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Romanization	glasnost'
Literal meaning	publicity

???? ???? ??? ??? glasnost ( / ? ? l æ z n ? s t / ? ???? : гла?сность ? IPA: [???asn?s?t?] ( ???? ) ) ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? "?????? ??? ??????" ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ^[1]

??????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? 1980 ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????

?????? ??????? [ ????? ]

?????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??: "?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ^[2] 1960 ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???

????? ????? ??? [ ????? ]

?????? [ ????? ]

5 ????? 1965 ?? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? - ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? "????????" ?? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ? ????? ????? ?? 111 ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??( ????? ????? ) ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????

?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ?????? ? 1978 ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ^[3]

???????? [ ????? ]

1986 ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? "????????" ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? " ???????????? " ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????

???????? ?? ???? ????? ????? (?? ??? ??? ??) ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ^[4] ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ^[5] ???????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ^[6]

??? ?????? ? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? "????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????" ???? ^[7]

????? ???? [ ????? ]

1986 ??? 1991 ?? ?????? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? (????: ????? ?? ?? ????? ??) ??? ??????????????? (??????? ????) ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???? "????????" ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? (1986?1991) ?? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?

"???????? ?? ???" ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????: ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????

??? ???????? ?????? [ ????? ]

"????????" ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? "openness ????? ??????" ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????

???????? ?? ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ^[8] ^[9] ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? 1980 ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ? ???? ? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ????????

????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ^[10] ????? ???? ???? ??????? ^[11]

1991 ?? ??? ??? [ ????? ]

?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? 1993 ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? 29 ??? ???? ???? ^[12] ???? ? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? 2004 ?? 2013 ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ^[13]

????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ^{[
????? ?? ?????
]}

???? ?????? [ ????? ]

1965 ???????? ????
?????????????? (??????? ?? "?????? ?????")
???????? ????
???????? ????
???????????? (???????? ?? "????? ??")
????????? (??????? ?? "????")

??? [ ????? ]

↑ Словарь Академии Российской. Часть II (????? ???????)? СПб.: Императорская Академия Наук? 1790? ????: 72 ????? CS1: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )
↑ Alexeyeva, Lyudmila and Paul Goldberg The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era , Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990, pp. 108-109.
↑ "Before the Trials of Kovalyov and Tverdokhlebov, March-October 1975 (38.2)" ? March 7, 2016
↑ Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: Politics and People ? Brookings Institution Press? 1991? ISBN 0-8157-3623-1
↑ Hunt, Michael H. (2015-06-26)? The world transformed : 1945 to the present? ????: 315? ISBN 9780199371020 ? OCLC 907585907
↑ Hunt, Michael H. (2015-06-26)? The world transformed : 1945 to the present? ????: 316? ISBN 9780199371020 ? OCLC 907585907
↑ "Фонд Защиты Гласности" ? www.gdf.ru? 13 ??????? 2020 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 16 ??????? 2020
↑ Glasnost ??????? ??? (Date missing) ?????? ib.hu-berlin.de (Error: unknown archive URL) im sowjetischen Bibliothekswesen (by Peter Bruhn)
↑ А.П. Шикман: Совершенно несекретно in: Советская библиография, 1988,6 (231), P.3-12
↑ Scott Shane (1994)? "Letting Go of the Leninist Faith"? Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union ? Chicago: Ivan R. Dee? ????: 212 to 244? ISBN 1-56663-048-7 ? All this degradation and hypocrisy is laid not just at the feet of Stalin but of Lenin and the Revolution that made his rule possible.
↑ Scott Shane (1994)? "A Normal Country: The Pop Culture Explosion"? Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union ? Chicago: Ivan R. Dee? ????: 182 to 211? ISBN 1-56663-048-7 ? ...market forces had taken over publishing...
↑ "Поиск по сайту | Конституция Российской Федерации" ? www.constitution.ru
↑ " Russia - Conflicts in the Media since 2004, a database. Censorship. " ? 21 ?????? 2017 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 16 ??????? 2020

????? ??? [ ????? ]

Stephen F. Cohen? Katrina Vanden Heuvel (1989)? Voices of Glasnost: Interviews With Gorbachev's Reformers ? W. W. Norton & Company? ISBN 0-393-30735-2
Joseph Gibbs (1999)? Gorbachev's Glasnost: The Soviet Media in the First Phase of Perestroika ? Texas A&M University Press? ISBN 0-89096-892-6
Robert Horvath (2005)? The Legacy of Soviet Dissent: Dissidents, democratisation and radical nationalism in Russia? London & New York: Routledge Curzon? ISBN 0-415-33320-2

[1] Словарь Академии Российской. Часть II (????? ???????)? СПб.: Императорская Академия Наук? 1790? ????: 72 ????? CS1: ??? ??? ?????? ( link )

[2] Alexeyeva, Lyudmila and Paul Goldberg The Thaw Generation: Coming of Age in the Post-Stalin Era , Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1990, pp. 108-109.

[3] "Before the Trials of Kovalyov and Tverdokhlebov, March-October 1975 (38.2)" ? March 7, 2016

[4] Milestones in Glasnost and Perestroyka: Politics and People ? Brookings Institution Press? 1991? ISBN 0-8157-3623-1

[5] Hunt, Michael H. (2015-06-26)? The world transformed : 1945 to the present? ????: 315? ISBN 9780199371020 ? OCLC 907585907

[6] Hunt, Michael H. (2015-06-26)? The world transformed : 1945 to the present? ????: 316? ISBN 9780199371020 ? OCLC 907585907

[7] "Фонд Защиты Гласности" ? www.gdf.ru? 13 ??????? 2020 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 16 ??????? 2020

[8] Glasnost ??????? ??? (Date missing) ?????? ib.hu-berlin.de (Error: unknown archive URL) im sowjetischen Bibliothekswesen (by Peter Bruhn)

[9] А.П. Шикман: Совершенно несекретно in: Советская библиография, 1988,6 (231), P.3-12

[ScottChapter8-10] Scott Shane (1994)? "Letting Go of the Leninist Faith"? Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union ? Chicago: Ivan R. Dee? ????: 212 to 244? ISBN 1-56663-048-7 ? All this degradation and hypocrisy is laid not just at the feet of Stalin but of Lenin and the Revolution that made his rule possible.

[ScottChapter7-11] Scott Shane (1994)? "A Normal Country: The Pop Culture Explosion"? Dismantling Utopia: How Information Ended the Soviet Union ? Chicago: Ivan R. Dee? ????: 182 to 211? ISBN 1-56663-048-7 ? ...market forces had taken over publishing...

[12] "Поиск по сайту | Конституция Российской Федерации" ? www.constitution.ru

[13] " Russia - Conflicts in the Media since 2004, a database. Censorship. " ? 21 ?????? 2017 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 16 ??????? 2020

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