Hissene Habre

Kufuma Wikipedia

Hissene Habre
???? ????
Habre during a visit to the United States in 1987
5th President of Chad
Nyengo:
7 June 1982 ? 1 December 1990
Prime Minister Djidingar Dono Ngardoum (1982)
Kupokela Goukouni Oueddei
Kuwiska na Idriss Deby
1st Prime Minister of Chad
Nyengo:
29 August 1978 ? 23 March 1979
Kupokela Francois Tombalbaye (of French Chad )
Kuwiska na Djidingar Dono Ngardoum
Umoyo wamunthu
Kubabika ( 1942-08-13 ) 13 August 1942
Faya-Largeau , French Chad , French Equatorial Africa
Kufwa 24 August 2021 (2021-08-24) (vyaka vika?a 79)
Dakar , Senegal [1]
Malo ghaku?ikika Yoff Muslim cemetery
Chipani
Nthengwa Fatime Raymonde [2]
Sukulu
Religion Muslim
Military service
Allegiance   Chad
Service/branch Chadian Armed Forces
Vyaka mukugwila 1972?1990
Battles/wars

Hissene Habre ( Arabic : ???? ???? ?usa?n ?abr? ,  Chadian Arabic : pronounced  [hi?s?n ?habre] ; French pronunciation: ​ [is?n ab?e] ; 13 August 1942 ? 24 August 2021), [1] waka?a wandale wa ku Chad ndipo waka?a wa mulandu wa nkhondo. Waka?a purezidenti wa 5 wa charu cha Chad kwambira mu 1982 mpaka apo wakawuskikira mu 1990.

Munthu uyu waka?a Musulumani ndipo waka?a wa ku Northern Chad. Chifukwa cha mphindano na Goukouni Oueddei, Habre na gulu lake la ?asilikari ?akugaluka ?akajipeleka kwa Felix Malloum. Kufuma apo, Habre wakapika udindo wa Minisita wa vya Vyankhondo mu boma liphya la Tchad, ndipo Oueddei waka?a purezidenti. Mwalu?iro ubwezi wawo ukamara, ndipo ?asilikari ?a Habre ?akawuskapo Oueddei mu 1982.

Wakati wa?a pulezidenti muphya wa caru ici, Habre wakambiska muwuso wa wupu umoza uwo ukawusikanga na wupu wake wa National Union for Independence and Revolution. Wakafika pa mazaza na wovwiri wa France na United States, awo ?akapeleka masambiro, vilwero, na ndalama mu nyengo yose ya muwuso wake cifukwa cakuti wakasuskanga Muammar Gaddafi mulongozgi wa ku Libya. [3] Wakalongozga chalo mu nyengo ya nkhondo ya ku Libya na Chad, ndipo wakatonda nkhondo ya Toyota kufuma mu 1986 mpaka 1987 na wovwiri wa France. Pakati pajumpha vyaka vitatu, Idriss Deby wakathereska Tchad mu 1990 ndipo wakachimbilira ku Senegal.

Mu Meyi 2016, khoti la pa charu chose ku Senegal likasanga Habre na mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ?anthu, kusazgapo kuzgeriska, kugwiliska ntchito za uzga, na kukoma ?anthu 40,000, ndipo ?akamuphalira kuti wakakhale mu jele umoyo wake wose. Waka?a mutu wa boma wakwamba uyo wakeruzgika na khoti la caru cinyake cifukwa ca kuswa wanangwa wa ?anthu. Wakafwa pa 24 August 2021, pamanyuma pa kuyezga kuti wali na COVID-19. [4] [5]

Umoyo [ lemba | kulemba source ]

