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1942-1943? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ( ?????? ??? ???? ????? ) ?? ???? ?????? ????? ( ??????? ??? ?????? ) ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?? “ ?????? ???? ” ?? ???? ????

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????????? ???????? ( ???? )
*al-Jumh?r?yah at-T?nis?yah*
??????? ???? ; Republic of Tunisia ; ????????? ???????? ( ???? ) ; al-Jumh?r?yah at-T?nis?yah
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???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ( ^[18]%98) ??? ?? ^[19] ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? (??????? ^[18] %1) ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? 98 ?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ^[20] ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???

?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? 40 ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ????

???? [ ????? ]

???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ^[21] ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ^[22] ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? (???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??) ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????

????? [ ????? ]

1958? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? 14 ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?? 6 ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? 1991? ??? 6 ?? 16 ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????

6 ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? 6 ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???8 ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? 10 ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???????

????? ??? [ ????? ]

↑ "Tunisia Constitution, Article 4" (PDF) ? 26 ????? 2014? 9 ????? 2014 ??? ??? (PDF) ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 10 ????? 2014
↑ "Tunisian Constitution, Article 1" (PDF) ? 26 ????? 2014? 9 ????? 2014 ??? ??? (PDF) ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 10 ????? 2014 Translation by the University of Bern: "Tunisia is a free State, independent and sovereign; its religion is the Islam, its language is Arabic, and its form is the Republic."
↑ Arabic, Tunisian Spoken ? Ethnologue (19 ????? 1999)? ??????? ?????? on 5 ????? 2015.
↑ "Tamazight language" ? Encyclopædia Britannica? 04 ????? 2021 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ???? 2017
↑ "Nawaat ? Interview avec l' Association Tunisienne de Culture Amazighe" ? Nawaat? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ???? 2017
↑ "An outline of the Shilha (Berber) vernacular of Douiret (Southern Tunisia)"
↑ "Tunisian Amazigh and the Fight for Recognition ? Tunisialive" ? Tunisialive? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ???? 2017
^ ^? ^? ^?
↑ Justin Frosini? Francesco Biagi (2014)? Political and Constitutional Transitions in North Africa: Actors and Factors ? Routledge? ????: 4? ISBN 978-1-317-59745-2
↑ Choudhry, Sujit; Stacey, Richard (2014) "Semi-presidential government in Tunisia and Egypt" ??????? ??? (Date missing) ?????? idea.int (Error: unknown archive URL) ? International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. ??????? ?????? 7 ????? 2016.
↑ "National Institute of Statistics-Tunisia" ? National Institute of Statistics-Tunisia? 12 ????? 2014? 4 ????? 2015 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 12 ????? 2014
^ ^? ^? ^? ^? "Tunisia" ? International Monetary Fund? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ????? 2018
↑ "GINI index" ? World Bank? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 19 ????? 2013
↑ "2016 Human Development Report" (PDF) ? United Nations Development Programme? 2016? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? (PDF) ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 4 ????? 2016
↑ "Report on the Delegation of ?????" ? Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers? 2010? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 8 ????? 2010
↑ ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? 1918?1939 Cahiers du CERES??????? 1969???? ????96
↑ "Committee to Protect Journalists 2005 Report on Tunisia" ? CPJ? 2005? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 30 ????? 2006
^ ^? ^? "CIA" ? 16 ?????? 2012 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ??? 2008
↑ "Columbia Gazetteer" ? 02 ?????? 2008 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ??? 2008
↑ ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??
↑ Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander Maltese (1997:xiii) "The immediate source for the Arabic vernacular spoken in Malta was Muslim Sicily, but its ultimate origin appears to have been Tunisia. In fact Maltese displays some areal traits typical of Maghrebine Arabic ? although during the past eight hundred years of independent evolution it has drifted apart from Tunisian Arabic."
↑ Gabsi, Zouhir (2003) 'An outline of the Shilha (Berber) vernacular of Douiret (Southern Tunisia)' [1] ??????? ??? (Date missing) ?????? library.uws.edu.au (Error: unknown archive URL)

?????? ????? [ ????? ]

???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? :
	??? ? ???? ???? ??? ??
	?????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??
	???? ?????? ???? ? ???????? ???? ????? ??
	???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??
	?????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??
	???? ???????? ???? ???? ??
	???? ????? ? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??

