??? ??? ??????
(
?????
: ??? ??? ??????? ?????? 26 ?????? 1955?) ??? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??
??????? ?? 14??? ????? ???
???
??????? ????? ????? ?????????????
?? ??? ??? ???
??????? ????? ?????
?? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? 10 ???? 2024? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????
[5]
?? ?? ??? ?? 2008? ?? 2013? ??
??????? ?? 11 ??? ???
???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????
?? ???? ????
?? ????? ???? ?? ???? 2018? ??
??????? ?? ???? ??????
?? ??? ????
???? ?? ??? ???????
???? ??? ??????
?? ????? ?????? 1987? ???
?? ???? ????
?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??
1988? ??? ??????
?? ???
??????? ?? ???? ????
????? ?? ?? ? ???? ?? ????? ?? 1990? ??? ???
???? ????? ???
?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ????
[6]
?? ?? ???? ???? 1993? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????
?????? ????
??? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? 20 ????? 1996? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???
????? ?????
?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????
[7]
[8]
????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? 1990? ??? ???? ?????? ??? 1997? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? 2004? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? 27 ????? 2007? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??
2008? ?? ??? ????????
??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??????
????? ????
?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? 6 ????? 2008? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????
[9]
???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? 11 ?? 14 ???? ?? ????
[10]
[11]
2013? ?? ??? ????????
??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? 9 ????? 2013? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????
???
???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? 2024? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??
2024? ?? ???????? ??? ????????
?? ??? ?? ???? ????
[12]
???? ??? ?????
[
?????
]
?????? 26 ?????? 1955? ??
?????
? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???
[13]
[14]
?? ?? ????
?????? ??????
?? ?? ??? ??
???? ??? ??????
? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?????
??? ??? ?????
?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
???? ?????? ???????
?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???
[15]
[16]
[17]
???? ????? ???? ??
????
??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? 1969? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? 1972? ??? ???????? ????
[18]
[19]
?? 1973? ?? 1974? ??
???? ?????? ???? ?????
? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? 2008? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??
???? ???? ?????
?? 1970? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????
[20]
[21]
[22]
?? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? 2002? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? 2008? ???
??????? ?? ????? ????
?? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
[23]
[24]
??????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???
[
?????
]
?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? 1983? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???
???? ???
??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????
[25]
1987? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???
???? ????
?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? 18 ????? 1987? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???
???????? ??? ????
?? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ??? 100,000 ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????
[26]
[27]
1988? ???
???? ???? ???? ????
????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??
1988? ?? ????????
??? 207 ??? ?? 94 ?????? ??????
????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???
[
?????
]
????? 1993? ???? ??
????? ?????
??? ?????? ?? 18 ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??
???? ????
?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???
????? ???????? ??????
?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????
[28]
[29]
????? 1994? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???
???? ????
?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????-???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ???? ????? 1994? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? "?? ????? ????? ?????" ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? 1995? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?????
[30]
????? 1996? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??
????? ?????
?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ???
?????? ????
?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ??
?????
?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????
[31]
??????
[
?????
]
???? ????? 1996? ?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? 2004? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???-???? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ????
[32]
???? ?????? ?????
?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???
???? ?????? ????
?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????
[33]
[34]
???? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???
??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????
10 ??????
1990?
???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??? 3??? 6?? ?? ??? ?? ???
6 ?????
1993?
?? ??? ?????
4 ?????
1996?
?? ????? ??? ?????? ????? 8 ??? 18 ?? ??? ??? ?? ??
22 ?????
2004?
?? ??? ?????
[35]
2019? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????
??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????
??? ???????
[
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]
???? ??? ???
[
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]
??
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??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? "
???? ????? ??????
" ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????
[36]
[37]
???? 2008? ???
????? ????
?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ?? 6 ????? 2008? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????
????? ?????
?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????
????? ?????
?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???
???? ???????
??? ????? ???? - ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????
[38]
2013? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? 8 ????? 2013? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????
