????????????????

???????????????? ( ?????? : Zionism ; ????? : ?????????? ? Tsiyyonut ) ???????? ????????? ^[2] ?????????? ???????? ^[3] ?????? ?????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ^[4] ????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????? (??????????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ???? ???????????????? ) ^[5]^[6] ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 19 ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? (Haskalah) ^[7]^[8]^[9] ????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ^[10]^[11]^[12]

??????? 1948 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ?????????????????????????????? 1948 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????? "?????????" ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????

?????? [ ??? ]

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???? ??????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? 19 ???????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????-??????? ???????? ???????? ???? 1897 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 14 ??????? 1948 ????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????? ????????????????? ? ??????????????? ^[13]
??	??????	??????	?????????	?????	???
1922	486,177 (74.91%)	83,790 (12.91%)	71,464 (11.01%)	7,617 (1.17%)	649,048
1931	493,147 (64.32%)	174,606 (22.77%)	88,907 (11.60%)	10,101 (1.32%)	766,761
1941	906,551 (59.68%)	474,102 (31.21%)	125,413 (8.26%)	12,881 (0.85%)	1,518,947
1946	1,076,783 (58.34%)	608,225 (32.96%)	145,063 (7.86%)	15,488 (0.84%)	1,845,559

??????? [ ??? ]

???????? [ ??? ]

↑ ??????????? "?????????" ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ???????????? Sergio Della Pergola (2001) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 5 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? 12 ^[1] ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ Pergola, Sergio della (2001). "Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications" (PDF) . Semantic Scholar . ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2018-08-20 . ??????????? 2020-09-01 .
↑
??:
- Bernard Lewis , Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice, W. W. Norton & Company , 1999 ISBN 978-0-393-24556-1 p.20
- Ian S. Lustick , 'Zionist Ideology and Its Discontents: A Research Note,' Israel Studies Forum Vol. 19, No. 1 (Fall 2003), pp.98-103, p.98.'Zionism was and is a serious ideology and deserves to be treated as such.'
- Gadi Taub, 'Zionism,' in Gregory Claeys, Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought, Sage CQ Press , 2013 ISBN 978-1-452-23415-1 pp.869-872 p.869.:'Zionism is an ideology that seeks to apply the universal principle of self-determination to the Jewish people.'
↑
??:
- Medding, P.Y. (1995). Studies in Contemporary Jewry: XI: Values, Interests, and Identity: Jews and Politics in a Changing World . Studies in Contemporary Jewry. OUP USA/Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-510331-1 . ??????????? 2019-03-11 .
- Gans, Chaim (2008-07-01). A Just Zionism: On the Morality of the Jewish State (?????????????????????). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340686.001.0001 . ISBN 9780199867172 . ???? ????????????????? December 27, 2019 . ??????????? March 16, 2019 .
↑ "What's the difference between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism?" . BBC. 29 April 2016. ???? ????????????????? August 1, 2019 . ??????????? 31 July 2019 .
↑ Motyl 2001 , pp. 604.
↑ Herzl, Theodor (1988) [1896]. "Biography, by Alex Bein" . Der Judenstaat [ The Jewish state ]. ?????? Sylvie d'Avigdor (republication ed.). New York: Courier Dover . p. 40. ISBN 978-0-486-25849-2 . ???? ????????????????? January 1, 2014 . ??????????? September 28, 2010 .
↑ Ben-Ami Shillony (January 24, 2012). Jews & the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders . Tuttle Publishing. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4629-0396-2 . ???? ????????????????? December 25, 2018 . ??????????? November 21, 2017 . (Zionism) arose in response to and in imitation of the current national movements of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe.
↑ LeVine, Mark; Mossberg, Mathias (2014). One Land, Two States: Israel and Palestine as Parallel States . University of California Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-520-95840-1 . ???? ????????????????? November 17, 2016 . ??????????? March 16, 2016 . The parents of Zionism were not Judaism and tradition, but antiSemitism and nationalism. The ideals of the French Revolution spread slowly across Europe , finally reaching the Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire and helping to set off the Haskalah , or Jewish Enlightenment. This engendered a permanent split in the Jewish world, between those who held to a halachic or religious-centric vision of their identity and those who adopted in part the racial rhetoric of the time and made the Jewish people into a nation. This was helped along by the wave of pogroms in Eastern Europe that set two million Jews to flight; most wound up in America , but some chose Palestine. A driving force behind this was the Hovevei Zion movement, which worked from 1882 to develop a Hebrew identity that was distinct from Judaism as a religion.
↑ Gelvin, James L. (January 13, 2014). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War . Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-107-47077-4 . ???? ????????????????? November 17, 2016 . ??????????? March 16, 2016 . The fact that Palestinian nationalism developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those nationalisms. Furthermore, Zionism itself was also defined by its opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region. Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that became central to the dominant strain of Zionism in the Yishuv originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the Palestinian "other".
↑ Cohen, Robin (1995). The Cambridge Survey of World Migration . Cambridge University Press. p. 504 . ISBN 9780521444057 . Zionism Colonize palestine.
↑ Gelvin, James (2007). The Israel?Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0521888356 . ???? ????????????????? February 20, 2017 . ??????????? February 19, 2016 .
↑ Ilan Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine , 2006, p.10?11
↑ unispal (September 3, 1947). "UNSCOP Report to the General Assembly, Volume 1, Chapter II, Par. A., 12 (doc.nr. A/364)" . United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? January 16, 2013 . ??????????? May 2, 2012 .