Habre wakababika mu 1942 ku Faya-Largeau, kumpoto kwa charu cha Chad. Waka?a wa fuko la Anakaza la fuko la Daza Gourane, ilo nalo ni fuko la fuko la Toubou. Wakati wamalizga masambiro ghake gha ku pulayimale, wakasanga nchito mu boma la France, ndipo wakakondweska ?alara ?ake. Wakamalizga masambiro gha ku yunivesite mu Paris, ndipo wakawelera ku Chad mu 1971. Kweniso wakasanga madigiri ghanyake ghanandi na kupokera digiri ya udokotala. Pamanyuma pa nyengo yichoko waka yakute?etera boma nga ni Deputy Prefect, wakaluta ku Tripoli na kunjira gulu la National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) uko wakazgoka mulongozgi wa Second Liberation Army ya FROLINAT pamoza na Goukouni Oueddei. Abba Siddick wati watora mazaza gha FROLINAT, Second Liberation Army, pakwamba pasi pa Oueddei ndipo pamanyuma pa Habre, yikapatukana na FROLINAT ndipo yikazgoka Council of Command of the Armed Forces of the North (CCFAN). Mu 1976 Oueddei na Habre ?akakwesana ndipo Habre wakapatura gulu lake liphya la Armed Forces of the North (Forces Armees du Nord panji FAN) ku ?alondezgi ?a Goukouni awo ?akamba kucemeka People's Armed Forces (Forces Armees Populaires panji FAP).

Habre wakamba kumanyikwa pa caru cose apo gulu ilo waka?a mulongozgi wake likawukira tawuni ya Bardai ku Tibesti, pa Epulero 21, 1974, na kutora ?anthu ?atatu ?a ku Europe ku?a ?akayidi. Munthu uyo ?akamukora waka?a dokotala wa ku Germany, Dr. Christoph Staewen (uyo muwoli wake Elfriede wakakomeka), na ?anthu ?a?iri ?a ku France, Francoise Claustre, uyo wakumanya vya mipukutu yakale, na Marc Combe, uyo wakugwira ntchito yakovwira ?anthu. Pa Juni 11, 1974, Staewen ?akamufumiska pamanyuma pakuti ?asilikari ?a ku West Germany ?amupa ndalama zinandi. [6] [7] [8] Combe wakacimbira mu 1975, kweni nangauli boma la France likacitapo kanthu, Claustre (uyo mfumu wake waka?a mulara wa boma la France) wakafwatulika pa 1 Febuluwale 1977. Habre wakapatukana na Oueddei, cifukwa ca nkhani iyi (iyo yikamanyikwa kuti "nkhani ya Claustre" mu France). [9]

Ku?a na mazaza [ lemba | kulemba source ]

Mu Ogasiti 1978 Habre wakapika maudindo gha Prime Minister wa Chad na Vice President wa Chad nga ndi chiga?a cha mgwirizano na Gen. Ndipouli, phangano la kuga?ikana mazaza likamara yayi. Mu Febuluwale 1979, ?asilikari ?a Habre na ?asilikari ?a Malloum ?akarwa nkhondo mu N'Djamena. Nkhondo iyi yikapangiska kuti charu cha Chad chileke ku?a na boma. Vyaru vinyake vikayezga nthowa zinandi kuti vimazge suzgo ili, ndipo mu Novembala 1979 boma liphya likapangika, ndipo Habre wakasankhika ku?a nduna ya vyavikiliro. Mu Disembala 1980, Habre wakatolekera ku Sudan.:354 Mu 1982, wakambaso kulimbana na boma la Chad. FAN yikapoka mazaza pa N'Djamena mu Juni ndipo yikimika Habre ku?a mulongozgi wa boma. [9] :30, 151

Kulamula [ lemba | kulemba source ]

Ronald Reagan na Habre ku White House

Habre wakawusa mu charu cha Chad kwambira mu 1982 m'paka mu 1990 apo Idriss Deby wakamulekeska. Ufumu wa chipani chimoza wa Habre, nga umo uka?ira na maparita ghanyake ghakale, uka?anga na kuswa wanangwa wa ?anthu. Wakakana kukoma na kutambuzga ?anthu ?anandi awo ?akamususkanga, nangauli mu 2012, khoti la United Nations' International Court of Justice (ICJ) likalangura kuti Senegal yimweruzge panji kumupeleka ku caru cinyake.

Wakati wafika pa mazaza, Habre wakambiska gulu la ?apolisi lakucemeka Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS). ?anyake mwa nthowa izo DDS yikugwiliskira nchito pakusuzga ?akayidi ni kuwotcha mathupi ghawo na vinthu vyakugolera, ku?apopera gasi mu maso, makutu na mphuno, ku?achichizga kumira maji, na ku?achichizga kuti ?ajumphe milomo yawo mu vi?iya vya galimoto. Boma la Habre likacitangaso vyakukanizga ?anthu ?a mitundu yinyake nga ni Sara, Hadjerai na Zaghawa, kukoma na kukora ?anthu ?anandi para ?awona kuti ?alongozgi ?awo mbakofya ku boma.

