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Kilogam

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Kilogram
Thong tin đ?n v?
H? th?ng đ?n v? đ?n v? c? b?n c?a SI
đ?n v? c?a kh?i l??ng
Ki hi?u kg 
Chuy?n đ?i đ?n v?
1 kg trong ... ... b?ng ...
    Avoirdupois     ?  2205 pounds [Note 1]  
    British Gravitational     ?  00 685 slugs  

Kilogam (hay Kilogram , ky hi?u la kg ) la đ?n v? đo kh?i l??ng, m?t trong b?y đ?n v? đo c? b?n c?a h? đo l??ng qu?c t? (SI). No đ??c đ?nh ngh?a la "kh?i l??ng c?a kh?i kilogam chu?n qu?c t?, lam t? h?p kim platin - iridi , đ??c t? ch?c BIPM l?u gi? trong đi?u ki?n mieu t? theo BIPM 1998". Ch? kilo (ho?c ky hi?u la k ) vi?t li?n tr??c cac đ?n v? trong h? đo l??ng qu?c t? đ? ch? r?ng đ?n v? nay đ??c nhan len 1.000 l?n. Xem them trang đ? l?n trong SI .

Kilogam ban đ?u đ??c đ?nh ngh?a vao n?m 1795 la kh?i l??ng c?a m?t lit n??c . đay la m?t đ?nh ngh?a đ?n gi?n, nh?ng kho s? d?ng trong th?c t?. Tuy nhien, theo cac đ?nh ngh?a m?i nh?t v? đ?n v?, m?i quan h? nay v?n co đ? chinh xac la 30 ppm. N?m 1799, v?t m?u Kilogram des Archives b?ng b?ch kim thay th? no lam tieu chu?n kh?i l??ng. N?m 1889, m?t hinh tr? b?ng h?p kim platin-iridi , Nguyen m?u Qu?c t? c?a Kilogam (IPK) đa tr? thanh tieu chu?n c?a đ?n v? kh?i l??ng cho h? met, va duy tri nh? v?y cho đ?n n?m 2019. [1] Kilogam la đ?n v? SI cu?i cung đ??c xac đ?nh b?i m?t v?t m?u v?t ly.

Kilogam gi? đay đ??c đ?nh ngh?a theo giay va đ?ng h?, d?a tren cac h?ng s? c? b?n c? đ?nh c?a t? nhien. [2] đi?u nay cho phep phong thi nghi?m đo l??ng đ??c trang b? phu h?p hi?u chu?n m?t d?ng c? đo kh?i l??ng nh? can b?ng Kibble lam tieu chu?n chinh đ? xac đ?nh kh?i l??ng c?a kilogam m?t cach chinh xac, m?c du IPK va cac kh?i l??ng kilogam chinh xac khac v?n đ??c s? d?ng lam tieu chu?n ph? cho m?i m?c đich thong th??ng.

T?i Vi?t Nam , kilogam con th??ng đ??c g?i la " can " hay "ky" trong giao d?ch th??ng m?i.

đ?nh ngh?a [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Kilogam đ??c đ?nh ngh?a theo ba h?ng s? v?t ly c? b?n: T?c đ? anh sang c , t?n s? chuy?n ti?p nguyen t? c? th? Δ ν Cs va h?ng s? Planck h . đ?nh ngh?a chinh th?c la:

  • Kilogam, ky hi?u la kg, la đ?n v? kh?i l??ng trong h? SI. No đ??c xac đ?nh b?ng cach l?y gia tr? s? c? đ?nh c?a h?ng s? Planck h la 662 607 015 × 10 ?34 khi đ??c bi?u th? b?ng đ?n v? J?s, b?ng kg ? m² ? s ?1 , trong đo met va giay đ??c xac đ?nh theo c va Δ ν Cs . [3]

đ?nh ngh?a nay lam cho kilogam phu h?p v?i cac đ?nh ngh?a c? h?n: kh?i l??ng v?n n?m trong kho?ng sai s? 30 ppm so v?i kh?i l??ng c?a m?t lit n??c. [4]

Dong th?i gian c?a cac đ?nh ngh?a tr??c đo [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