?????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????

Herzl, Theodor. A Jewish state: an attempt at a modern solution of the Jewish question (1896) full text online
Herzl, Theodor. Theodor Herzl: Excerpts from His Diaries (2006) excerpt and text search ???????? ??????? 8, 2014 ??? ??????????????

???????????????

Armborst-Weihs, Kerstin: The Formation of the Jewish National Movement Through Transnational Exchange: Zionism in Europe up to the First World War , European History Online , Mainz: Institute of European History , 2011, retrieved: August 17, 2011.
A. B. Masilamani , Zionism in Melu Kolupu ( Telugu ), Navajeevana Publications, Vijayanagar Colony, Hyderabad, 1984, pp. 121?126.
Beller, Steven. Herzl (2004)
Brenner, Michael, and Shelley Frisch. Zionism: A Brief History (2003) excerpt and text search
Butler, Judith : Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism . Columbia University Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0231146111
Cohen, Naomi. The Americanization of Zionism, 1897?1948 (2003). 304 pp. essays on specialized topics
Friedman, Isaiah. "Theodor Herzl: Political Activity and Achievements," Israel Studies 2004 9(3): 46?79, online in EBSCO
Hacohen, Dvorah (1991), "BenGurion and the Second World War", ?? Jonathan Frankel (?.?.), Studies in Contemporary Jewry : Volume VII: Jews and Messianism in the Modern Era: Metaphor and Meaning , Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195361988
Hakohen, Devorah (2003), Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After , Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0815629696
David Hazony , Yoram Hazony, and Michael B. Oren, eds., "New Essays on Zionism," Shalem Press, 2007.
Kloke, Martin: The Development of Zionism Until the Founding of the State of Israel , European History Online , Mainz: Institute of European History , 2010, retrieved: June 13, 2012.
Laqueur, Walter. A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel (2003) survey by a leading scholar excerpt and text search
Medoff, Rafael (1998). "Review Essay: Recent Trends in the Historiography of American Zionism". American Jewish History . 86 : 117?134. doi : 10.1353/ajh.1998.0002 . S2CID 143834470 .
Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II . Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-227230-1 .
Pawel, Ernst. The Labyrinth of Exile: A Life of Theodor Herzl (1992) excerpt and text search
Sachar, Howard M. A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time (2007) excerpt and text search
Shimoni, Gideon. The Zionist Ideology (1995)
Taub, Gadi . The Settlers and the Struggle over the Meaning of Zionism (2010, Hebrew, English)
Taylor, A.R., 1971, "Vision and intent in Zionist Thought'" in The transformation of Palestine , ed. by I. Abu-Lughod, ISBN 0-8101-0345-1 , Northwestern University Press , Evanston, IL
Urofsky, Melvin I. American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust (1995), a standard history
Wigoder, Geoffrey, ed. New Encyclopedia of Zionism and Israel (2nd ed. 2 vol. 1994); 1521 pp

??????????????? [ ??? ]

Central Zionist Archives site in Jerusalem
WZO website
Exodus1947.com ???????? 2021-12-18 ??? ?????????????? PBS Documentary Film focusing on the secret American involvement in Aliyah Bet, narrated by Morley Safer
Reverend William H. Hechler - The Christian minister who legitimized Theodor Herzl by Jerry Klinger. Jewish Magazine , July 2010
Is Zionism in Crisis? A Follow-Up Debate with Peter Beinart and Alan Dershowitz at The Graduate Center, CUNY
?????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ?? ?????????????????????????????????? 20 ??? ZBW

[2] ??????????? "?????????" ??????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ???????????? Sergio Della Pergola (2001) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? 5 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? 12 ^[1] ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????

[1] Pergola, Sergio della (2001). "Demography in Israel/Palestine: Trends, Prospects, Policy Implications" (PDF) . Semantic Scholar . ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2018-08-20 . ??????????? 2020-09-01 .

[3] ??:
Bernard Lewis , Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice, W. W. Norton & Company , 1999 ISBN 978-0-393-24556-1 p.20

Ian S. Lustick , 'Zionist Ideology and Its Discontents: A Research Note,' Israel Studies Forum Vol. 19, No. 1 (Fall 2003), pp.98-103, p.98.'Zionism was and is a serious ideology and deserves to be treated as such.'

Gadi Taub, 'Zionism,' in Gregory Claeys, Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought, Sage CQ Press , 2013 ISBN 978-1-452-23415-1 pp.869-872 p.869.:'Zionism is an ideology that seeks to apply the universal principle of self-determination to the Jewish people.'

