"
Toi Co m?t ??c m?
" (ten g?c ti?ng Anh: "
I Have a Dream
") la ten ph? bi?n c?a bai di?n v?n n?i ti?ng nh?t c?a
Martin Luther King, Jr.
, khi ong noi, v?i s?c m?nh thuy?t ph?c c?a tai hung bi?n, v? ??c m? c?a ong cho t??ng lai c?a n??c
M?
, khi ng??i da tr?ng va ng??i da đen co th? s?ng chung hoa thu?n nh? nh?ng con ng??i binh đ?ng. Ngay
28 thang 8
n?m
1963
, King đ?c bai di?n v?n nay t? nh?ng b?c th?m c?a
đai T??ng ni?m Lincoln
trong cu?c
Tu?n hanh đ?n Washington vi Vi?c lam va T? do
. đo la th?i đi?m quy?t đ?nh cho
Phong trao Dan quy?n M?
.
Kh?i đ?u v?i g?i y đ?n b?n
Tuyen ngon Gi?i phong No l?
, v?n ki?n n?m 1863 cong b? s? t? do cho hang tri?u no l?,
[1]
King đ?a ra nh?n xet, "nh?ng m?t tr?m n?m sau, ng??i da đen v?n ch?a đ??c t? do."
[2]
Khi s?p k?t thuc bai di?n v?n, King r?i b? b?n th?o so?n s?n đ? trinh bay m?t đi?p ng? đ?y tinh ng?u h?ng, khi ong nh?c đi nh?c l?i cau, "Toi co m?t ??c m?", co l? theo yeu c?u c?a
Mahalia Jackson
, "Noi cho h? bi?t v? ??c m? đo đi, Martin!"
[3]
đay la th?i kh?c đ?y c?m xuc ng??i nghe len đ?nh đi?m, va khi?n no tr? thanh ph?n n?i ti?ng nh?t c?a bai di?n v?n: King k? cho h? nghe v? ??c m? c?a ong, phac h?a nh?ng hinh ?nh v? s? t? do va binh đ?ng đang tr?i d?y t? vung đ?t no l? va đ?y h?n thu.
[4]
"Toi co m?t ??c m?" đ?ng đ?u danh sach
100 bai di?n v?n chinh tr? xu?t s?c nh?t n??c M? trong th? k? 20
, theo s? binh ch?n n?m 1999 c?a gi?i h?c gi? v? di?n thuy?t tr??c cong chung.
[5]
Cu?c Tu?n hanh vi Vi?c lam va T? do t? ch?c t?i Washington m?t ph?n nh?m bi?u d??ng s? h?u thu?n danh cho cu?c v?n đ?ng c?a T?ng th?ng
Kennedy
trong thang 6 thong qua cac đ?o lu?t dan quy?n. King cung nh?ng nha lanh đ?o Phong trao Dan quy?n đ?ng y duy tri l?p tr??ng on hoa, va tranh keu g?i nh?ng hanh đ?ng b?t tuan dan s? la d?u ?n n?i b?t c?a Phong trao Dan quy?n. King d? đ?nh s? d?ng di?n t? nay nh? m?t c? h?i đ? ton vinh
Di?n v?n Gettysburg
c?a
Abraham Lincoln
, nhan d?p k? ni?m m?t tr?m n?m B?n Tuyen ngon Gi?i phong No l?.
[4]
T?a đ? va s? hinh thanh
[
s?a
|
s?a ma ngu?n
]
T? th?p nien 1960, King đa kh?i s? noi v? "??c m?" khi ong di?n thuy?t t?i Hi?p h?i vi s? Th?ng ti?n c?a ng??i Da mau (NAACP) ma ong g?i la "Ng??i da đen va ??c m? M?", trinh bay v? kho?ng cach gi?a Gi?c m? M? va cu?c s?ng th?c t? c?a ng??i M?; ong cho r?ng nh?ng ng??i ?ng h? thuy?t da tr?ng ?u vi?t lam tan nat ??c m?, va them r?ng "Chinh ph? lien bang c?a chung ta khoet sau them qua thai đ? vo c?m va đ?o đ?c gi?, va b?i s? ph?n b?i c?a h? đ?i v?i chinh ngh?a c?a cong ly". King nh?n đ?nh, "Co th? l?m ng??i da đen chinh la ph??ng ti?n Chua dung đ?
c?u r?i
linh h?n n??c M?."