[39]
[40]
????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? 13 ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????
[41]
????? ??? ???
[
?????
]
3 ???? 2024? ???
?????? ???? ?????? ???????
?? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ???????? 9 ???? 2024? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????
[42]
???????
[
?????
]
?????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??
"Mr. 10%"
?? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????
???? ????
???
????? ????
?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????
????? ?????
??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? 2007?? 2008?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ????
?????? ?????? ????
???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??
[43]
?????? ?? 2007? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????
????? ???? ??????
?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???????? 2007? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? 2008? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??
???? ????
?? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? "?????? ???? ???? ????? "
[44]
??????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????
[45]
????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????
???? ???? ???
?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????
[46]
??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????
??? ?????? ????
?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??
?????? ???? ??????
???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????
????? 2010? ???
???? ?????? ????
?? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??
????? ????
??? 2460 ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????
[47]
???? ???????
[
?????
]
?????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ??
??????
?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????
?????? ??????
?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???:
[48]
??? ?? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ’??? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????‘
?
???? ?????
[
?????
]
??????
[
?????
]
?????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ????????
????? ???? ??????
??????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? 25 ????? 1990? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? 3 ????? 1993? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???
????? ??????
?? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????
[49]
[50]
????? 2002? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? 2011? ??? ??? ????
[51]
?? ?? ??? ??
?????? ?????
?? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????
[52]
2005? ????
??????? ???????
?? ????? ??? ?? ?? 1.8 ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????
??????? ?? ????? ????
???? ???? ????
[53]
?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? 2007? ????
[54]
????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??? $60 ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???
???
?
???? ???? (????)
?
???????
(?????? ????????? ??? ??? ?????????) ???
????
?
[55]
?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? 16??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???
?????
?
?????
???
????? ????
??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???
[56]
[57]
?????? ?????
[
?????
]
????? ???
[
?????
]
- ↑
Brockhaus Enzyklopadie online ID:
https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/zardari-asif-ali
? ????: Asif Ali Zardari ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017
- ↑
Munzinger person ID:
https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id=00000026852
? ????: Asif Ali Zardari ? ??? ??? ??????: 9 ?????? 2017
- ↑
??? :
https://d-nb.info/gnd/1025833937
? ??? ??? ??????: 25 ??? 2015 ? ????? ????: CC0
- ↑
Identifiants et Referentiels
? ??? ??? ??????: 10 ??? 2020
- ↑
"Zardari returns to Office of President for second time"
(????? ???????)? 2024-03-09
? ??? ??? ?????? 09 ???? 2024
- ↑
"Profile: Pakistan: leaders"
? BBC News? 7 May 2009
? ??? ??? ?????? 06 ??? 2009
- ↑
"Pakistan ex-premier's spouse indicted for murder".
The New York Times
. 6 July 1997.
- ↑
Burns, John F (5 November 1996). "Pakistan's Premier Bhutto is put under house arrest".
The New York Times
- ↑
Ishaq Tanoli (10 April 2008)?
"SHC acquits Zardari in Murtaza murder case"
? Dawn? Pakistan
? ??? ??? ?????? 29 ??? 2018
- ↑
"Zardari has abysmally low approval rating"
? The Times of India? 28 June 2012
? ??? ??? ?????? 11 ???? 2015
- ↑
Aziz Nayani (9 May 2013)?
"Democracy's Surprisingly Low Approval Rating in Pakistan"
? The Atlantic
? ??? ??? ?????? 11 ???? 2015
- ↑
Hannah Ellis-Petersen (3 March 2024)?
"Shehbaz Sharif sworn in as prime minister of Pakistan"
? The Guardian
? ??? ??? ?????? 03 ???? 2024
- ↑
Christopher Riches? Jan Palmowski (18 February 2021)?
"Zardari, Asif Ali"
? A Dictionary of Contemporary World History (????? ???????)? Oxford University Press?
ISBN
978-0-19-189094-9
?
doi
:
10.1093/acref/9780191890949.001.0001
- ↑
Wilkinson, Isambard (4 September 2008)?