[4] Bernard Lewis , Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice, W. W. Norton & Company , 1999 ISBN 978-0-393-24556-1 p.20

[5] Ian S. Lustick , 'Zionist Ideology and Its Discontents: A Research Note,' Israel Studies Forum Vol. 19, No. 1 (Fall 2003), pp.98-103, p.98.'Zionism was and is a serious ideology and deserves to be treated as such.'

[6] Gadi Taub, 'Zionism,' in Gregory Claeys, Encyclopedia of Modern Political Thought, Sage CQ Press , 2013 ISBN 978-1-452-23415-1 pp.869-872 p.869.:'Zionism is an ideology that seeks to apply the universal principle of self-determination to the Jewish people.'

[4] ??:
Medding, P.Y. (1995). Studies in Contemporary Jewry: XI: Values, Interests, and Identity: Jews and Politics in a Changing World . Studies in Contemporary Jewry. OUP USA/Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-510331-1 . ??????????? 2019-03-11 .

Gans, Chaim (2008-07-01). A Just Zionism: On the Morality of the Jewish State (?????????????????????). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340686.001.0001 . ISBN 9780199867172 . ???? ????????????????? December 27, 2019 . ??????????? March 16, 2019 .

[8] Medding, P.Y. (1995). Studies in Contemporary Jewry: XI: Values, Interests, and Identity: Jews and Politics in a Changing World . Studies in Contemporary Jewry. OUP USA/Institute of Contemporary Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-19-510331-1 . ??????????? 2019-03-11 .

[9] Gans, Chaim (2008-07-01). A Just Zionism: On the Morality of the Jewish State (?????????????????????). Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195340686.001.0001 . ISBN 9780199867172 . ???? ????????????????? December 27, 2019 . ??????????? March 16, 2019 .

[5] "What's the difference between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism?" . BBC. 29 April 2016. ???? ????????????????? August 1, 2019 . ??????????? 31 July 2019 .

[FOOTNOTEMotyl2001604-6] Motyl 2001 , pp. 604.

[7] Herzl, Theodor (1988) [1896]. "Biography, by Alex Bein" . Der Judenstaat [ The Jewish state ]. ?????? Sylvie d'Avigdor (republication ed.). New York: Courier Dover . p. 40. ISBN 978-0-486-25849-2 . ???? ????????????????? January 1, 2014 . ??????????? September 28, 2010 .

[Shillony2012-8] Ben-Ami Shillony (January 24, 2012). Jews & the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders . Tuttle Publishing. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-4629-0396-2 . ???? ????????????????? December 25, 2018 . ??????????? November 21, 2017 . (Zionism) arose in response to and in imitation of the current national movements of Central, Southern, and Eastern Europe.

[LeVineMossberg2014-9] LeVine, Mark; Mossberg, Mathias (2014). One Land, Two States: Israel and Palestine as Parallel States . University of California Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0-520-95840-1 . ???? ????????????????? November 17, 2016 . ??????????? March 16, 2016 . The parents of Zionism were not Judaism and tradition, but antiSemitism and nationalism. The ideals of the French Revolution spread slowly across Europe , finally reaching the Pale of Settlement in the Russian Empire and helping to set off the Haskalah , or Jewish Enlightenment. This engendered a permanent split in the Jewish world, between those who held to a halachic or religious-centric vision of their identity and those who adopted in part the racial rhetoric of the time and made the Jewish people into a nation. This was helped along by the wave of pogroms in Eastern Europe that set two million Jews to flight; most wound up in America , but some chose Palestine. A driving force behind this was the Hovevei Zion movement, which worked from 1882 to develop a Hebrew identity that was distinct from Judaism as a religion.

[Gelvin2014-10] Gelvin, James L. (January 13, 2014). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War . Cambridge University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-107-47077-4 . ???? ????????????????? November 17, 2016 . ??????????? March 16, 2016 . The fact that Palestinian nationalism developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other". Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. It would be perverse to judge Zionism as somehow less valid than European anti-Semitism or those nationalisms. Furthermore, Zionism itself was also defined by its opposition to the indigenous Palestinian inhabitants of the region. Both the "conquest of land" and the "conquest of labor" slogans that became central to the dominant strain of Zionism in the Yishuv originated as a result of the Zionist confrontation with the Palestinian "other".

[RCohen-11] Cohen, Robin (1995). The Cambridge Survey of World Migration . Cambridge University Press. p. 504 . ISBN 9780521444057 . Zionism Colonize palestine.

[JGelvin-12] Gelvin, James (2007). The Israel?Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0521888356 . ???? ????????????????? February 20, 2017 . ??????????? February 19, 2016 .

[13] Ilan Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine , 2006, p.10?11

[14] unispal (September 3, 1947). "UNSCOP Report to the General Assembly, Volume 1, Chapter II, Par. A., 12 (doc.nr. A/364)" . United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? January 16, 2013 . ??????????? May 2, 2012 .

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[1]