Habre wakacimbira na ndalama za boma zakukwana $11 miliyoni, kuya ku Senegal pamanyuma pa kuwuskika mu 1990. Waka?ikika mu jele mu 2005 mpaka apo wakakakikira mu 2013. Wakasoleka na milandu ya nkhondo na kutambuzga ?anthu mu vilimika vinkhondi na vi?iri ivyo waka?ira pa mazaza mu Chad, uko magulu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ?anthu ghakuti ?anthu pafupifupi 40,000 ?akakomeka. Wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ?anthu (Human Rights Watch) ukuti ?anthu 1,200 ?akakomeka ndipo 12,000 ?akayuzgika, ndipo wupu unyake wa ku Chad ukati ?anthu 40,000 ?akakomeka ndipo ?anthu ?akujumpha 200,000 ?akayuzgika. Human Rights Watch pamanyuma pake yikati Habre ni "Pinochet wa ku Africa". [10] [11] [12]

Nkhondo na Libya [ lemba | kulemba source ]

Nkhani ikulu: Chadian?Libyan conflict
Idriss Deby, uyo wakanjira mu malo gha Habre, uyo waka?a mulongozgi wa ?asilikari pa nyengo ya nkhondo ya Chadi na Libya, wakakomeka myezi yinayi pambere Habre wandafwe.

Mu Julayi 1980, charu cha Libya chikapoka charu cha Chad na kupoka chiga?a cha Aozou. Boma la United States na la France likapokelera wovwiri wa Chadi kuti likanizge ?anthu ?a mu charu cha Libya awo ?aka?a na mtima wa kuwukira boma la Muammar al-Gaddafi.:354

Mu 1980, boma la umoza likasazga phangano la ubwezi na kukolerana na Libya. Phangano ili likazomerezga boma la Chadi kupempha wovwiri ku Libya usange wanangwa wa Chadi uli pangozi.:191 Gulu la ?asilikari la ku Libya likamba kovwira ?asilikari ?a boma, awo ?akalongozgekanga na Goukouni. Mu 1983, ?asilikari ?a ku Libya ?akawelera ku Chad ndipo ?akakhalira mu charu ichi, kovwira ?asilikari ?a Goukouni, mpaka mu 1988.:193?? 198:354?? 356

Nangauli boma la Habre likathereska ?alwani ?ake, kweni lika?a na nkhongono yayi. Mu Novembala 1990, ?akugaluka awo ?akalongozgekanga na Idriss Deby, uyo waka?a mulara wa ?asilikari ?a ku Zaghawa, ?akathereska ?asilikari ?a Habre. ?afarisi ?akasankha kuleka kovwira Habre pa nyengo iyi, ndipo ?akamulekeska ntchito. ?anthu ?anyake ?akughanaghana kuti chifukwa icho charu cha France chikagwenthera ku Tchad chika?a chakuti chindanjirepo pa nkhondo izo zika?a mukati mwa charu cha Chad. ?anyake ?akukhorwa yayi na ivyo Habre wakachita chifukwa chakuti wakakhumba yayi kuchita vinthu mwakukolerana na vyaru vinandi. Habre wakacimbilira ku Cameroon, ndipo ?akugaluka ?akanjira mu N'Djamena pa 2 Disembala 1990; Habre wakaluta ku Senegal. [13]

Wovwiri wa United States na France [ lemba | kulemba source ]

Wonaniso: CIA activities in Chad

Mu vyaka vya m'ma 1980, United States yika?a na udindo ukuru pakuwuska Hissene Habre ku mazaza, ndipo yikamuwona kuti ni munthu wakujivikilira mwachikanga kuti Muammar Gaddafi wa ku Libya waleke kusazgikira, ntheura yikapeleka wovwiri wa usilikari ku gulu lake na ku boma lake, nangauli boma ili likacitanga viheni vikuru na vyakukhozga wanangwa wa ?anthu.

? Human Rights Watch [14]

United States na France vikawovwira Habre, ndipo vikamuwona kuti ni munthu wakuvikilirika ku boma la Gaddafi ku Libya. Mu nyengo ya Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan, boma la United States likapeleka wovwiri ku CIA kuti wawovwire Habre kutora mazaza. Boma la United States likagwiliskiraso nchito msasa unyake mu caru ca Chad kusambizga ?asilikari ?a ku Libya awo ?akakoleka.