M?t L?u tr? 2020-09-29 t?i Wayback Machine b?n sao c?a Nguyen m?u Qu?c t? c?a Kilogram đ??c tr?ng bay t?i Cite des Sciences et de l'Industrie , co chuong th?y tinh đoi b?o v?. IPK đong vai tro la tieu chu?n chinh cho kg cho đ?n n?m 2019.
  • N?m 1793: Grave (ti?n than c?a kilogam) đ??c đ?nh ngh?a la kh?i l??ng c?a 1 lit (dm³) n??c. [5]
  • 1795: Gam ( 1/1.000 c?a m?t kg) đa đ??c t?m đ?nh ngh?a la kh?i l??ng c?a m?t kh?i centimet c?a n??c ? nhi?t đ? nong ch?y c?a n??c đa. [6]
  • 1799: Kilogram des Archives đ??c s?n xu?t d??i d?ng nguyen m?u
  • 1875?1889: Cong ??c Met đ??c ky k?t vao n?m 1875, d?n đ?n vi?c s?n xu?t Nguyen m?u Qu?c t? c?a Kilogam (IPK) vao n?m 1879 va đ??c thong qua vao n?m 1889. No co kh?i l??ng b?ng kh?i l??ng c?a 1 dm 3 c?a n??c d??i ap su?t khi quy?n va ? nhi?t đ? c?a kh?i l??ng rieng l?n nh?t c?a no, x?p x? 4  ° C.
  • N?m 2019: Kilogam hi?n đ??c xac đ?nh l?i theo h?ng s? Planck theo phe duy?t c?a H?i ngh? chung v? Can n?ng va đo l??ng (CGPM) vao ngay 16 thang 11 n?m 2018.

Ten va thu?t ng? [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Kilogam la đ?n v? SI c? b?n duy nh?t co ti?n t? SI ( kilo ) nh? m?t ph?n ten c?a no. T? kilogam ho?c kilogam co ngu?n g?c t? kilogramme trong ti?ng Phap , [7] b?n than no đa la m?t lo?i t? t? t?o, co ti?n t? c?a t? g?c ti?ng Hy L?p la χ?λιοι khilioi "m?t nghin" tr??c t? gramma , m?t thu?t ng? La tinh mu?n ngh?a la "tr?ng l??ng nh?", xu?t phat t? ti?ng Hy L?p γρ?μμα . [8] T? kilogramme đ??c vi?t vao v?n b?n lu?t c?a Phap vao n?m 1795, trong Ngh? đ?nh s? 18 , [9] đa s?a đ?i h? th?ng đ?n v? t?m th?i đ??c đ?a ra b?i Cong ??c Qu?c gia Phap hai n?m tr??c đo, r?ng gravet la tr?ng l??ng ( poids ) c?a m?t centimet kh?i n??c, b?ng 1/1.000 c?a m?t grave . [10] Trong ngh? đ?nh n?m 1795, thu?t ng? gramme do đo đa thay th? gravet , va kilogramme thay th? cho grave .

Cach đanh v?n ti?ng Phap nay đa đ??c ch?p nh?n ? Anh khi t? nay đ??c s? d?ng l?n đ?u tien trong ti?ng Anh vao n?m 1795, [7] [11] v?i chinh t? kilogram đ??c s? d?ng ? Hoa K?. ? V??ng qu?c Anh, c? hai cach vi?t đ?u đ??c s? d?ng, v?i "kilogram" ngay cang ph? bi?n h?n. [12] Lu?t c?a V??ng qu?c Anh quy đ?nh cac đ?n v? đ??c s? d?ng khi giao d?ch theo tr?ng l??ng ho?c th??c đo khong ng?n c?n vi?c s? d?ng m?t trong hai cach vi?t tren. [13]

Vao th? k? 19 t? ti?ng Phap kilo , la t? rut ng?n c?a kilogramme , đa đ??c du nh?p vao ngon ng? ti?ng Anh, n?i no đ??c dung đ? ch? c? kilogam [14] va kilomet. [15] M?c du kilo la m?t l?a ch?n thay th? co th? ch?p nh?n đ??c, nh?ng đ?i v?i The Economist ch?ng h?n, [16] h? th?ng Termium Plus c?a chinh ph? Canada tuyen b? r?ng vi?c s? d?ng "SI (H? th?ng đ?n v? qu?c t?), đ??c tuan theo trong v?n b?n khoa h?c va k? thu?t" khong cho phep s? d?ng đ??c mo t? la "ten khong chinh th?c ph? bi?n" tren T? đi?n đ?n v? đo l??ng (Dictionary of Units of Measurement) c?a Russ Rowlett. [17] [18] Khi Qu?c h?i Hoa K? ban hanh quy ch? phap ly c?a h? th?ng met vao n?m 1866, no đa cho phep s? d?ng t? kilo đ? thay th? cho t? kilogram , [19] nh?ng vao n?m 1990 đa thu h?i tr?ng thai nay c?a t? kilo . [20]