[6]
[7]
Thang 6, 1963 ? Detroit, King c?ng noi v? m?t "??c m?" khi ong tu?n hanh tren đ?i l? Woodward v?i Walther Reuther va M?c s? C. L. Franklin.
[8]
Di?n t? King trinh bay t?i cu?c tu?n hanh Washington, "Toi co m?t ??c m?", co vai phien b?n đ??c vi?t vao nh?ng th?i đi?m khac nhau.
[9]
Khong co m?t phien b?n đ?c nh?t nh?ng la m?t s? t?ng h?p t? vai b?n th?o, luc đ?u đ??c g?i la "Normalcy, Never Again". M?t it t? b?n th?o nay cung m?t it t? m?t b?n th?o khac, "Normalcy Speech", đ??c đem vao b?n th?o sau cung. M?t b?n th?o "Normalcy, Never Again" đ??c l?u gi? t?i Th? vi?n Robert W. Woodruff c?a Trung tam đ?i h?c Atlanta va đ?i h?c Morehouse.
[10]
Khi s?p k?t thuc bai di?n v?n, Ti?n s? King nghe ti?ng keu to c?a ca s? n?i ti?ng thu?c dong
nh?c Phuc am
,
Mahalia Jackson
, t? d??i đam đong, "Noi cho h? bi?t v? ??c m? đo đi, Martin!". King ng?ng đ?c bai di?n v?n so?n s?n, va kh?i s? "thuy?t gi?ng", nh?n m?nh đ?n cau noi cao trao, "Toi co m?t ??c m?".
[11]
Bai di?n v?n đ??c phac th?o v?i s? tr? giup t? Stanley Levinson va Clarence Benjamin Jones
[12]
? Riverdale,
Thanh ph? New York
. Jones thu?t l?i, "vi?c chu?n b? h?u c?n cho cu?c tu?n hanh qua n?ng n? đ?n n?i bai di?n v?n khong đ??c xem la ?u tien", ong them, "vao chi?u t?i th? Ba, ngay 27 thang 8 [12 gi? tr??c khi cu?c tu?n hanh b?t đ?u] Martin v?n ch?a bi?t ph?i noi gi".
[13]
Tr??c đo, King đa ?ng d?ng th? phap đi?p ng? cho cau "Toi co m?t ??c m?" khi di?n thuy?t tr??c c? t?a 25 000 ng??i t?i Cobo Hall ?
Detroit
ngay sau cu?c Di?u hanh cho T? do v?i s? tham d? c?a 125 000 ng??i t?i Detroit vao ngay 23 thang 6 n?m 1963.
[14]
[15]
Sau cu?c tu?n hanh t?i Washington, m?t b?n thu am di?n t? c?a King t?i Cobo Hall đ??c phat hanh v?i tieu đ? "The Great March to Freedom".
[16]
đ??c ca t?ng nh? la m?t ki?t tac c?a
thu?t hung bi?n
, bai di?n v?n c?a King đ??c đ?nh hinh theo phong cach thuy?t giao c?a cac
m?c s?
da đen thu?c h? phai
Baptist
, th??ng vi?n d?n t? nh?ng ngu?n co gia tr? thieng lieng va đ??c m?i ng??i ton tr?ng nh?
Kinh Thanh
,
Tuyen ngon đ?c l?p Hoa K?
,
Tuyen ngon Gi?i phong No l?
va
Hi?n phap Hoa K?
.