Donald Norland, uyo waka?a thenga la United States ku Chad kwambira mu 1979 m'paka 1981, wakati: "Nkhukayika usange CIA yikamanya ivyo vikacitikanga. Kweni paka?avya kudumbiskana za ndondomeko iyi, kweniso tika?avya kuyowoyapo usange ivyo tikachita vika?a vyavinjeru".

Malipoti agho Human Rights Watch yikasanga ghakulongora kuti boma la United States likapeleka masambiro, mauthenga gha mu charu, vilwero, na wovwiri unyake ku gulu la DDS la Habre nangauli likamanyanga uheni uwo likachitanga. Mabuku agho ghakasangika mu mabuku gha DDS ghakulongosora umo ?asambizgi ?a boma la United States ?akasambizgiranga ?antchito ?a DDS. Kuyana na Chadian Truth Commission, United States yikapelekaso DDS wovwiri wa ndalama mwezi uliwose ndipo yikagwiliskira nchito ndalama zakwendeskera maofesi gha vyenjezgo agho ghakacemekanga kuti "Mosaic" agho Chad yikagwiliskiranga nchito pakulondezga ?anthu awo ?akaghanaghananga kuti ?akususka boma la Habre nangauli ?akachimbira mu caru.

Mu cihanya ca 1983, apo Libya wakawukira kumpoto kwa Chad ndipo wakakhumbanga kuwuskapo Habre, France yikatuma ?asilikari ?a parachute na wovwiri wa mu mphepo, apo boma la Reagan likapeleka ndege zi?iri za AWACS kuti ziwovwire ?anthu. Kuzakafika mu 1987, ?asilikari ?a Gaddafi ?akawerako.

Mulara munyake wa boma la United States wakati: "Habre waka?a munthu wavinjeru comene ndipo wakamanyanga makora umo wangacitira vinthu na ?anthu ?a mu caru. Kweniso waka?a munthu wankhaza na wakusuzga. Tingayowoya kuti tikamanyanga uyo waka?a na ivyo wakachitanga, kweni tikamuleka waka". [3]

Milandu [ lemba | kulemba source ]

Kuyowoya vya kuswa malango [ lemba | kulemba source ]

Magulu ghakuvikilira wanangwa wa ?anthu ghakuwona kuti Habre ndiyo wakakoma ?anthu ?anandi, kweni unandi wawo ukumanyikwa yayi. Pa ?anthu awo ?akakomeka paka?a ?anthu ?a mafuko ghanyake kumwera (1984), ?a Hadjerai (1987), na ?a Zaghawa (1989). Wupu wa Human Rights Watch ukamupa mulandu wakuti wakazomerezga kuti ?anthu masauzandi ghanandi ?akomeke na kutambuzgika. Habre ?akamucemanga kuti "Pinochet wa ku Africa", pakuyowoya za Augusto Pinochet, muwusi wa ku Chile. Habre wakasayinanga yekha vyeruzgo vya nyifwa na kula?ilira vyakuyuzga ?anthu, ndipo ?akamusanga na mulandu wa kunjilirapo pa kutambuzga ?anthu na ku?akolelera. Kuyana na nkhwantha zinyake, khoti ilo likweruzga mulandu uwu lika?a "khoti la caru cose", nangauli ndilo lika?a 'likuru comene' pa makhoti ghose".

Boma la Idriss Deby likakhazikiska Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habre, His Complices and/or Accessories in 1990, ilo likati ?anthu 40,000 ?akakomeka, kweni likalondezga yayi ivyo likayowoya. [15] [16] [17] [18] [19]

Kuyezgayezga kwambiro (Initial trial attempts) [ lemba | kulemba source ]

Pakati pa 1993 na 2003, boma la Belgium lika?a na dango lakuti ?anthu wose ?eruzgike (Loi belge des crimes de guerre) ilo likazomerezganga kuti ?anthu awo ?akuswa chomene wanangwa wa ?anthu ?eruzgike mu makhoti gha mu charu chawo kweniso gha pa charu chose. Nangauli dango ili likawuskikapo, kweni ?apolisi ?akalutilira na kusanda mulandu wa Habre, ndipo mu Seputembala 2005 ?akamupa mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ?anthu, kutambuzga ?anthu, na kuswa wanangwa wa ?anthu. Ku Senegal, uko Habre waka?a ku wuzga kwa vilimika 17, ?akamujalira mu nyumba yake ku Dakar.

