Tungkol sa isang labis na makakanang lihim na samahan sa Estados Unidos na nagtataguyod ng pananaig ng mga puti ang artikulo na ito. Para sa samahan na naghimagsik sa mga Kastila sa Pilipinas, tingnan ang
Katipunan
.
Ang
Ku Klux Klan
(binibigkas na
/
/
),
[a]
na kadalasang tinatawag na
KKK
o payak na
Klan
, ay ang pangalan ng tatlong mga di-magkauring kilusan sa
Estados Unidos
na nagtaguyod ng mga marahas at reactionary na mga paninindigan tulad ng
white supremacy
,
white nationalism
,
anti-immigration
at (lalo na sa mga sumunod na ulit)
Nordisismo
,
[6]
[7]
anti-Catholicism
[8]
[9]
at
antisemitismo
.
[9]
Sa nakaraan, gumamit ng Ku Klux Klan ng
terorismo
?kapuwa pisikal na pananakit at pagpatay?laban sa mga pangkat o tao na kanilang tinututulan.
[10]
Tumatawag ang lahat ng tatlong mga kilusan para "paglilinis" ng
lipunang Amerikano
at lahat ay itinuturing mga labis na samahang
makakanan
.
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
The first Klan flourished in the
Southern United States
in the late 1860s, then died out by the early 1870s. It sought to overthrow the
Republican
state governments in the South during the
Reconstruction Era
, especially by using violence against
African American
leaders. With numerous chapters across the South, it was suppressed around 1871, through
federal law enforcement
. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes: robes, masks and
conical hats
, designed to be terrifying and to hide their identities.
[15]
[16]
The second group was founded in 1915 and it flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, particularly in urban areas of the
Midwest
and
West
. Rooted in local Protestant communities, it opposed
Catholics
and
Jews
, while also stressing its opposition to the
Catholic Church
at a time of high immigration from mostly Catholic nations of southern and eastern Europe.
[5]
This second organization adopted a standard white costume and used code words which were similar to those used by the first Klan, while adding
cross burnings
and mass parades to intimidate others.
The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after
WWII
, in the form of localized and isolated groups that use the KKK name. They have focused on opposition to the
Civil Rights Movement
, often using violence and murder to suppress activists. It is classified as a
hate group
by the
Anti-Defamation League
and the
Southern Poverty Law Center
.
[17]
Magmula noong 2016
[update]
, the Anti-Defamation League puts total Klan membership nationwide at around 3,000, while the
Southern Poverty Law Center
(SPLC) puts it at 6,000 members total.
[18]
The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to America's "
Anglo-Saxon
" blood, hearkening back to 19th-century
nativism
.
[19]
Although members of the KKK swear to uphold Christian morality, virtually every
Christian denomination
has officially denounced the KKK.
[20]
- ↑
Madalas na binibigkas nang mali bilang
/
/
.
- ↑
McVeigh, Rory. "Structural Incentives for Conservative Mobilization: Power Devaluation and the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 1915?1925".
Social Forces
, Vol. 77, No. 4 (June 1999), p. 1463.
- ↑
"Ku Klux Klan"
.
Southern Poverty Law Center
. Nakuha noong
7 Pebrero
2013
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- ↑
Al-Khattar, Aref M. (2003).
Religion and terrorism: an interfaith perspective
. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. pp.
21
, 30, 55.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- ↑
Michael, Robert, and Philip Rosen.
Dictionary of antisemitism from the earliest times to the present
. Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press, 1997, p. 267.
- ↑
5.0
5.1
Kelly Baker,
Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK's Appeal to Protestant America, 1915?1930
(U Press of Kadas, 2011)
- ↑
Petersen, William.
Against the Stream: Reflections of an Unconventional Demographer
. Transaction Publishers. p. 89.
ISBN
9781412816663
. Nakuha noong
Mayo 8,
2016
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- ↑
Pratt Guterl, Matthew (2009).
The Color of Race in America, 1900-1940
. Harvard University Press. p. 42.
ISBN
9780674038059
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- ↑
Pitsula, James M. (2013).
Keeping Canada British: The Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Saskatchewan
. UBC Press.
ISBN
9780774824927
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- ↑
9.0
9.1
Brooks, Michael E. (2014).
The Ku Klux Klan in Wood County, Ohio
. The History Press.
ISBN
9781626193345
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- ↑
O'Donnell, Patrick (Editor), 2006.
Ku Klux Klan America's First Terrorists Exposed
, p. 210.
ISBN
1-4196-4978-7
.
- ↑
Rory McVeigh,
The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-Wing Movements and National Politics
(2009).
- ↑
Matthew N. Lyons,
Right-Wing Populism in America
(2000), ch. 3, 5, 13.
- ↑
Chalmers, David Mark, 2003.
Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement
, p. 163.
ISBN
978-0-7425-2311-1
.
- ↑
Charles Quarles, 1999.
The Ku Klux Klan and Related American Racialist and Antisemitic Organizations: A History and Analysis
, p. 100. McFarland.
- ↑
See, e.g., Klanwatch Project (2011), illustrations, pp. 9?10.
- ↑
Elaine Frantz Parsons, "Midnight Rangers: Costume and Performance in the Reconstruction-Era Ku Klux Klan".
Journal of American History
92.3 (2005): 811?36.
- ↑
Both the
Anti-Defamation League
Naka-arkibo
October 3, 2012, sa
Wayback Machine
. and the
Southern Poverty Law Center
include it in their lists of hate groups. See also Brian Levin, "Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks in America", in Perry, Barbara (ed.),
Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader
, Routledge, 2003, p. 112.
- ↑
"At 150, KKK sees opportunities in US political trends"
(sa wikang Ingles). Inarkibo mula sa
ang orihinal
noong Hulyo 1, 2016
. Nakuha noong
Hulyo 2,
2016
.
{{
cite web
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- ↑
Newton, Michael
(2001).
The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida
.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)
- ↑
Perlmutter, Philip (Enero 1, 1999).
Legacy of Hate: A Short History of Ethnic, Religious, and Racial Prejudice in America
. M.E. Sharpe. p.
170
.
ISBN
978-0-7656-0406-4
.
Kenneth T. Jackson, in his
The Ku Klux Klan in the City 1915-1930
, reminds us that "virtually every" Protestant denomination denounced the KKK, but that most KKK members were not "innately depraved or anxious to subvert American institutions," but rather believed their membership in keeping with "one-hundred percent Americanism" and Christianity morality.
{{
cite book
}}
: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (
link
)