H? th?ng SI đ??c gi?i thi?u vao n?m 1960, va vao n?m 1970, BIPM b?t đ?u xu?t b?n Tai li?u SI , trong đo co t?t c? cac quy?t đ?nh va khuy?n ngh? co lien quan c?a cac đ?n v? lien quan đ?n CGPM. Tai li?u qu?ng cao SI quy đ?nh r?ng “Khong đ??c phep s? d?ng ch? vi?t t?t cho cac ky hi?u đ?n v? ho?c ten đ?n v?... ". [21] [Note 2]

Kilogam tr? thanh m?t đ?n v? c? b?n: vai tro c?a cac đ?n v? đ?i v?i đi?n t? h?c [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Ch? y?u la do cac đ?n v? cho đi?n t? h?c ma kilogam thay vi gam cu?i cung đa đ??c s? d?ng lam đ?n v? kh?i l??ng c? b?n trong SI. M?t lo?t cac cu?c th?o lu?n va quy?t đ?nh co lien quan b?t đ?u vao kho?ng nh?ng n?m 1850 va k?t thuc m?t cach hi?u qu? vao n?m 1946. Tom l?i, vao cu?i th? k? 19, 'đ?n v? th?c t?' cho cac đ?i l??ng đi?n va t? nh? ampe va von đa đ??c thi?t l?p r?t t?t trong th?c t?. s? d?ng (vi d?: đi?n bao). Th?t khong may, chung khong phu h?p v?i cac đ?n v? c? b?n th?nh hanh luc b?y gi? cho chi?u dai va kh?i l??ng, cm va gam. Tuy nhien, 'đ?n v? th?c hanh' c?ng bao g?m m?t s? đ?n v? c? h?c thu?n tuy; đ?c bi?t, tich c?a ampe va von cho m?t đ?n v? cong su?t hoan toan c? h?c la watt . Cac nha khoa h?c nh?n th?y r?ng cac đ?n v? th?c t? thu?n tuy c? h?c nh? oat s? đ??c th?ng nh?t trong m?t h? th?ng trong đo đ?n v? đo chi?u dai c? b?n la met va đ?n v? kh?i l??ng c? b?n la kilogam. Tren th?c t?, vi khong ai mu?n thay th? giay lam đ?n v? c? b?n c?a th?i gian, met va kilogam la c?p đ?n v? c? b?n duy nh?t c?a chi?u dai va kh?i l??ng sao cho 1. watt la m?t đ?n v? cong su?t nh?t quan, 2. the cac đ?n v? c? b?n c?a đ? dai va th?i gian la cac t? l? nguyen-l?y th?a c?a met va gam (đ? h? th?ng v?n la 'h? met'), va 3. kich th??c c?a cac đ?n v? c? s? la chi?u dai va kh?i l??ng thu?n ti?n cho vi?c s? d?ng th?c t?. [Note 3] đi?u nay s? v?n lo?i b? cac đ?n v? đi?n va t? thu?n tuy: trong khi cac đ?n v? th?c t? thu?n tuy c? h?c nh? oat đ??c k?t h?p trong h? th?ng met-kilogam-giay, thi cac đ?n v? đi?n va t? ro rang nh? von, ampe, vv thi khong. [Note 5] Cach duy nh?t đ? lam cho cac đ?n v? đo đ?ng nh?t v?i h? th?ng met-kilogam-giay la s?a đ?i h? th?ng đo theo m?t cach khac: ng??i ta ph?i t?ng s? kich th??c c? b?n t? ba (chi?u dai, kh?i l??ng va th?i gian) đ?n b?n (ba cai tr??c đo, c?ng v?i m?t đ?n v? hoan toan mang thu?c tinh đi?n). [Note 6]