Pa Malichi 17, 2006, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Europe yikapempha Senegal kuti yipeleke Habre ku Belgium kuti wakeruzgike. Senegal wakapulikira yayi, ndipo pakwamba wakakana ivyo wupu wa African Union ukayowoya kuti wa?apeleke kwa iyo. Wupu wa Chadian Association for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights, ukazomerezga fundo iyi. Usange mphanyi ?akamupeleka, mphanyi waka?a munthu wakwamba uyo charu chinyake chikamupeleka ku khoti chifukwa cha kuswa wanangwa wa ?anthu. Mu 2007, boma la Senegal likakhazikiska khoti lakunozga la milandu ya nkhondo kuti limweruzge Habre. Pa Epulero 8, 2008, wupu wakuwona vya wanangwa wa ?anthu wa ku Senegal ukazomerezga kusintha malango gha charu ichi kuti Habre wasangike na mulandu. Pa ungano wa wupu wa National Assembly na Senate mu Julayi 2008, ?akazomerezga dango ilo likapeleka mazaza ku makhoti gha ku Senegal kuti gheruzgenge ?anthu chifukwa cha milandu iyo ?akacita mu vyaru vinyake kweniso milandu iyo ?akacita vyaka vyakujumpha 10 kumasinda. Nduna ya vya Malango ya ku Senegal, Madicke Niang, yikimika ?eruzgi ?anayi.

Filimu ya mu 2007 ya Klaartje Quirijns, The Dictator Hunter, yikulongosora vya Souleymane Guengueng na Reed Brody, awo ?akalongozga ntchito ya kuzenga mulandu Habre. [20] [21] [22]

Kuyezgeka ku Chad [ lemba | kulemba source ]

Pa 15 Ogasiti 2008, khoti la ku Chad likadumura kuti Habre wakomeke kwambura mulandu chifukwa cha milandu ya nkhondo na yakwimikana na wanangwa wa ?anthu chifukwa cha ivyo ?akamuyowoyera kuti wakagwiranga lumoza ntchito na ?akugaluka mukati mwa Chad kuti wafumiske Deby. Francois Serres, loya wa Habre, wakasuska mulandu uwu pa Ogasiti 22 cifukwa cakuti uka?a wambura urunji ndiposo wachisisi. Kuyana na Serres, mulandu uwo upharazgi uwu ukajintha uka?a wambura kumanyikwa ndipo Habre wakapokera yayi uthenga uliwose wakukhwaskana na mulandu uwu. [23]

Kuyezgeka ku Senegal [ lemba | kulemba source ]

Mu 2008, boma la Senegal likasazgirako fundo yinyake iyo yikapeleka mwa?i wakuti Habre weruzgike. Kweni pamasinda, boma la Senegal likasintha maghanoghano ghake, ndipo likapempha wovwiri wa ndalama zakujumpha 27 miliyoni za ku caru cose pambere ?andambe kuyezga. Ici cikapangiska Belgium kuti wacimbizge khoti la International Court of Justice (ICJ) kuti li?achichizge Senegal kuti wapeleke Habre ku Belgium panji kuti walutilire na mulandu wake. Khoti la ICJ likakana kupeleka mulandu uwu, ndipo likati para munthu waswa dango ili ndikuti wabuda. Boma la Senegal likasuskika cifukwa ca kuleka kufiska ivyo likakhumbanga pa nkhani ya ucige?enga, kweniso cifukwa ca kuleka kupeleka mulandu uwu ku ?alara ?a boma kuti ?eruzgike. Khoti la ICJ likakana ivyo boma la Senegal likayowoya vyakuti ndarama ni zichoko kweniso kuti likususka malango gha mu charu.

Mu Novembala 2010, khoti la Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) likadumura kuti Senegal yingachita yayi mulandu uwu kwizira mu khoti la ku malo pera, ndipo likapempha kuti pa?e khoti lapadera lakweruzgira mulandu wa Habre. Mu Epulero 2011, Senegal yikakolerana kuti pa?e wupu wa ad hoc mu Africa, Chad, na vyaru vinyake.

