??? ?????

????? ?????
???????? : 51°10′N 71°26′E  /  51.167°N 71.433°E  / 51.167; 71.433
???? ????? ???????? ????????? ??

Nur-Sultan
Н?р-С?лтан
Нур-Султан
??? ???????
آستانہ is located in قازقستان
آستانہ
??????
آستانہ is located in ایشیا
آستانہ
??????
???????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????
????????: 51°10′N 71°26′E  /  51.167°N 71.433°E  / 51.167; 71.433
???   ????????
???? 1830 (as Akmoly) [1]
?????
 ? ??? ???? ?????
 ? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????
 ?  ???? Bakhyt Sultanov
????
 ?  ??? ??????? 810.2 ??????? 2 (312.8 ??? ????)
????? 347 ??? (1,138 ??)
????? (1 ????? 2017) [2]
 ?  ??? ??????? 1,029,556
 ? ????? 1,300/??????? 2 (3,300/??? ????)
 ?  ????? [3] 1,200,000
????? ??? ALMT ( UTC+6 )
???? ??? 010000?010015 [4]
???? ??? ??? +7 7172 [5]
???? 3166-2 AST [6]
???? ???? ???? 01, Z
??? ???? www .gov .kz /memleket /entities /astana?lang=kk

??????? ( ???? : Астана ? ???? :  Astana ) ????? ??? ??? ????? ?(Nur-Sultan) (???? / ????: Нур-Султан / Н?р-С?лтан) ???????? ?? ??? ??????? ???

23 ???? 2019? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???

????? 2022 ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? [7] [8]

????? ??? [ ????? ]

?? ? ??? [ ????? ]

?? ??? ??????? ????? ??????
????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???
???? ???? °? (°?) 3.4
(38.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		29.7
(85.5) 		35.7
(96.3) 		40.1
(104.2) 		41.6
(106.9) 		38.7
(101.7) 		36.2
(97.2) 		26.7
(80.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		4.5
(40.1) 		41.6
(106.9)
???? ???? °? (°?) ?9.9
(14.2) 		?9.2
(15.4) 		?2.5
(27.5) 		10.9
(51.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		25.8
(78.4) 		26.8
(80.2) 		25.2
(77.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		10.0
(50) 		?1.4
(29.5) 		?8.0
(17.6) 		8.9
(48)
????? ???? °? (°?) ?14.2
(6.4) 		?14.1
(6.6) 		?7.1
(19.2) 		5.2
(41.4) 		13.9
(57) 		19.5
(67.1) 		20.8
(69.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		12.3
(54.1) 		4.6
(40.3) 		?5.4
(22.3) 		?12.1
(10.2) 		3.5
(38.3)
???? ?? °? (°?) ?18.3
(?0.9) 		?18.5
(?1.3) 		?11.5
(11.3) 		0.2
(32.4) 		7.9
(46.2) 		13.2
(55.8) 		15.0
(59) 		12.8
(55) 		6.6
(43.9) 		0.2
(32.4) 		?8.9
(16) 		?16.1
(3) 		?1.5
(29.3)
?????? ?? °? (°?) ?51.6
(?60.9) 		?48.9
(?56) 		?38.0
(?36.4) 		?27.7
(?17.9) 		?10.8
(12.6) 		?1.5
(29.3) 		2.3
(36.1) 		?2.2
(28) 		?8.2
(17.2) 		?25.3
(?13.5) 		?39.2
(?38.6) 		?43.5
(?46.3) 		?51.6
(?60.9)
???? ??? ????? ?? (???) 16
(0.63) 		15
(0.59) 		18
(0.71) 		20
(0.79) 		35
(1.38) 		37
(1.46) 		50
(1.97) 		29
(1.14) 		22
(0.87) 		27
(1.06) 		27
(1.06) 		22
(0.87) 		318
(12.52)
???? ??? ????? ???? (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.3 4.3 3.2 4.7 6.3 6.1 6.6 5.6 4.4 7.3 6.0 5.3 65.1
?????? ???? ???? ????? 102.3 146.9 192.2 237.0 300.7 336.0 334.8 294.5 231.0 136.4 99.0 93.0 2,503.8
????#1: Pogoda.ru.net [27]
???? #2: ???? ???? ??? ??? (sun and precipitation days) [28]

