???????? ????????

???????? ????????
???????? ????????
	???????? ?? ?.?. 1863
????????????????? ????? 16
	??????????? ; 4 ?????? ?.?. 1861 ? 15 ?????? ?.?. 1865
???????????????	???????? ?????? (?.?. 1861 ? ?.?. 1865) ; ???????? ???????? (??.?. ? ??.?. ?.?. 1865) ;
????????	????? ????????
?????	???????? ????????
?????? ??????????????????? ; ??? ??????????? ??? 7
	??????????? ; 4 ?????? ?.?. 1847 ? 3 ?????? ?.?. 1849
????????	????? ?????
?????	????? ??? ???????
???????????????????? ??????????? ; ??? ??????????????
	??????????? ; 1 ??????? ?.?. 1834 ? 4 ??????? ?.?. 1842
???????????????
????	12 ?????????? ?.?. 1809 ; ???????????????? ??????????? ?????
?????????	15 ?????? ?.?. 1865 (56 ??) ; ???????? ??.??. ?????
??????????????????	???????????? ; (???????????????????????)
????????	?????????????
????????????	??? (???? ?.?. 1854) ; ?????????? (?.?. 1854 ? ?.?. 1864) ;
??????????? ; ????????????????	??????????????? (?.?. 1864 ? ?.?. 1865)
???????	6 ??? 4 ???? (193 ?????????)
???????	??????? ????? (???? 1842 )
????	???????? ; ????????? ; ?????? ; ??? ;
???????	????? ???????? (????) ; ????? ????? (?????) ;
????????????	??????????????
???????	???????? ; ??????????? ;
??????????
??????????????????????
??????	?????????????????????????
????????	?.?. 1832
??	??????? ; ?????? ;
??????/????????	????????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????? ; ???????????????????????? ; ; ;

???????? ???????? ( ?????? : Abraham Lincoln , 12 ?????????? ?.?. 1809 ? 15 ?????? ?.?. 1865) ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ????????????????? 16 ????????? ?????????????????? ?.?. 1861 ????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1865 ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ^[2]^[3] ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????? ? ????????????????? ??? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ?? ?.?. 1836 ???????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1834 - 1842 ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ?? ?.?. 1846 ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ??????????????-??????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1854 ???????????????????????????????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????????????? ?????? ??. ?????? ?? ?.?. 1858 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?.?. 1860 ?????????????????????????????????????????????? (moderate) ????????????????????????????????? (swing state) ???????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1860 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????? 12 ?????? ?.?. 1861 ?????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ^[4] ???????????????????????? ???????? ?.?. 1863 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[5] ????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????

???????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (presidential power) ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????? (habeas corpus) ???? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ???????? ?????? ( Trent affair) ?????????? ?.?. 1861 ???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???. ?????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ????? ???? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ????????? (theater) ????? ? ??? ^[6] ?????????????????????? ??????????? ??????????????????????? ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????? ?.?. 1865

??????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ?? ?.?. 1863 (????????????????????????????????????) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? Confiscation Act ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[7]^[8] ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1865 ???????????????????????????????? ????? ? ??????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[9]^[10] ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?.?. 1864 ????????? ?????????????? ??????????????????????????????? (Reconstruction) ?????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????? ???????? ??. ?? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ????? ?????? ??? (John Wilkes Booth) ?????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[11]^[12]

???????

???????????

????????????????????????????????????????

???????? ???????? ??????????????? 12 ?????????? ?.?. 1809 ??????????? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 17 ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[13]

????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?.?. 1808 ????????????? $200 ??????????? ^[14] ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????????????????

?? ?.?. 1816 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ^[15] ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????? 9 ??? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ????????? 34 ????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[16]

?.?. 1830 ???????????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[17] ????? ??????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????

???????????????????????????????????????????? 18 ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[18]

?????????????

???????? 4 ????????? ?.?. 1842 ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? 4 ?? ???????? ????? ??????????????? 1 ??????? ?.?. 1843 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ? ????????????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????? 10 ?????? ?.?. 1846 ???????????????????? 1 ?????????? ?.?. 1850 ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? 21 ??????? ????????????? ?.?. 1850 ???????????????????? 20 ?????????? ?.?. 1862 ??? ???????? ??.??. ????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? 4 ?????? ?.?. 1853 ???????????????????? 16 ??????? ?.?. 1871 ?? ??????

????????????????????????????????