Ndipouli, boma la Senegal likasintha maghanoghano ghake, ndipo likafumamo mu khoti ili pa Meyi 30, 2011 kwambura kulongosora. Komiti ya African Union pa nkhani ya Habre, pakunozgekera ungano wawo wakulondezgapo wa pa Juni 30, yikalemba lipoti ilo likapempha Senegal kuti yipeleke Habre ku Belgium.

Pa Julayi 8, 2011, ?amazaza ?a ku Senegal ?akapharazga kuti Habre wazamumupeleka ku Chad pa Julayi 11, kweni ivi vikamara. [24] Mu Julayi 2012, khoti la ICJ likadumura kuti Senegal yambe kweruzga Habre "kwambura kuchedwa". Bungwe la Amnesty International likapempha boma la Senegal kuti lipulikire ivyo khoti la ICJ ladumura. Khoti la pa caru cose (ICC) likakana kweruzga mulandu uwu, cifukwa milandu iyi yikacitika pambere khoti ili lindambe kuwumbika mu 2002, ndipo likulongozga waka vinthu ivyo vikacitika pamanyuma pa nyengo iyi.

Mu Disembala 2012, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Senegal yikapeleka dango lakuti mu Senegal mupangike khoti la ?anthu ?a mitundu yose kuti limweruzge Habre. ?eruzgi ?a khoti ili ?akwimikika na wupu wa African Union, ndipo ?akufuma ku vyaru vinyake vya mu Africa.

Pa Juni 30, 2013, ?apolisi ?a ku Senegal ?akamukora Habre ku Senegal. Pulezidenti wa Chadi, Idriss Deby, wakati kukakika kwake kuka?a "nthowa yakulongozgera ku Africa uko kulije uheni uliwose, uko kulije maboma ghakupusa". Khoti la ku Senegal, ilo likakhazikiskika pamoza na wupu wa African Union, likamuphalira mulandu wa kusuzga ?anthu. Mu caka ici, khoti la ku Chad likamuphalira kuti wakomeke cifukwa ca kuswa malango. Khoti ilo likeruzga mulandu wa Hissene Habre ku Senegal likuyowoyeka kuti lili na vinthu vinandi.

Pa Julayi 20, 2015, mulandu uwu ukamba. Apo wakalindiliranga kuti mulandu uwu wambike, Habre wakacemerezga kuti: "?alwani ?a boma ?aparanyike. [Ceruzgo ici] nchinthu caucindere ico ?andyali ?a ku Senegal ?akucita. ?apusikizgi ?a ku Africa. Mute?eti wa ku America". Kufuma apo, Habre ?akamufumiska mu khoti ndipo mulandu ukayamba kwambura iyo. Pa Julayi 21, 2015, mulandu wa Habre ukasinthika kufika pa Seputembala 7, 2015, pamanyuma pakuti maloya ghake ghakana kwiza ku khoti. [25] [26] [27] [28]

Khoti Lapadera ku Senegal Likatumizga Mulandu [ lemba | kulemba source ]

Pa 30 May 2016, makhoti gha ku Africa ghakasanga kuti Habre ngwakwananga cifukwa ca kucitiska ule?i, uzga wa kugonana, na kuphalira ?anthu 40,000 kuti ?akomeke apo waka?a pulezidenti wa Chad ndipo ?akamupa chilango cakuti wakhale mu jele la Cap Manuel ku Senegal umoyo wake wose. Uwu uka?a ulendo wakwamba kuti khoti lakuwovwirika na wupu wa African Union limare mulandu wa kuswa wanangwa wa ?anthu wa munthu uyo kale waka?a mulongozgi wa charu chinyake. [19] [29] [30] [18] Mu Meyi 2017, Mweruzgi Ougadeye Wafi wakakhozgera chilango cha umoyo wake wose kwa Habre pamoza na milandu yose iyo ?akamupa, kupaturako wacige?enga. Khoti likati nkhani iyi yikakhwaska ndondomeko ya mulandu uwu, cifukwa cakuti ivyo mwanakazi uyu wakayowoya vikapelekeka mwakucedwa comene mwakuti vinga?a nga ni mulandu wa nkhaza za kugonana izo ?antchito ?ake ?akacita. Pa 7 April 2020, mweruzgi ku Senegal wakapeleka kwa Habre myezi yi?iri kuti waleke kukhala mu jele, pakuti jele ili likugwiliskirika nchito kuti ?akayidi ?aphya ?a COVID-19 ?a?ikikenge mu malo ghakupatulika. Wakati wafuma mu jele, wakawelera mu jele pa Juni 7. [31] [32] [33] [34] [35]