????? ??? [ ????? ]

  1. ↑ Pospelov 1993 , pp. 24?25.
  2. ↑
  3. ↑
  4. ↑ "Postal Code for Astana, Kazakhstan" ? Postal Codes Database ? ??? ??? ?????? 10 ???? 2015  
  5. ↑ "Kazakhstan Country Codes" ? CountryCallingCodes.com ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ???? 2015  
  6. ↑ "ISO Subentity Codes for Kazakhstan" ? GeoNames.org ? ??? ??? ?????? 10 ???? 2015  
  7. ↑ "President: Kazakhstan's capital will again be called Astana" ? thestar.com (????? ???????)? 2022-09-13 ? ??? ??? ?????? 14 ????? 2022  
  8. ↑ "Kazakhstan's president signs decree to rename capital city to Astana" ? TASS ? ??? ??? ?????? 17 ????? 2022  
  9. ↑ "Partner Cities" ? Gda?sk Official Website? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  10. ↑ "Saint Petersburg to welcome Days of Astana Culture" ? Kazinform? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  11. ↑ "Tbilisi Sister Cities" ? Tbilisi Municipal Portal? 24 ??????? 2013 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 5 ???? 2013  
  12. ↑ "Riga's Twin Cities" ? Municipal Portal of Riga? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  13. ↑ "Sister Cities of Ankara" ? Greater Municipality of Ankara? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  14. ↑ "Miasta partnerskie Warszawy" [Twin cities of Warsaw] (????? ????)? City of Warsaw? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  15. ↑ Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (11 ??? 2004)? "Agreement on establishment of bilateral relations between the Akimat of Astana City of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the City of Bangkok of Kingdom Thailand" (PDF) ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  16. ↑ Rafik Valiev (18 ????? 2014)? 10 лет исполнится побратимству городов Астаны и Казани [Astana and Kazan celebrates 10-years anniversary of sister cities status] (????? ????)? VechAstana.kz? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  17. ↑ "About Manila: Sister Cities" ? City of Manila? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 2 ????? 2009  
  18. ↑ "International Cooperation: Sister Cities" ? Seoul Metropolitan Government? 10 ????? 2007 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 26 ????? 2008  
  19. ↑ "Twin City Agreement" ? Greater Amman Municipality? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  20. ↑ "Sister Cities" ? Beijing Government? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 23 ??? 2009  
  21. ↑ Ilia Lobster (9 ????? 2009)? "Astana-Hanoi: horizons of cooperation" ? KazPravda.kz? 09 ???? 2015 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  22. ↑ "Ufa and Astana Signed Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation" ? Ufa City Municipality? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 17 ?????? 2010  
  23. ↑ Бишкек и Астана ? города-побратимы [Bishkek and Astana ? Sister Cities] (????? ????)? Official website of City Hall of Bishkek? 12 ????? 2011? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  24. ↑ "Astana and Finnish Oulu become twin-cities" ? Tengrinews.kz? 19 ????? 2013? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  25. ↑ "Astana and Nice established twin relations" ? Akimat of Astana? 5 ?????? 2014? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  26. ↑ "Declaration of intent signed by Akim of Astana and Mayor of Croatias capital" ? Akimat of Astana? 4 ?????? 2014? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 9 ?????? 2014  
  27. ↑ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Astana" (????? ???????)? Weather and Climate? 24 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 14 ???? 2012  
  28. ↑ Climatological Information for Astana? Kazakhstan ??????? ??? (Date missing) ?????? hko.gov.hk (Error: unknown archive URL) ? Retrieved 14 ???? 2012.
???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? ???? ? ???? ???? ?????? ?????
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