????? ???? ?????? ??? ???
"Tunisia" ? ???? ????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????
???? ( ?? ??? ?? ????) ?? ????
????????? ???? ???? Tunisia
Tunisia ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???

34°N 9°E / 34°N 9°E / 34; 9

[art4-1] "Tunisia Constitution, Article 4" (PDF) ? 26 ????? 2014? 9 ????? 2014 ??? ??? (PDF) ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 10 ????? 2014

[art1-2] "Tunisian Constitution, Article 1" (PDF) ? 26 ????? 2014? 9 ????? 2014 ??? ??? (PDF) ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 10 ????? 2014 Translation by the University of Bern: "Tunisia is a free State, independent and sovereign; its religion is the Islam, its language is Arabic, and its form is the Republic."

[3] Arabic, Tunisian Spoken ? Ethnologue (19 ????? 1999)? ??????? ?????? on 5 ????? 2015.

[4] "Tamazight language" ? Encyclopædia Britannica? 04 ????? 2021 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ???? 2017

[5] "Nawaat ? Interview avec l' Association Tunisienne de Culture Amazighe" ? Nawaat? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ???? 2017

[6] "An outline of the Shilha (Berber) vernacular of Douiret (Southern Tunisia)"

[7] "Tunisian Amazigh and the Fight for Recognition ? Tunisialive" ? Tunisialive? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ???? 2017

[CIA-8] ? ^? ^?

[9] Justin Frosini? Francesco Biagi (2014)? Political and Constitutional Transitions in North Africa: Actors and Factors ? Routledge? ????: 4? ISBN 978-1-317-59745-2

[10] Choudhry, Sujit; Stacey, Richard (2014) "Semi-presidential government in Tunisia and Egypt" ??????? ??? (Date missing) ?????? idea.int (Error: unknown archive URL) ? International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. ??????? ?????? 7 ????? 2016.

[ins-11] "National Institute of Statistics-Tunisia" ? National Institute of Statistics-Tunisia? 12 ????? 2014? 4 ????? 2015 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 12 ????? 2014

[imf2-12] ? ^? ^? ^? "Tunisia" ? International Monetary Fund? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ????? 2018

[13] "GINI index" ? World Bank? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 19 ????? 2013

[HDI-14] "2016 Human Development Report" (PDF) ? United Nations Development Programme? 2016? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? (PDF) ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 4 ????? 2016

[iana-15] "Report on the Delegation of ?????" ? Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers? 2010? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 8 ????? 2010

[16] ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? 1918?1939 Cahiers du CERES??????? 1969???? ????96

[17] "Committee to Protect Journalists 2005 Report on Tunisia" ? CPJ? 2005? 25 ????? 2018 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 30 ????? 2006

[cia.gov-18] ? ^? "CIA" ? 16 ?????? 2012 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ??? 2008

[19] "Columbia Gazetteer" ? 02 ?????? 2008 ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ??? 2008

[20] ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??

[21] Borg and Azzopardi-Alexander Maltese (1997:xiii) "The immediate source for the Arabic vernacular spoken in Malta was Muslim Sicily, but its ultimate origin appears to have been Tunisia. In fact Maltese displays some areal traits typical of Maghrebine Arabic ? although during the past eight hundred years of independent evolution it has drifted apart from Tunisian Arabic."

[22] Gabsi, Zouhir (2003) 'An outline of the Shilha (Berber) vernacular of Douiret (Southern Tunisia)' [1] ??????? ??? (Date missing) ?????? library.uws.edu.au (Error: unknown archive URL)

[2]

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[13]

[14]

[15]

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[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

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