Thong qua th? thu?t hung bi?n đ? ki?n t?o nh?ng lien t??ng (đ?nh ngh?a b?i Campell va Huxman (2003) nh? la "nh?ng trich d?n gian ti?p t? ki?n th?c v?n hoa chung c?a ng??i M? nh? Kinh Thanh,
th?n tho?i Hi L?p
va
La Ma
, ho?c l?ch s? n??c M?"), King s? d?ng ngon t? va cac trich đo?n t? nh?ng ang v?n tham thuy va đ??c yeu thich c?a v?n hoa Hoa K? đ? bi?n chung thanh s?c m?nh thuy?t ph?c cho bai di?n v?n c?a ong. Ngay t? ph?n đ?u c?a bai di?n v?n, King đa m??n l?i t?
Di?n v?n Gettysburg
[17]
c?a
Abraham Lincoln
khi ong noi "
Five score years ago...
" (M?t tr?m n?m tr??c...). Nh?ng g?i y đ?n t? Kinh Thanh chi?m v? tri v??t tr?i. King trich d?n t? Thi thien (
Thanh v?nh
) 30:5
[18]
trong đo?n th? nhi c?a bai di?n v?n, khi nh?c đ?n đi?u kho?n bai b? no l? đ??c ghi trong b?n Tuyen ngon Gi?i phong No l?, ong noi "
No đa đ?n nh? binh minh r?n ra đ? k?t thuc đem dai t?m t?i c?a ki?p no l?
". M?t g?i y khac đ?n t? Kinh Thanh đ??c tim th?y trong đo?n th? m??i c?a bai di?n v?n: "
Khong, khong, chung ta khong hai long, va chung ta s? khong hai long cho đ?n khi s? cong chinh đ? xu?ng nh? n??c ch?y va s? chinh tr?c nh? m?t dong song
", đ?n t? Amos 5:24
[19]
. King c?ng trich d?n t? Isaiah 40:4
[20]
khi ong noi "
Toi co m?t ??c m?, r?i co m?t ngay m?i thung l?ng s? đ??c nang cao, m?i đ?i nui s? b? h? th?p, ch? l?i lom s? đ??c san b?ng, ch? quanh co s? thanh ngay th?ng, va s? vinh hi?n c?a
Thien Chua
s? hi?n l? đ? m?i loai xac th?t cung nhau chiem ng??ng...
"
S? d?ng nh?ng ch? đ?u m?t cau ho?c m?t phan đo?n đ? nh?n m?nh, s?p x?p va đ?y m?t y t??ng len đ?nh đi?m (Campbell & Huxman, 2002, p. 177) la phep hung bi?n đ??c King s? d?ng su?t bai di?n v?n. M?t vi d? đ??c tim th?y ngay t? đ?u khi King d?n đ?a đam đong đ?n cao trao: "
Nay la luc
..." đ??c l?p l?i b?n l?n trong đo?n th? sau c?a bai di?n v?n. N?i ti?ng nh?t la cau noi "
Toi co m?t ??c m?
..." đ??c l?p l?i tam l?n khi King phac h?a b?c tranh hoa h?p ch?ng t?c c?a m?t n??c M? hi?p nh?t.
Theo s?p đ?t c?a ch??ng trinh, King la ng??i th? m??i sau trong s? m??i tam di?n gi? phat bi?u trong ngay t? ch?c cu?c tu?n hanh.
[21]
Dan bi?u Hoa K? John Lewis, ong c?ng la m?t di?n gi? t?i s? ki?n nay v?i t? cach ch? t?ch ?y ban Ph?i h?p Sinh vien B?t b?o đ?ng, nh?n xet, "Ti?n s? King co s?c m?nh, n?ng l?c, va kh? n?ng chuy?n hoa nh?ng b?c th?m c?a đai T??ng ni?m Lincoln thanh m?t đ?a đi?m đ??c t??ng nh? lau dai. B?ng cung cach di?n thuy?t c?a ong, King đa giao d?c, soi d?n, va loan bao khong ch? cho nh?ng ng??i co m?t ? đo, nh?ng cho m?i ng??i tren kh?p n??c M?, va cho nh?ng th? h? ch?a sinh ra."