1832 ?????????? 23 ???????????????????????????????? ? ???????????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????? 1854-1860

?????????????????????????? ?.?. 1860

????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1860 (?.?. 2403) ?????????????? 6 ????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????? ????? (Robert Grier) ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ^[19] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???. ????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????? ??????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1858 ^[20] ???????????????????????????????????????????????? 1860

????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1860 ??? ?????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? 1860 ????????????????????????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? (???????????? ???????? ???? fire-eaters) ??????????????? ?????????????????? ??. ?????? ??. ?????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ? ^[21] ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ( slave codes ) ???????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????

??. ??????? ??. ?????? ????????????

????? ??. ???????????? ??????.????? (1857-1861) ?????????????????????????????????

???????? ????????
????????????????? 16 (1861?1865)

??????????? ????? , ????????????????????????????????? (1861?1865)

????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????? "???????????" ??? ???????????????????????????????? (DNC) ^[21] ???????????????????????????????????? 57 ????? ????????? DNC ?????????????????????????????? 1860 ???????????? ???????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ??????? ????????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????? ??. ???????????? (John C. Breckinridge) ??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[21]

??????????

???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? "The Wigwam" ????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[22] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? Holmstead Act ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[21]

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[23] ?????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? (abolitionist) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[21]

?????????????? 1860
???????????????????????????????

????????????????????????? (Constitutional Union Party) ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? (whigs) ???? ?????????????????"??????" (??? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????, ???????????, ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? (????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????) ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ???????????????????? "?????" ?????????????????????????????? ^[21]

?????????????? ??. ?????? ??. ?????? (????????????? ??????-???????) ???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[24] (??????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? "??????" ??? ??????? "??????????????" ^[21] ??????????????????????????????????

????????????????????? 1860 ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? 10 ??? 15 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[25] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????? (electoral vote) ???????????? ????????????????????????? 1860 ????????????????????????????????????????? 40% ^[26] ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????

???????

↑ Carpenter, Francis B. (1866). Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture . Hurd and Houghton. p. 217 .
↑ William A. Pencak (2009). Encyclopedia of the Veteran in America . ABC-CLIO. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-313-08759-2 . ??????????? June 27, 2015 .
↑ Paul Finkelman; Stephen E. Gottlieb (2009). Toward a Usable Past: Liberty Under State Constitutions . U of Georgia Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-8203-3496-7 . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? September 5, 2015 . ??????????? June 27, 2015 .
↑ Randall (1947), pp. 65?87.
↑ Bulla (2010), p. 222.
↑ Nevins, Ordeal of the Union (Vol. IV), pp. 6?17.
↑ Donald (1996), p. 314
↑ Carwardine (2003), p. 178.
↑ Tagg, p. xiii.
↑ Donald (1996), pp. 315, 331?333, 338?339, 417.
↑ "Ranking Our Presidents" ???????? 2017-08-11 ??? ?????????????? . James Lindgren. November 16, 2000. International World History Project.
↑ "Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest President" . Gallup Inc. February 28, 2011.
↑ "leavitt+lincoln"&source=web&ots=13iVWZoQKM&sig=h81o17hAbYDnrOUx1FYVMmd6anQ&hl=en#PPA459, M1 History of the Town of Hingham, Massachusetts, Vol. II, Thomas Tracy Bouve, Published by the Town, 1893
↑ The farm site is now preserved as part of Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site .
↑ It is now in Spencer County, Indiana.
↑ Donald, (1995) pp. 28, 152.
↑ Lincoln Trail Homestead State Park
↑ Abraham Lincoln, The Physical Man
↑ Faragher, John Mack; ?????? (2005). Out of Many: A History of the American People (Revised Printing (4th Ed) ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. p. 388. ISBN 0-13-195130-0 .
↑ "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives" . United States House of Representatives . ??????????? 15 ??????? 2017 .
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 ^21.4 ^21.5 ^21.6 Dunn & Regan 2015 , p. 36.
↑ Burlingame, Michael (Sep 21, 2017). "ABRAHAM LINCOLN: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS" . Miller Center (UVA) .
↑ Catton 1960 , p. 18.
↑ Catton 1960 , pp. 13, 16.
↑ SCHULTEN, Susan (Nov. 10, 2010). "How (and Where) Lincoln Won". The New York TImes . {{ cite news }}: ??????????????????: |date= ( help )
↑ ibid.

??????????