Nyifwa [ lemba | kulemba source ]

cHabre wakafwira ku Senegal pa 24 August 2021, sabata yimoza pamanyuma pa zu?a lake lakubabikira la 79, wati wafika ku chipatala chikuru ku Dakar na nthenda ya COVID-19. [36] [37] Wakalwara apo waka?a mu jele sabata yimoza kumasinda. [38] Mu mazgu, muwoli wa Habre, Fatime Raymonne Habre , wakasimikizga kuti wali na COVID-19. Wakasungika mu dindi la ?asilamu la Yoff. [39] [40]

Wonaniso [ lemba | kulemba source ]

Ukaboni [ lemba | kulemba source ]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Chad's former President Habre, convicted of war crimes, dies in Senegal" . Reuters. 24 Ogasiti 2021 . Retrieved 24 Ogasiti 2021 .
  2. ↑ "Hissene Habre is dead" (in American English). The Africa Report . 24 Ogasiti 2021 . Retrieved 25 Ogasiti 2021 .
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Douglas Farah (27 Novembala 2000). "Chad's Torture Victims Pursue Habre in Court" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 3 Julayi 2012 .
  4. ↑ "Senegal : Hissene Habre est mort ? Jeune Afrique" . JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 24 Ogasiti 2021 . Retrieved 24 Ogasiti 2021 .
  5. ↑ "Deces en prison au Senegal de l'ex-president tchadien Hissene Habre" . Le Figaro (in French). 24 Ogasiti 2021 . Retrieved 24 Ogasiti 2021 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: url-status ( link )
  6. ↑ "Entfuhrung: Bedenkliches Zugestandnis aus Bonn: Diplomatische Beziehungen abgebrochen ? Dr. Staewen berichtet uber Gefangenschait im Tschad (Abduction: dubious sanction from Bonn: Diplomatic relations broken off ? Dr. Staewen reported hostage in Chad)" (PDF) . Das Ostpreußenblatt (in German). 6 Julayi 1974. p. 5.
  7. ↑ "Deutscher Rebellen-Funk" . Der Spiegel (in German). 17 Juni 1974 . Retrieved 3 Julayi 2012 .
  8. ↑ "Zum Weinen" . Der Spiegel (in German). 15 Sekutembala 1975 . Retrieved 3 Julayi 2012 .
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Collelo, Thomas, ed. (1990) [December 1988]. A Country Study: Chad (PDF) (Second ed.). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.
  10. ↑ "Profile: Chad's Hissene Habre" . BBC News. 3 Julayi 2006 . Retrieved 3 Julayi 2012 .
  11. ↑ "France to help try Chad ex-leader" . BBC News. 27 Julayi 2007 . Retrieved 3 Julayi 2012 .
  12. ↑ "Africa's Pinochet" or the beginning of "Africa's solutions"? Al Jazeera
  13. ↑ Bernard Lanne, "Chad: Regime Change, Increased Insecurity, and Blockage of Further Reforms", Political Reform in Francophone Africa (1997), ed. Clark and Gardinier, page 274 (see also note 26).
  14. ↑ "Enabling a Dictator: The United States and Chad's Hissene Habre 1982-1990" . Human Rights Watch . 28 Juni 2016 . Retrieved 10 Disembala 2019 .
  15. ↑ "Decree No. 014 /P.CE/CJ/90" (PDF) . usip.org . 29 Disembala 1990 . Retrieved 25 Ogasiti 2021 .
  16. ↑ "Convicted ex-Chadian leader Hissene Habre dies at 79" (in British English). BBC News. 24 Ogasiti 2021 . Retrieved 25 Ogasiti 2021 .
  17. ↑ "Chad's Hissene Habre: Battle to bring 'Africa's Pinochet' to court" . BBC News. 20 Julayi 2015 . Retrieved 30 Meyi 2016 .
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Searcey, Dionne (30 Meyi 2016). "Hissene Habre, Ex-President of Chad, Convicted of War Crimes" . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 Meyi 2016 .