[22]
Nh?ng y t??ng đ??c th? hi?n trong bai di?n v?n ph?n anh nh?ng ng??c đai King đa n?m tr?i nh? m?t ng??i da đen, va keu g?i s? quan tam đ?n ly t??ng c?a n??c M? nh? la m?t qu?c gia đ??c thanh l?p đ? cung ?ng quy?n t? do va cong ly cho m?i ng??i, r?i ong c?ng c? va lam th?ng hoa nh?ng ly t??ng ?y b?ng cach đ?t chung vao m?t b?i c?nh thieng lieng v?i l?p lu?n r?ng s? cong b?ng xa h?i la phu h?p v?i y ch? c?a Chua. Nh? th?, bai di?n v?n đa c?ng hi?n cho n??c M? c? h?i đ??c c?u r?i kh?i t?i k? th? ch?ng t?c.
[23]
King mieu t? nh?ng gi n??c M? đa h?a h?n la m?t "tin phi?u" ma n??c M? khong ch?u thanh kho?n. Ong noi, "n??c M? đa trao cho ng??i da đen m?t t?m ngan phi?u x?u", nay "chung ta đ?n đ? đ?i t?m ngan phi?u ?y thanh ti?n" b?ng cach tu?n hanh ? Washington, D. C.
Vi King th??ng phat nh?ng b?n sao bai phat bi?u c?a ong cho cong chung t?i n?i di?n thuy?t, đa co th?i gian ng??i ta tranh cai v? tinh tr?ng b?n quy?n cac bai phat bi?u c?a ong. Vi?c nay đa d?n đ?n m?t v? ki?n,
Cong ty tai s?n c?a Martin Luther King, Jr. ki?n Cong ty CBS
, đ??c tuyen la ben tai s?n c?a King gi? b?n quy?n bai phat bi?u va co quy?n ki?n. Vi?c s? d?ng toan v?n ho?c m?t ph?n bai phat bi?u ma ch?a đ??c cho phep v?n co th? s? d?ng trong m?t vai tinh hu?ng, đ?c bi?t la v?i ly do
s? d?ng h?p ly
ho?c trich d?n h?p ly. Theo lu?t hi?n hanh thi bai phat bi?u v?n đ??c Hoa K? b?o h? b?n quy?n cho đ?n n?m 2038, t?c la 70 n?m sau khi King m?t.
M?t ngay sau, bai di?n v?n nh?n đ??c s? ca t?ng, va đ??c nh?ng nha quan sat xem la đ?nh cao c?a cu?c tu?n hanh.
[24]
James Reston, m?t cay but c?a t?
New York Times
, nh?n xet, "Ti?n s? King đa ch?m đ?n t?t c? ch? đ? c?a ngay ?y, ch? đ? lam t?t h?n nh?ng ng??i khac. Ong la m?t bi?u t??ng đ?y tr?n cho Lincoln va
Gandhi
, va th?m đ?m tinh th?n c?a
Kinh Thanh
. Ong v?a quy?t li?t v?a tr?m l?ng, va khi?n đam đong ra v? v?i c?m giac r?ng m?t cu?c hanh trinh dai la x?ng đang". Reston c?ng nh?n th?y "s? ki?n đa đ??c truy?n hinh va bao chi t??ng thu?t t?t h?n b?t c? s? ki?n nao khac k? t? l? nh?m ch?c c?a T?ng th?ng Kennedy," va tin r?ng "s? con lau l?m [Washington] m?i quen đ??c gi?ng du d??ng u bu?n c?a M?c s? Martin Luther King Jr. noi v?i đam đong v? ??c m? c?a ong."
[25]
M?t bai vi?t c?a Mary McGrory đ?ng tren t?
Boston Globe
thu?t l?i r?ng di?n t? c?a King đa "hut h?n" va "c?m đ?ng đam đong" trong ngay ?y theo cach khong m?t di?n gi? nao khac co th? lam đ??c.
[26]
Marquis Childs c?a t?