Adams, Charles F. (April 1912). "The Trent Affair". The American Historical Review . The University of Chicago Press. 17 (3): 540?562. doi : 10.2307/1834388 . JSTOR 1834388 .
Ambrose, Stephen E. (1962). Halleck: Lincoln's Chief of Staff . Louisiana State University Press. OCLC 1178496 .
Baker, Jean H. (1989). Mary Todd Lincoln: A Biography . W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-30586-9 .
Bartelt, William E. (2008). There I Grew Up: Remembering Abraham Lincoln's Indiana Youth . Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-87195-263-9 .
Basler, Roy Prentice , ?.?. (1946). Abraham Lincoln: His Speeches and Writings . World Publishing. OCLC 518824 .
Basler, Roy P., ?.?. (1953). The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln . Vol. 5. Rutgers University Press.
Belz, Herman (1998). Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era . Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-1769-4 .
Belz, Herman (2006). "Lincoln, Abraham". ?? Frohnen, Bruce; Beer, Jeremy; Nelson, Jeffrey O (?.?.). American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia . ISI Books. ISBN 978-1-932236-43-9 .
Bennett Jr, Lerone (February 1968). "Was Abe Lincoln a White Supremacist?" . Ebony . Vol. 23 no. 4. Johnson Publishing. ISSN 0012-9011 .
Blue, Frederick J. (1987). Salmon P. Chase: a life in politics . The Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-340-0 .
Boritt, Gabor (1994) [1978]. Lincoln and the Economics of the American Dream . University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06445-3 .
Bulla, David W.; Gregory A. Borchard (2010). Journalism in the Civil War Era . Peter Lang Publishing Inc. ISBN 1-4331-0722-8 .
Burlingame, Michael (2008). Abraham Lincoln: A Life . Vol. I. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8993-6 .
Burlingame, Michael (Sep 21, 2017). "ABRAHAM LINCOLN: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS" . Miller Center (UVA) .
Carwardine, Richard J. (Winter 1997). "Lincoln, Evangelical Religion, and American Political Culture in the Era of the Civil War" . Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association . Abraham Lincoln Association. 18 (1): 27?55.
Carwardine, Richard (2003). Lincoln . Pearson Education Ltd. ISBN 978-0-582-03279-8 .
Cashin, Joan E. (2002). The War Was You and Me: Civilians in The American Civil War . Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09173-0 .
Chesebrough, David B. (1994). No Sorrow Like Our Sorrow . Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87338-491-9 .
Cox, Hank H. (2005). Lincoln And The Sioux Uprising of 1862 . Cumberland House Publisher. ISBN 978-1-58182-457-5 .
Cummings, William W.; James B. Hatcher (1982). Scott Specialized Catalogue of United States Stamps . Scott Publishing Company. ISBN 0-89487-042-4 .
Dennis, Matthew (2002). Red, White, and Blue Letter Days: an American Calendar . Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-7268-8 .
Diggins, John P. (1986). The Lost Soul of American Politics: Virtue, Self-Interest, and the Foundations of Liberalism . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14877-7 .
Dirck, Brian R. (2007). Lincoln Emancipated: The President and the Politics of Race . Northern Illinois University Press. ISBN 978-0-87580-359-3 .
Dirck, Brian (2008). Lincoln the Lawyer . University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07614-5 .
Donald, David Herbert (1948). Lincoln's Herndon . A. A. Knopf. OCLC 186314258 .
Donald, David Herbert (1996) [1995]. Lincoln . Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-82535-9 . online
Donald, David Herbert (2001). Lincoln Reconsidered . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-375-72532-6 . online
Douglass, Frederick (2008). The Life and Times of Frederick Douglass . Cosimo Classics. ISBN 1-60520-399-8 .
Dunne, Jemima; Regan, Regan, eds. (2015). The Civil War: A Visual History . Penguin Random House. {{ cite book }}: |first2= ????????????????? ( help )
Edgar, Walter B. (1998). South Carolina: A History . University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-255-4 .
Fish, Carl Russell (October 1902). "Lincoln and the Patronage". American Historical Review . American Historical Association. 8 (1): 53?69. doi : 10.2307/1832574 . JSTOR 1832574 .
Foner, Eric (1995) [1970]. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509497-8 .
Foner, Eric (2010). The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery . W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-06618-0 .
Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). Team of Rivals : The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln . Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82490-6 .
Goodrich, Thomas (2005). The Darkest Dawn: Lincoln, Booth, and the Great American Tragedy . Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34567-7 .
Graebner, Norman (1959). "Abraham Lincoln: Conservative Statesman". The Enduring Lincoln: Lincoln Sesquicentennial Lectures at the University of Illinois . University of Illinois Press. OCLC 428674 .