"Profile: Asif Ali Zardari, Pakistan's probable next president, is living the dream"
? The Daily Telegraph? London? 12 ????? 2022 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 06 ??? 2009
- ↑
Pakistan Journal of History and Culture
? National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research? 1996? ????: 82?
The second son
Hakim Ali Zardari
, left his place of birth, Phatohal Zardari, and settled in the village Mir Khan Zardari village where he started cultivating ancestral lands. He married Bilqees Khanum, daughter of Hasan Ali Memon and grand daughter of the famous scholar Hasan Ali Effendi.
- ↑
Selections from Regional Press
? Institute of Regional Studies? 2008? ????: 48?
On his maternal side, he is the great-grandson of Khan Bahadur Hassan Ali Effendi, the founder of first educational institution for the Muslims of Sindh. The founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, was among the prominent students to graduate from the Sindh Madrassa.
- ↑
Current Biography Yearbook
? H.W. Wilson? 2009? ????: 623?
On his maternal side, Zardari is the great-grandson of Khan Bahadur Hassan Ali Effendi ["Afandi" in some sources), the founder of Sindh Madrasatul Islam, the first educational institution for Muslims in Sindh.
- ↑
"President Asif Ali Zardari"
? gov.pk? 29 ??????? 2012 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 30 ??? 2011
- ↑
Wonacott, Peter (5 September 2008)?
"Zardari set to assume Pakistan's presidency"
? The Wall Street Journal
? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ????? 2009
- ↑
Wonacott, Peter (5 September 2008)?
"Zardari set to assume Pakistan's presidency"
? The Wall Street Journal
? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ????? 2009
- ↑
Perlez, Jane (11 March 2008)?
"From prison to zenith of politics in Pakistan"
? The New York Times
? ??? ??? ?????? 08 ??? 2011
- ↑
Ellick, Adam B. (16 July 2010)?
"Pakistani legislators face accusations of faking their degrees"
? The New York Times? 10 ??? 2011 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 08 ??? 2011
- ↑
Wonacott, Peter (5 September 2008)?
"Zardari set to assume Pakistan's presidency"
? The Wall Street Journal
? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ????? 2009
- ↑
Ellick, Adam B. (16 July 2010)?
"Pakistani legislators face accusations of faking their degrees"
? The New York Times? 10 ??? 2011 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 08 ??? 2011
- ↑
Wonacott, Peter (5 September 2008)?
"Zardari set to assume Pakistan's presidency"
? The Wall Street Journal
? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ????? 2009
- ↑
"Pakistan opposition leader's wedding spurs frenzied protest"
? The Durant Daily Democrat?
Durant, Oklahoma
? 20 December 1987
? ??? ??? ?????? 29 ??????? 2011
- ↑
Weisman, Steven R (19 December 1987)?
"The Bride Wore White; 100,000 Sang Slogans"
? The New York Times
? ??? ??? ?????? 03 ???? 2011
- ↑
"Government arrests husband of Bhutto"
? The Spokane Chronicle? Spokane, Washington? 10 October 1990
? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ??????? 2011
- ↑
"Police arrest Bhutto's husband"
? The Reading Eagle? Reading, Pennsylvania? 10 October 1990
? ??? ??? ?????? 22 ??????? 2011
- ↑
Burns, John F (5 November 1996)?
"Pakistan's Premier Bhutto is put under house arrest"
? The New York Times? 18 ????? 2011 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 05 ???? 2011
- ↑
Burns, John F (5 November 1996)?
"Pakistan's Premier Bhutto is put under house arrest"
? The New York Times? 18 ????? 2011 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 05 ???? 2011
- ↑
John F. Burns (9 January 1998)?
"House of graft: tracing the Bhutto millions"
? The New York Times
? ??? ??? ?????? 10 ?????? 2001
- ↑
????????? 18 ????? 2009??