Washington Post
vi?t r?ng di?n v?n c?a King "v??t qua thu?t hung bi?n đ?n thu?n".
[27]
M?t bai bao tren t?
Los Angeles Times
binh lu?n r?ng "tai hung bi?n vo song" đ??c th? hi?n b?i King, "nha hung bi?n sieu đ?ng" v?i phong cach cach qua hi?m hoi đ?n n?i h?u nh? b? lang quen trong th?i đ?i chung ta, "đa khi?n nh?ng k? ch? tr??ng phan bi?t ph?i h? th?n" b?ng cach soi sang "l??ng tam c?a n??c M?" v?i cong ly c?a chinh ngh?a quy?n cong dan.
[28]
William C. Sullivan, ng??i đ?ng đ?u đ?n v? ph?n gian c?a
FBI
, CONIELPRO, hai ngay sau khi King đ?c di?n t? "Toi co m?t ??c m?", vi?t m?t b?n ghi nh? v? ?nh h??ng đang gia t?ng c?a King: "Xet đ?n ?nh h??ng tren ng??i da đen, v?i bai di?n v?n m? dan đ?y thu hut c?a King hom qua, ong ?y đ?ng v??t tr?i h?n h?n t?t c? lanh t? da đen c?ng l?i. Chung ta ph?i đanh d?u ong ta ngay bay gi?, n?u tr??c đay ch?a lam nh? th?, nh? la ng??i da đen nguy hi?m nh?t trong t??ng lai t?i qu?c gia nay".
[29]
Cu?c Tu?n hanh t?i Washington gay ap l?c tren chinh quy?n Kennedy thuc đ?y vi?c thong qua đ?o lu?t dan quy?n t?i Qu?c h?i.
[30]
Theo nh?t ky c?a Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (ph? ta đ?c bi?t cho T?ng th?ng Kennedy t? n?m 1961-63) phat hanh n?m 2007 sau khi ong m?t, noi r?ng T?ng th?ng Kennedy t? ra lo l?ng n?u cu?c tu?n hanh khong thu hut đ??c nhi?u ng??i s? ?nh h??ng đ?n n? l?c thuc đ?y dan quy?n c?a ong.
Sau cu?c tu?n hanh, t?p chi
TIME
ch?n King la Nhan v?t c?a N?m n?m 1963, n?m sau ong đ??c trao t?ng Gi?i Nobel Hoa binh, King la ng??i tr? tu?i nh?t đ??c nh?n vinh d? nay khi ?y.
[31]
[2]
N?m 2002,
Th? vi?n Qu?c h?i
vinh danh "Toi co m?t ??c m?" khi ch?n bai di?n v?n vao Danh sach Ghi am Qu?c gia (tuy?n ch?n nh?ng b?n ghi am co t?m quan tr?ng v? v?n hoa, l?ch s?, va th?m m?, ho?c ph?n ?nh cu?c s?ng t?i Hoa K?).
[32]
N?m 2003, C?c Cong vien Qu?c gia khanh thanh m?t b? đa hoa c??ng đanh d?u đ?a đi?m King đ?c bai di?n v?n t?i đai T??ng ni?m Lincoln.
[33]
“
|
I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.
Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon of hope to millions of slaves, who had been seared in the flames of whithering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. But one hundred years later, the colored America is still not free. One hundred years later, the life of the colored American is still sadly crippled by the manacle of segregation and the chains of discrimination.
One hundred years later, the colored American lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the colored American is still languishing in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land So we have come here today to dramatize a shameful condition.
In a sense we have come to our Nation’s Capital to cash a check. When the architects of our great republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.
This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the inalienable rights of life liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given its colored people a bad check, a check that has come back marked “insufficient funds.”
But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. So we have come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and security of justice.
We have also come to his hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now. This is not time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism.
Now is the time to make real the promise of democracy.
Now it the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice.
Now it the time to lift our nation from the quicksand of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood.
Now is the time to make justice a reality to all of God’s children.