Grimsley, Mark (2001). The Collapse of the Confederacy . University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-2170-3 .
Guelzo, Allen C. (1999). Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President . W.B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-3872-3 .
Guelzo, Allen C. (2004). Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America . Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2182-5 .
Handy, James S. (1917). Book Review: Abraham Lincoln, the Lawyer-Statesman . Northwestern University Law Publication Association.
Harrison, J. Houston (1935). Settlers by the Long Grey Trail . J.K. Reubush. OCLC 3512772 .
Harrison, Lowell Hayes (2000). Lincoln of Kentucky . University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2156-6 .
Harris, William C. (2007). Lincoln's Rise to the Presidency . University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-1520-9 .
Havers, Grant N. (2009). Lincoln and the Politics of Christian Love . University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0-8262-1857-1 .
Heidler, David S.; Heidler, Jeanne T., ?.?. (2000). Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History . W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-393-04758-5 .
Heidler, David Stephen (2006). The Mexican War . Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32792-6 .
Hofstadter, Richard (October 1938). "The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War". American Historical Review . American Historical Association. 44 (1): 50?55. doi : 10.2307/1840850 . JSTOR 1840850 .
Holzer, Harold (2004). Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President . Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-9964-0 .
Jaffa, Harry V. (2000). A New Birth of Freedom: Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-8476-9952-8 .
Kelley, Robin D. G. ; Lewis, Earl (2005). To Make Our World Anew: Volume I: A History of African Americans to 1880 . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-804006-4 .
Lamb, Brian; Swain, Susan, ?.?. (2008). Abraham Lincoln: Great American Historians on Our Sixteenth President . PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-676-1 .
Lupton, John A. (September?October 2006). "Abraham Lincoln and the Corwin Amendment" . Illinois Heritage . The Illinois State Historical Society. 9 (5): 34.
Luthin, Reinhard H. (July 1994). "Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff". American Historical Review . 49 (4): 609?629. doi : 10.2307/1850218 . JSTOR 1850218 .
McClintock, Russell (2008). Lincoln and the Decision for War: The Northern Response to Secession . The University of North Carolina Press. . Online preview .
Madison, James H. (2014). Hoosiers: A New History of Indiana . Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press and Indiana Historical Society Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-253-01308-8 .
Mansch, Larry D. (2005). Abraham Lincoln, President-Elect: The Four Critical Months from Election to Inauguration . McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-2026-X .
McGovern, George S. (2008). Abraham Lincoln . Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-8345-3 .
McKirdy, Charles Robert (2011). Lincoln Apostate: The Matson Slave Case . Univ. Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-60473-987-9 .
McPherson, James M. (1992). Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507606-6 .
McPherson, James M. (1993). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-516895-2 .
McPherson, James M. (2009). Abraham Lincoln . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537452-0 .
Miller, William Lee (2002). Lincoln's Virtues: An Ethical Biography (Vintage Books ed.). New York: Random House/Vintage Books. ISBN 0-375-40158-X .
Neely, Mark E. (1992). The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties . Oxford University Press. pp. 3?31.
Neely Jr., Mark E. (December 2004). "Was the Civil War a Total War?" . Civil War History . 50 (4): 434?458. doi : 10.1353/cwh.2004.0073 .
Nevins, Allan (1947?71). Ordeal of the Union; 8 vol . Scribner's. ISBN 978-0-684-10416-4 .
- Nevins, Allan (1950). The Emergence of Lincoln: Prologue to Civil War, 1857?1861 2 vol . Scribner's. ISBN 978-0-684-10416-4 . , also published as vol 3?4 of Ordeal of the Union
- Nevins, Allan (1960?1971). The War for the Union; 4 vol 1861?1865 . Scribner's. ISBN 978-1-56852-297-5 . ; also published as vol 5?8 of Ordeal of the Union
Nichols, David A. (2010). Richard W. Etulain (?.?.). Lincoln Looks West: From the Mississippi to the Pacific . Southern Illinois University. ISBN 0-8093-2961-1 .
Noll, Mark (2000). America's God: From Jonathan Edwards to Abraham Lincoln . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515111-9 .
Oates, Stephen B. (1993). With Malice Toward None: a Life of Abraham Lincoln . HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-092471-3 .
Paludan, Phillip Shaw (1994). The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln . University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0671-9 .
