Ti?ng Hebrew
(
????????
) (
Ivrit
), phien am:
Hip-ri
,
Hy-ba-lai
,
He-br?
,
Hi-bru
), c?ng đ??c g?i m?t cach đ?i khai la "
ti?ng Do Thai
", la m?t
ngon ng?
b?n đ?a t?i
Israel
, đ??c s? d?ng b?i h?n 9 tri?u ng??i tren toan c?u, trong đo 5 tri?u ?
Israel
.
[3]
[5]
V? m?t l?ch s?, đay la ngon ng? c?a
ng??i Israel c? đ?i
va t? tien h?, du no khong đ??c g?i la "Hebrew" trong
Tanakh
.
[note 2]
Nh?ng m?u vi?t
ch? C? Hebrew
c? nh?t co nien đ?i t? th? k? 10 Tr??c
Cong Nguyen
.
[7]
Ti?ng Hebrew thu?c v? nhanh
Semit
c?a
ng? h? Phi-A
. Ti?ng Hebrew đ??c vi?t va đ?c t? ph?i sang trai, gi?ng
ti?ng ? R?p
va
ti?ng Ba T?
.
Ti?ng Hebrew bi?n m?t nh? m?t ngon ng? noi hang ngay t? kho?ng n?m 200 đ?n 400, do h?u qu? c?a
kh?i ngh?a Bar Kokhba
.
[1]
[2]
[note 3]
Ti?ng Aram
va (? m?c đ? th?p h?n)
ti?ng Hy L?p
luc đo đ??c s? d?ng nh?
lingua franca
, đ?c bi?t trong gi?i th??ng l?u va dan nh?p c?.
[9]
No t?n t?i qua th?i k? trung c? nh? ngon ng? dung trong ph?ng v?
Do Thai giao
va v?n h?c giao đoan. Sau đo, vao th? k? 19, no đ??c h?i sinh nh? m?t ngon ng? noi va vi?t, va, theo
Ethnologue
, tr? thanh ngon ng? c?a 5 tri?u ng??i toan c?u vao n?m 1998. Sau Israel,
Hoa K?
co s? ng??i noi ti?ng Hebrew đong th? nhi, v?i 220.000 ng??i noi thanh th?o,
[10]
đa s? đ?n t? Israel.
Ti?ng Hebrew hi?n đ?i
la m?t trong hai
ngon ng? chinh th?c
c?a
Nha n??c Israel
(ngon ng? con l?i la
ti?ng ? R?p chu?n hi?n đ?i
), con ti?ng Hebrew ti?n hi?n đ?i đ??c dung khi c?u nguy?n va nghien c?u trong cac c?ng đ?ng
ng??i Do Thai
hi?n nay. Ti?ng Hebrew c? đ?i c?ng la ngon ng? ph?ng v? c?a
ng??i Samaria
. Nh? m?t ngo?i ng?, no đ??c đa ph?n
ng??i Do Thai
va cac nghien c?u sinh Do Thai giao va Israel, cac nha kh?o c? va
ngon ng? h?c
chuyen v?
Trung đong
va cac n?n v?n minh c?a no, h?c va nghien c?u.
Ng? Th?
(
Torah
) va h?u h?t ph?n con l?i c?a
Kinh Thanh Hebrew
(
Tanakh
) đ??c vi?t b?ng
ti?ng Hebrew C? đi?n
(hay ti?ng Hebrew Kinh Thanh). Vi ly do nay, t? th?i c? đ?i ti?ng Hebrew đa đ??c ng??i Do Thai g?i la
Leshon HaKodesh
, "Thanh ng?".
T? hi?n đ?i "Hebrew" b?t ngu?n t? ch? "Ibri" (s? nhi?u "Ibrim"), m?t trong nh?ng ten g?i
ng??i Israel c? đ?i
. No th??ng đ??c hi?u la m?t tinh t? d?a vao ten c?a t? tien c?a Abraham, Eber ("Ebr" ??? trong ti?ng Hebrew), đ??c đ? c?p đ?n trong
Sang th? ky
10:21. Ten nay co th? d?a tren g?c t? "?-b-r" (
???
) co ngh?a la "v??t qua". Cach gi?i thich c?a thu?t ng? "?ibrim" lien k?t no v?i đ?ng t? nay; v??t qua va ho?c nh?ng ng??i v??t qua song
Euphrates
.
[11]
Trong
Kinh Thanh
, ti?ng Hebrew con đ??c g?i la Y?hudit (??????) vi
Judah
(
Y?huda
) la v??ng qu?c con t?n t?i t?i th?i đi?m nh?c đ?n (cu?i th? k? th? 8 TCN (Is 36, 2 Kings 18)). Trong E-sai 19:18, no con đ??c g?i la "Ngon ng? c?a Canaan" (
??? ????)