I would be fatal for the nation to overlook the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the determination of it’s colored citizens. This sweltering summer of the colored people’s legitimate discontent will not pass until there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. Nineteen sixty-three is not an end but a beginning. Those who hope that the colored Americans needed to blow off steam and will now be content will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual.
There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the colored citizen is granted his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.
We can never be satisfied as long as our bodies, heavy with the fatigue of travel, cannot gain lodging in the motels of the highways and the hotels of the cities.
We cannot be satisfied as long as the colored person’s basic mobility is from a smaller ghetto to a larger one.
We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their selfhood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating “for white only.”
We cannot be satisfied as long as a colored person in Mississippi cannot vote and a colored person in New York believes he has nothing for which to vote.
No, no we are not satisfied and we will not be satisfied until justice rolls down like waters and righteousness like a mighty stream.
I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of your trials and tribulations. Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by storms of persecutions and staggered by the winds of police brutality.
You have been the veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.
Go back to Mississippi, go back to Alabama, go back to South Carolina go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our modern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed.
Let us not wallow in the valley of despair. I say to you, my friends, we have the difficulties of today and tomorrow.
I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed. We hold these truths to be self-evident that all men are created equal.
I have a dream that one day out in the red hills of Georgia the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slaveowners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.
I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by their character.
I have a dream today.
I have a dream that one day down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of interposition and nullification; that one day right down in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.
I have a dream today.
I have a dream that one day every valley shall be engulfed, every hill shall be exalted and every mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plains and the crooked places will be made straight and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.
This is our hope. This is the faith that I will go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.
With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.
With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to climb up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.
This will be the day when all of God’s children will be able to sing with new meaning “My country ’tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my father’s died, land of the Pilgrim’s pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring!”
And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. So let freedom ring from the hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.
Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.
Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.
Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California.
But not only that, let freedom, ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia.
Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi and every mountainside.
When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every tenement and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old spiritual, “Free at last, free at last. Thank God Almighty, we are free at last.”
|
”
|
- ^
I Have a Dream: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Future of Multicultural America, James Echols - 2004
- ^
a
b
Alexandra Alvarez, "Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream": The Speech Event as Metaphor",
Journal of Black Studies
18(3); accessed
via SagePub
L?u tr?
2013-11-16 t?i
Wayback Machine
, DOI: 10.1177/002193478801800306.
- ^
See Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters:
America in the King Years
1954-1963
.
- ^
a
b
Nicolaus Mills, "What Really Happened at the March on Washington?",
Dissent
, Summer 1988; reprinted in
Civil Rights Since 1787: A Reader on the Black Struggle
, ed. Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor, New York: New York University Press, 2000.
- ^
Stephen Lucas and Martin Medhurst (ngay 15 thang 12 n?m 1999).
“I Have a Dream Speech Leads Top 100 Speeches of the Century”
.
University of Wisconsin?Madison
.
B?n g?c
l?u tr? ngay 9 thang 7 n?m 2006
. Truy c?p ngay 18 thang 7 n?m 2006
.
- ^
“I Have a Dream (ngay 28 thang 8 n?m 1963)”
. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute
. Truy c?p ngay 19 thang 1 n?m 2009
.
[
lien k?t h?ng
]
- ^
Martin Luther King, Jr., "
The Negro and the American Dream
", speech delivered to the NAACP in Charlotte, NC, ngay 25 thang 9 n?m 1960.
- ^
“Interview With Martin Luther King III”
.
CNN
. ngay 22 thang 8 n?m 2003
. Truy c?p ngay 15 thang 1 n?m 2007
.
- ^
Hansen, D, D. (2003). The original name of the speech was, "A Canceled Check," but the aspired ad lib of the dream from preacher's anointing brought forth a new entitlement, "I Have A Dream."
The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation
. New York, NY: Harper Collins. p. 70.
- ^
Morehouse College Martin Luther King, Jr. Collection, 2009.
Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center
- ^
Hansen, D, D. (2003).
The Dream: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Speech that Inspired a Nation.