L?ch s? [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

đ?n v? đo c? b?n c?a kh?i l??ng la gam , nh?ng đa nhanh chong b? chuy?n sang kilogam, đa đ??c đ?nh ngh?a nh? la kh?i l??ng c?a n??c nguyen ch?t t?i đi?m ma no n?ng nh?t (+3,98 đ? C) trong m?t kh?i l?p ph??ng co cac c?nh b?ng 1/10 c?a met. M?t kilogam b?ng kho?ng 2,2 pound . Kho?ng khong gian l?p ph??ng nay con đ??c g?i la m?t lit đ? th? tich c?a cac ch?t l?ng khac nhau co th? d? dang so sanh. N?m 1799 , m?t ?ng hinh tr? b?ng platin đa đ??c s?n xu?t đ? lam tieu chu?n cho kilogam, vi th? tieu chu?n d?a tren c? s? n??c ch?a bao gi? đ??c s? d?ng nh? la tieu chu?n g?c khi ma h? met th?c s? đ??c s? d?ng. N?m 1890 , no đ??c thay th? b?ng ?ng hinh tr? la h?p kim g?m 90% platin va 10% iridi . No đ??c s? d?ng lam kilogam tieu chu?n t? đo đ?n nay va đ??c l?u gi? ? Paris . Kilogam la đ?n v? đo l??ng c? b?n duy nh?t khong đ??c đ?nh ngh?a l?i theo thu?t ng? c?a cac hi?n t??ng t? nhien khong đ?i. Tuy nhien, t?i cu?c h?p c?a H?i khoa h?c Hoang gia t?i Luan đon vao ngay 15 thang 2 n?m 2005 , cac nha khoa h?c đa len ti?ng keu g?i thay th? kh?i l??ng c?a kilogam tieu chu?n ? Paris vi đ?nh ngh?a chinh th?c ch? ro r?ng "thu?c tinh khong thay đ?i c?a t? nhien" c?n đ??c s? d?ng (h?n la m?t v?t c? th? ma kh?i l??ng c?a no co th? b? thay đ?i).

đ?nh ngh?a kilogam tren, xu?t hi?n t? n?m 1889 cho đ?n nay, ch?a d?a vao cac tinh ch?t v?t ly c? b?n c?a t? nhien va ph? thu?c vao cong ngh? b?o qu?n va sao chep kh?i kilogam chu?n. Thi nghi?m cho th?y, kh?i l??ng c?a kh?i kilogam chu?n va cac b?n sao sai khac nhau kho?ng 2 microgam . H?n n?a kh?i l??ng c?a kh?i kilogam chu?n đa gi?m 50 microgam trong 100 n?m qua. Sai s? nay khi?n đ?nh ngh?a tren co nhi?u kh? n?ng s? b? thay th? b?i m?t đ?nh ngh?a chinh xac h?n. Cac nha ho?t đ?ng đang hi v?ng thay th? kh?i kilogram tieu chu?n b?ng nh?ng hi?n t??ng t? nhien khac đ? đ?t đ??c chu?n th?ng nh?t va chinh xac cho đ?n v? kh?i l??ng nay.

Ngay 16 thang 11 n?m 2018, H?i ngh? Can n?ng va đo l??ng (CGPM) t? ch?c t?i Versailles đa ti?n hanh b? phi?u, thong qua vi?c bai b? đ?nh ngh?a kilogram c? va chao đon đ?nh ngh?a đ?i l??ng kilogam m?i. Cac nha khoa h?c đ? xu?t xac đ?nh khai ni?m "m?t kilogram" thong qua h?ng s? Planck. Vi?c b? phi?u đ??c thong qua va đ?nh ngh?a m?i đa chinh th?c đ??c ap d?ng vao ngay 20 thang 5 n?m 2019.