.
- ^
Sephard
[?iv??it]
; Iraq
[?ib?riːθ]
;
Yemen
[?iv?riːθ]
;
Ashkenaz
[iv'?is]
ho?c
[iv'ris]
- ^
Trong
Tanakh
(Kinh Thanh Do Thai), ti?ng Hebrew đ??c g?i la
Yehudit
"ngon ng? c?a Judah" hay
s?pa? k?na‘an
"ngon ng? c?a Canaan".
[1]
[6]
Sau đo
Josephus
va
Phuc Am Gioan
dung thu?t ng?
Hebraisti
đ? ch? c? ti?ng Hebrew va ti?ng Aram.
[1]
- ^
Saenz-Badillos, Angel and John Elwolde: "There is general agreement that two main periods of RH (Rabbinical Hebrew) can be distinguished. The first, which lasted until the close of the Tannaitic era (around 200 CE), is characterized by RH as a spoken language gradually developing into a literary medium in which the Mishnah, Tosefta,
baraitot
and Tannaitic
midrashim
would be composed. The second stage begins with the
Amoraim
and sees RH being replaced by Aramaic as the spoken vernacular, surviving only as a literary language. Then it continued to be used in later rabbinic writings until the tenth century in, for example, the Hebrew portions of the two Talmuds and in midrashic and haggadic literature."
[8]
- ^
a
b
c
d
“A History of the Hebrew Language”
.
google.co.uk
.
- ^
a
b
"Hebrew" in
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
, edit. F.L. Cross, first edition (Oxford, 1958), 3rd edition (Oxford 1997).
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
which once said, in 1958 in its first edition, that Hebrew "ceased to be a spoken language around the fourth century BCE", now says, in its 1997 (third) edition, that Hebrew "continued to be used as a spoken and written language in the New Testament period".
- ^
a
b
About World Languages - Hebrew
- ^
Nordhoff, Sebastian; Hammarstrom, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin bien t?p (2013).
“Hebrewic”
.
Glottolog
. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
- ^
Nachman Gur, Behadrey Haredim.
“Kometz Aleph ? Au? How many Hebrew speakers are there in the world?”
.
B?n g?c
l?u tr? ngay 4 thang 11 n?m 2013
. Truy c?p ngay 2 thang 11 n?m 2013
.
Qu?n ly CS1: s? d?ng tham s? tac gi? (
lien k?t
)
- ^
Rick Aschmann, “Hebrew” in Genesis
- ^
“Most ancient Hebrew biblical inscription deciphered”
. Physorg.com
. Truy c?p ngay 25 thang 4 n?m 2013
.
- ^
Saenz-Badillos, Angel and John Elwolde. 1996. A history of the Hebrew language. P.170-171
- ^
"If you couldn't speak Greek by say the time of early Christianity you couldn't get a job. You wouldn't get a good job. a professional job. You had to know Greek in addition to your own language. And so you were getting to a point where Jews...the Jewish community in say Egypt and large cities like Alexandria didn't know Hebrew anymore they only knew Greek. And so you need a Greek version in the synagogue." -- Josheph Blankinsopp, Professor of Biblical Studies University of Notre Dame in A&E's
Who Wrote the Bible
- ^
“Table 53. Languages Spoken At Home by Language: 2009”
,
The 2012 Statistical Abstract
, U.S. Census Bureau
, truy c?p ngay 27 thang 12 n?m 2011
- ^
“?????? ?? ??"?”
. Lib.cet.ac.il
. Truy c?p ngay 25 thang 4 n?m 2013
.
- Hoffman, Joel M, 2006.
In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language.
New York: NYU Press.
ISBN 0-8147-3654-8
.
- Izre'el, Shlomo, 2001. "The emergence of Spoken Israeli Hebrew", in: Benjamin Hary (ed.),
The Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew
(CoSIH): Working Papers I
.
- Kuzar, Ron, 2001.
Hebrew and Zionism: A Discourse Analytic Cultural Study
. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
ISBN 3-11-016993-2
/
ISBN 3-11-016992-4
.
- Laufer, Asher, 1999. "Hebrew", in: Handbook of the International Phonetic Association.
Cambridge University Press
.
ISBN 0-521-65236-7
,
ISBN 0-521-63751-1
.
- Saenz-Badillos, Angel, 1993.
A History of the Hebrew Language
(trans. John Elwolde). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 0-521-55634-1
- Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
, 2003.
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
. Palgrave Macmillan.
ISBN 9781403917232
/
ISBN 9781403938695
.
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