?ng đ??c khuy?n ngh? (RDAs) đ?i v?i vitamin, PRI cho Lien minh chau Au (cung khai ni?m v?i RDAs), theo sau la ba t? ch?c chinh ph? coi la m?c tieu th? an toan. RDA đ??c đ?t cao h?n EAR đ? bu cho nh?ng ng??i co nhu c?u cao h?n m?c trung binh. L??ng nh?p đ?y đ? (AI) đ??c đ?t khi khong co đ? thong tin đ? thi?t l?p EAR va RDA. Cac chinh ph? kha ch?m tr? s?a đ?i thong tin ki?u nay. đ?i v?i cac con s? c?a Hoa K?, ngo?i tr? calci va vitamin D, t?t c? cac d? li?u d??i đay co t? n?m 1997-2004. [45]

Tham kh?o [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

  1. ^ https://suckhoe.vn/dinh-duong/sinh-to-vitamin-la-gi-vai-tro-va-phan-loai-sinh-to.html
  2. ^ https://ctujsvn.ctu.edu.vn/index.php/ctujsvn/article/view/598/3221
  3. ^ https://jst.iuh.edu.vn/index.php/jst-iuh/article/download/582/306
  4. ^ https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=_XAg1d7BGjkC&pg=PA222&dq=vitamin+%22sinh+t%E1%BB%91%22&hl=vi&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC-arOkOL5AhWiTmwGHZwLBlc4ChDoAXoECAUQAg#v=onepage&q=vitamin%20%22sinh%20t%E1%BB%91%22&f=false
  5. ^ https://books.google.com.vn/books?id=CwXzJ7nvyHcC&pg=PA119&dq=vitamin+%22sinh+t%E1%BB%91%22&hl=vi&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiC-arOkOL5AhWiTmwGHZwLBlc4ChDoAXoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=vitamin%20%22sinh%20t%E1%BB%91%22&f=false
  6. ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN   978-0-13-981176-0 . OCLC   32308337 .
  7. ^ a b Bender DA (2003). Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins . Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-80388-5 .
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L?y t? “ https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin&oldid=71400393 ”