"Asif Ali Zardari on shaky ground after amnesty overturned "
- ↑
?? ???????? 10 ????? 2009??
"Watchdog claims Zardari reaped $1.7bn during Bhutto's rule "
- ↑
https://e.jang.com.pk/pic.asp?npic=06-17-2019/Lahore/images/06_005.png
- ↑
Orr, James (9 September 2008)?
"Civilian rule returns to Pakistan as Asif Ali Zardari becomes President"
? The Guardian? UK
? ??? ??? ?????? 21 ???? 2011
- ↑
James Traub
(31 March 2009)?
"Can Pakistan Be Governed? And Is Asif Ali Zardari the Man to Do the Job?"
?
The New York Times Magazine
? ??? ??? ?????? 02 ???? 2017
- ↑
"Pakistan court ruling on Zardari 'political role
'
"
?
?? ?? ??
? 24 ????? 2018 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 12 ??? 2011
- ↑
"Pakistani president Asif Ali Zardari set to step down at end of five-year term"
? The Independent? London? 8 September 2013
- ↑
"Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari steps down as his term ends"
? The Washington Times
- ↑
Nihao Salam?
"Pakistan, China sign agreements, MoUs on Economic Corridor Plan, maritime cooperation"
? www.nihao-salam.com? 11 ???? 2023 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 18 ??? 2017
- ↑
"Pakistani parliament to meet on Mar. 9 to elect new president, Asif Ali Zardari front-runner"
? Arab News? March 3, 2024
? ??? ??? ??????
March 3,
2024
- ↑
??????? ????? 8 ??? 2008??
??????? ???
?????? nation.com.pk
"Aitzaz says 'most' graft charges against Zardari & Benazir were justified"
- ↑
bbc 23 ???? 2008??
"?????? ???? ?? ???? ????: ??????"
- ↑
????????? 26 ???? 2008??
"Questions raised over Zardari mental health"
- ↑
??????? ?????? 25 ???? 2008??
"U.N. Envoy’s Ties to Pakistani Are Questioned "
- ↑
????? 23 ????? 2010??
??????? ???
?????? nation.com.pk
"Seizure order for president’s front man land by NAB"
- ↑
"
'
???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???
'
"
? ?? ?? ?? ????? 24 ????? 2018 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 27 ????? 2011
- ↑
"Profile: Bilawal Bhutto Zardari"
? BBC News? 30 December 2007? 15 ??????? 2011 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 17 ??????? 2011
- ↑
Koster, Suzanna (17 May 2007)?
"No grand return for Pakistan's Bhutto"
? The Christian Science Monitor
? ??? ??? ?????? 18 ??????? 2011
- ↑
Mohsin Ali (29 May 2011)?
"Bilawal to head Zardari tribe"
? Gulf Daily News? Manama, Bahrain
? ??? ??? ?????? 24 ??????? 2011
- ↑
"Dastar bandi: Zardari takes over as chief of his own tribe ? The Express Tribune"
? The Express Tribune? 30 December 2014
? ??? ??? ?????? 29 ??? 2018
- ↑
Salik Malik (26 October 2008)?
"President Asif Ali Zardari 2nd most richest man of Pakistan"
? Daily Pakistan? 13 ????? 2012 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 29 ??????? 2011
- ↑
- ↑
Borger, Julian (31 December 2007)?
"Asif Ali Zardari: 'His elevation will turn off floating voters. It will hurt the party
'
"
? The Guardian? UK
? ??? ??? ?????? 19 ???? 2011
- ↑
Salik Malik (26 October 2008)?
"President Asif Ali Zardari 2nd most richest man of Pakistan"
? Daily Pakistan? 13 ????? 2012 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 29 ??????? 2011
- ↑
"Pakistan's Sharif barred from election"
? Singapore: Channel NewsAsia? 3 December 2007? 28 ??? 2011 ???
???
?? ??????? ???
? ??? ??? ?????? 24 ??????? 2011
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