Xem them [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

Tham kh?o [ s?a | s?a ma ngu?n ]

  1. ^ The avoirdupois pound is part of both United States customary system of units and the Imperial system of units . It is defined as exactly 045 359 237   kilograms .
  2. ^ The French text (which is the authoritative text) states " Il n'est pas autorise d'utiliser des abreviations pour les symboles et noms d'unites... "
  3. ^ Let us show that, if it is known that the metre and the kilogram satisfy all three conditions, then no other choice does. The coherent unit of power, when written out in terms of the base units of length, mass, and time, is (base unit of mass) × (base unit of length) 2 /(base unit of time) 3 . It is stated that the watt is coherent in the metre-kilogram-second system; thus, 1 watt = ( 1 kg ) × ( 1 m ) 2 /( 1 s ) 3 . The second is left as it is and it is noted that if the base unit of length is changed to L m and the base unit of mass to M kg , then the coherent unit of power is ( M kg ) × ( L m ) 2 /( 1 s ) 3 = M L 2 × ( 1 kg ) × ( 1 m ) 2 /( 1 s ) 3 = M L 2 watt. Since base units of length and mass are such that the coherent unit of power is the watt, we require that M L 2 = 1 . It follows that if we change the base unit of length by a factor of L , then we must change the base unit of mass by a factor of 1/ L 2 if the watt is to remain a coherent unit. It would be impractical to make the base unit of length a decimal multiple of a metre ( 10 m , 100 m , or more). Therefore our only option is to make the base unit of length a decimal submultiple of the metre. This would mean decreasing the meter by a factor of 10 to obtain the decimetre ( 01 m ), or by a factor of 100 to get the centimetre, or by a factor of 1000 to get the millimetre. Making the base unit of length even smaller would not be practical (for example, the next decimal factor, 10 000 , would produce the base unit of length of one-tenth of a millimetre), so these three factors ( 10 , 100 , and 1000 ) are the only acceptable options as far as the base unit of length. But then the base unit of mass would have to be larger than a kilogram, by the following respective factors: 10 2 = 100 , 100 2 = 10 000 , and 1000 2 = 10 6 . In other words, the watt is a coherent unit for the following pairs of base units of length and mass: 01 m and 100 kg , 1 cm and 10 000  kg , and 1 mm and 1 000 000  kg . Even in the first pair, the base unit of mass is impractically large, 100 kg , and as the base unit of length is decreased, the base unit of mass gets even larger. Thus, assuming that the second remains the base unit of time, the metre-kilogram combination is the only one such that the base units for both length and mass are neither too large nor too small, and such that they are decimal multiples or divisions of the metre and gram, and such that the watt is a coherent unit.
  4. ^ A system in which the base quantities are length, mass, and time, and only those three.
  5. ^ We will see that there is only one three-dimensional 'absolute' system [Note 4] in which all practical units are coherent, including the volt, the ampere, etc.: one in which the base unit of length is 10 7  m and the base unit of mass is 10 ?11  g . Clearly, these magnitudes are not practical.
  6. ^ Meanwhile, there were parallel developments that, for independent reasons, eventually resulted in three additional fundamental dimensions, for a total of seven: those for temperature, luminous intensity , and the amount of substance .
  1. ^ Resnick, Brian (ngay 20 thang 5 n?m 2019). “The new kilogram just debuted. It's a massive achievement” . vox.com . Truy c?p ngay 23 thang 5 n?m 2019 .
  2. ^ “The Latest: Landmark Change to Kilogram Approved” . AP News . Associated Press. ngay 16 thang 11 n?m 2018 . Truy c?p ngay 4 thang 3 n?m 2020 .
  3. ^ Decision CIPM/105-13 (October 2016) . The day is the 144th anniversary of the Metre Convention .
  4. ^ The density of water is 0.999972 g/cm3 at 3.984 °C. See Franks, Felix (2012). The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water . Springer. ISBN   978-1-4684-8334-5 .