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Hissene Habre: Chad's ex-ruler convicted of crimes against humanity" . BBC News. 30 Meyi 2016 . Retrieved 30 Meyi 2016 .
  20. ↑ Amy Goodman and Juan Gonzalez (12 Juni 2008). " "The Dictator Hunter": Victims of US-Allied Chadian Dictator Hissene Habre Lead Quest to Bring Him to Justice" . Democracy Now! . Retrieved 3 Julayi 2012 . ]
  21. ↑ "Senegal: les deputes modifient la Constitution pour juger Hissene Habre" (in French). Agence France-Presse. 8 Epulelo 2008. Archived from the original on 24 Janyuwale 2013 . Retrieved 3 Julayi 2012 .
  22. ↑ "Senegal amends constitution" . News 24. Associated Press. 9 Epulelo 2008 . Retrieved 3 Julayi 2012 .
  23. ↑ "African Union: Press Senegal on Habre Trial" , Human Rights Watch, 28 January 2009
  24. ↑ "Senegal suspends Hissene Habre's repatriation to Chad" . BBC News. 10 Julayi 2011 . Retrieved 3 Julayi 2012 .
  25. ↑ "Trial of Chad's ex-dictator Habre adjourned to September 7" . France 24 . 21 Julayi 2015 . Retrieved 24 Julayi 2015 .
  26. ↑ "Chad's Hissene Habre forced to appear in court" . BBC News . 21 Julayi 2015 . Retrieved 24 Julayi 2015 . The trial has been suspended until 7 September after Mr Habre and his lawyers refused to speak to the judge.
  27. ↑ Diadie Ba (21 Julayi 2015). "Trial of Chad's Habre suspended after boycott by his lawyers" . Reuters . Retrieved 24 Julayi 2015 .
  28. ↑ Thierry Cruvellier (27 Julayi 2015). "For Hissene Habre, a Trial by Refusal" . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 Julayi 2015 .
  29. ↑ Burke, Jason (30 Meyi 2016). "Hissene Habre trial provides model for international justice" . The Guardian . Retrieved 30 Meyi 2016 .
  30. ↑ Dewan, Angela; Swails, Brent (30 Meyi 2016). "Ex-Chad dictator sentenced to life for war crimes" . CNN . Retrieved 30 Meyi 2016 .
  31. ↑ "Senegal : le Tchadien Hissene Habre regagne sa prison ? Jeune Afrique" . 7 Juni 2020.
  32. ↑ Press, Europa (8 Juni 2020). "Chad.- El expresidente de Chad Hissne Habre vuelve a prision en Senegal tras el permiso por la COVID-19" . www.notimerica.com .
  33. ↑ "Former Chadian strongman Hissene Habre returns to prison" . 7 Juni 2020.
  34. ↑ Seelinger, Kim Thuy (10 Meyi 2017). "Hissene Habre's rape acquittal must not be quietly airbrushed from history" . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 Disembala 2019 .
  35. ↑ "Chad: Ex-president temporarily released from jail due to COVID-19" . Al Jazeera . AFP news agency . 7 Epulelo 2020 . Retrieved 7 Epulelo 2020 .
  36. ↑ Maclean, Ruth; Camara, Mady (24 Ogasiti 2021). "Hissene Habre, Ex-President of Chad Jailed for War Crimes, Dies at 79" . The New York Times (in American English). ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 25 Ogasiti 2021 .
  37. ↑ "Chad's former president Hissene Habre dies at 79" . France24 . 24 Ogasiti 2021 . Retrieved 24 Ogasiti 2021 .
  38. ↑ "Chad's former President Hissene Habre dies of COVID aged 79" . www.aljazeera.com (in English) . Retrieved 24 Ogasiti 2021 .
  39. ↑ "Senegal : Hissene Habre enterre en l'absence de representants officiels ? Jeune Afrique" . JeuneAfrique.com (in French). 27 Ogasiti 2021 . Retrieved 30 Ogasiti 2021 .
  40. ↑ "L'ancien president tchadien Hissene Habre est mort" . Radio France International . 24 Ogasiti 2021 . Retrieved 3 Sekutembala 2021 .

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