New York, NY: Harper Collins. p. 58.
- ^
“Jones, Clarence Benjamin (1931-)”
. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Global Freedom Struggle (Stanford University).
B?n g?c
l?u tr? ngay 6 thang 6 n?m 2008
. Truy c?p ngay 28 thang 2 n?m 2011
.
- ^
“On Martin Luther King Day, remembering the first draft of 'I Have a Dream
'
”
. The Washington Post. ngay 16 thang 1 n?m 2011
. Truy c?p ngay 28 thang 2 n?m 2011
.
- ^
Boyle, Kevin (ngay 1 thang 5 n?m 2007),
Detroit’s Walk To Freedom
,
Michigan History Magazine
- ^
Garrett, Bob,
Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Detroit Freedom Walk
, Michigan Department of Natural Resources - Michigan Library and Historical - Center Michigan Historical Center
, truy c?p ngay 15 thang 2 n?m 2012
- ^
Ward, Brian (1998),
Recording the Dream
,
48
,
History Today
- ^
"
Four scores and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth...
" Di?n v?n Gettysburg
- ^
"
S? khoc loc đ?n tr? ban đem, Nh?ng bu?i sang ben co s? vui m?ng
" ? Thi thien 30:5
- ^
"
Tha hay lam cho s? chinh tr?c ch?y xu?ng nh? n??c, va s? cong binh nh? song l?n cu?n cu?n
" ? Amos 5:24
- ^
"
M?i n?i s?ng th?p s? đ??c cao len; m?i nui m?i go s? b? h? xu?ng; cac n?i g?p gh?nh s? lam cho b?ng; cac n?i d?c ham s? lam thanh đ?ng n?i. B?y gi? s? vinh hi?n c?a Chua s? hi?n ra, va m?i xac th?t đ?u s? xem th?y
" Isaiah 40:4
- ^
“Today's Document from the National Archives”
. Truy c?p 15 thang 2 n?m 2015
.
- ^
“A "Dream" Remembered”
. NewsHour. ngay 28 thang 8 n?m 2003
. Truy c?p ngay 19 thang 7 n?m 2006
.
- ^
See David A. Bobbitt,
The Rhetoric of Redemption: Kenneth Burke's Redemption Drama and Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" Speech
(Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2004)
- ^
"The News of the Week in Review: March on Washington?Symbol of intensified drive for Negro rights,"
New York Times
(ngay 1 thang 9 n?m 1963).
The high point and climax of the day, it was generally agreed, was the eloquent and moving speech late in the afternoon by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., [...].
- ^
James Reston, "'I Have a Dream...: Peroration by Dr. King sums up a day the capital will remember,"
New York Times
(ngay 29 thang 8 n?m 1963).
- ^
Mary McGrory, "Polite, Happy, Helpful: The Real Hero Was the Crowd,"
Boston Globe
(ngay 29 thang 8 n?m 1963).
- ^
Marquis Childs, "Triumphal March Silences Scoffers,"
The Washington Post
(ngay 30 thang 8 n?m 1963).
- ^
Max Freedman, "The Big March in Washington Described as 'Epic of Democracy',"
Los Angeles Times
(Sep. 9, 1963).
- ^
Memo hosted by American Radio Works (American Public Media), "
The FBI's War on King
".
- ^
Clayborne Carson
L?u tr?
2010-01-02 t?i
Wayback Machine
"King, Obama, and the Great American Dialogue,"
American Heritage
, Spring 2009.
- ^
“Martin Luther King”
. The Nobel Foundation. 1964
. Truy c?p ngay 20 thang 4 n?m 2007
.
< August 1983, when a transcript was published in the
Washington Post
.
- ^
“The National Recording Registry 2002”
. Library of Congress.
- ^
“We Shall Overcome, Historic Places of the Civil Rights Movement: Lincoln Memorial”
. U.S. National Park Service.
B?n g?c
l?u tr? ngay 5 thang 1 n?m 2007
. Truy c?p ngay 15 thang 1 n?m 2007
.