  5. ^ Guyton ; Lavoisier ; Monge ; Berthollet ; va đ?ng nghi?p (1792). Annales de chimie ou Recueil de memoires concernant la chimie et les arts qui en dependent . 15?16. Paris: Chez Joseph de Boffe. tr. 277.
  6. ^ Gramme, le poids absolu d'un volume d'eau pure egal au cube de la centieme partie du metre, et a la temperature de la glace fondante
  7. ^ a b “Kilogram” . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . Truy c?p ngay 3 thang 11 n?m 2011 . [ lien k?t h?ng ]
  8. ^ Fowlers, HW; Fowler, FG (1964). The Concise Oxford Dictionary . Oxford: The Clarendon Press. Greek γρ?μμα (as it were γρ?φ - μα , Doric γρ?θμα ) means "something written, a letter", but it came to be used as a unit of weight, apparently equal to 1 / 24 of an ounce ( 1 / 288 of a libra , which would correspond to about 1.14 grams in modern units), at some time during Late Antiquity. French gramme was adopted from Latin gramma , itself quite obscure, but found in the Carmen de ponderibus et mensuris (8.25) attributed by Remmius Palaemon (fl. 1st century), where it is the weight of two oboli (Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary s.v. "gramma" , 1879). Henry George Liddell. Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon (revised and augmented edition, Oxford, 1940) s.v. γρ?μμα , citing the 10th-century work Geoponica and a 4th-century papyrus edited in L. Mitteis, Griechische Urkunden der Papyrussammlung zu Leipzig , vol. i (1906), 62 ii 27.
  9. ^ “Decret relatif aux poids et aux mesures du 18 germinal an 3 (7 avril 1795)” [Decree of 18 Germinal, year III (ngay 7 thang 4 n?m 1795) regarding weights and measures]. Grandes lois de la Republique (b?ng ti?ng Phap). Digitheque de materiaux juridiques et politiques, Universite de Perpignan . Truy c?p ngay 3 thang 11 n?m 2011 .
  10. ^ Convention nationale, decret du 1 er aout 1793, ed. Duvergier, Collection complete des lois, decrets, ordonnances, reglemens avis du Conseil d'etat, publiee sur les editions officielles du Louvre , vol. 6 (2nd ed. 1834), p. 70 . The metre ( metre ) on which this definition depends was itself defined as the ten-millionth part of a quarter of Earth's meridian , given in traditional units as 3 pieds , 11.44 lignes (a ligne being the 12th part of a pouce (inch), or the 144th part of a pied .
  11. ^ Peltier, Jean-Gabriel (1795). “Paris, during the year 1795” . Monthly Review . 17 : 556 . Truy c?p ngay 2 thang 8 n?m 2018 . Contemporaneous English translation of the French decree of 1795
  12. ^ “Kilogram” . Oxford Dictionaries . B?n g?c l?u tr? ngay 31 thang 1 n?m 2013 . Truy c?p ngay 3 thang 11 n?m 2011 .
  13. ^ “Spelling of "gram", etc” . Weights and Measures Act 1985 . Her Majesty's Stationery Office . ngay 30 thang 10 n?m 1985 . Truy c?p ngay 6 thang 11 n?m 2011 .
  14. ^ “kilo (n1)” . Oxford English Dictionary (?n b?n 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989 . Truy c?p ngay 8 thang 11 n?m 2011 .
  15. ^ “kilo (n2)” . Oxford English Dictionary (?n b?n 2). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989 . Truy c?p ngay 8 thang 11 n?m 2011 .
  16. ^ “Style Guide” (PDF) . The Economist . ngay 7 thang 1 n?m 2002. B?n g?c (PDF) l?u tr? ngay 1 thang 7 n?m 2017 . Truy c?p ngay 8 thang 11 n?m 2011 .
  17. ^ “kilogram, kg, kilo” . Termium Plus . Government of Canada. ngay 8 thang 10 n?m 2009 . Truy c?p ngay 29 thang 5 n?m 2019 .
  18. ^ “kilo” . How Many? . B?n g?c l?u tr? ngay 16 thang 11 n?m 2011 . Truy c?p ngay 6 thang 11 n?m 2011 .
  19. ^ 29th Congress of the United States, Session 1 (ngay 13 thang 5 n?m 1866). “H.R. 596, An Act to authorize the use of the metric system of weights and measures” . B?n g?c l?u tr? ngay 5 thang 7 n?m 2015.
  20. ^ “Metric System of Measurement:Interpretation of the International System of Units for the United States; Notice” (PDF) . Federal Register . 63 (144): 40340. ngay 28 thang 7 n?m 1998. B?n g?c (PDF) l?u tr? ngay 15 thang 10 n?m 2011 . Truy c?p ngay 10 thang 11 n?m 2011 . Obsolete Units As stated in the 1990 Federal Register notice, ...
  21. ^ V?n phong Can đo Qu?c t? ( International Bureau of Weights and Measures ) (2006). The International System of Units (SI) (PDF) (?n b?n 8). ISBN   92-822-2213-6 .

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