Parrillo, Nicholas (September 2000). "Lincoln's Calvinist Transformation: Emancipation and War". Civil War History . Kent State University Press. 46 (3): 227?253. doi : 10.1353/cwh.2000.0073 .
Peterson, Merrill D. (1995). Lincoln in American Memory . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509645-3 .
Potter, David M.; Don Edward Fehrenbacher (1976). The impending crisis, 1848?1861 . HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-131929-7 .
Prokopowicz, Gerald J. (2008). Did Lincoln Own Slaves? . Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-307-27929-3 .
Randall, James G. (1947). Lincoln, the Liberal Statesman . Dodd, Mead. OCLC 748479 .
Randall, J.G.; Current, Richard Nelson (1955). Last Full Measure . Lincoln the President. Vol. IV. Dodd, Mead. OCLC 5852442 .
Sandburg, Carl (1926). Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years . Harcourt, Brace & Company. OCLC 6579822 .
Sandburg, Carl (2002). Abraham Lincoln: The Prairie Years and the War Years . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 0-15-602752-6 .
Schwartz, Barry (2000). Abraham Lincoln and the Forge of National Memory . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-74197-0 .
Schwartz, Barry (2009). Abraham Lincoln in the Post-Heroic Era: History and Memory in Late Twentieth-Century America . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-74188-8 .
Scott, Kenneth (September 1948). "Press Opposition to Lincoln in New Hampshire". The New England Quarterly . The New England Quarterly, Inc. 21 (3): 326?341. doi : 10.2307/361094 . JSTOR 361094 .
Sherman, William T. (1990). Memoirs of General W.T. Sherman . BiblioBazaar. ISBN 1-174-63172-4 .
Simon, Paul (1990). Lincoln's Preparation for Greatness: The Illinois Legislative Years . University of Illinois. ISBN 0-252-00203-2 .
Smith, Robert C. (2010). Conservatism and Racism, and Why in America They Are the Same . State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-3233-5 .
Steers, Edward (2010). The Lincoln Assassination Encyclopedia . Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-178775-2 .
Striner, Richard (2006). Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518306-1 .
Tagg, Larry (2009). The Unpopular Mr. Lincoln:The Story of America's Most Reviled President . Savas Beatie. ISBN 978-1-932714-61-6 .
Taranto, James; Leonard Leo (2004). Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and the Worst in the White House . Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-5433-5 .
Tegeder, Vincent G. (June 1948). "Lincoln and the Territorial Patronage: The Ascendancy of the Radicals in the West". Mississippi Valley Historical Review . Organization of American Historians. 35 (1): 77?90. doi : 10.2307/1895140 . JSTOR 1895140 .
Thomas, Benjamin P. (2008). Abraham Lincoln: A Biography . Southern Illinois University. ISBN 978-0-8093-2887-1 . online
Trostel, Scott D. (2002). The Lincoln Funeral Train: The Final Journey and National Funeral for Abraham Lincoln . Cam-Tech Publishing. ISBN 978-0-925436-21-4 .
Vorenberg, Michael (2001). Final Freedom: the Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65267-4 .
Warren, Louis A. (1991). Lincoln's Youth: Indiana Years, Seven to Twenty-One, 1816?1830 . Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society. ISBN 0-87195-063-4 .
White Jr., Ronald C. (2009). A. Lincoln: A Biography . Random House, Inc. ISBN 978-1-4000-6499-1 .
Wills, Garry (1993). Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America . Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-86742-3 .
Wilson, Douglas L. (1999). Honor's Voice: The Transformation of Abraham Lincoln . Knopf Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-375-70396-6 .
Winkle, Kenneth J. (2001). The Young Eagle: The Rise of Abraham Lincoln . Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 978-0-87833-255-7 .
Zarefsky, David S. (1993). Lincoln, Douglas, and Slavery: In the Crucible of Public Debate . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-97876-5 .

???????

????????		???????? ????????		?????
????? ????????		????????????????????? ????? 16 ( 4 ?????? ?.?. 2404 - 15 ?????? ?.?. 2408 )		???????? ????????

[Ranks-2] 1.0 ^1.1 ?????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????

[LincolnHeight-1] Carpenter, Francis B. (1866). Six Months in the White House: The Story of a Picture . Hurd and Houghton. p. 217 .

[3] William A. Pencak (2009). Encyclopedia of the Veteran in America . ABC-CLIO. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-313-08759-2 . ??????????? June 27, 2015 .

[4] Paul Finkelman; Stephen E. Gottlieb (2009). Toward a Usable Past: Liberty Under State Constitutions . U of Georgia Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-8203-3496-7 . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? September 5, 2015 . ??????????? June 27, 2015 .

[5] Randall (1947), pp. 65?87.

[Bulla-6] Bulla (2010), p. 222.

[7] Nevins, Ordeal of the Union (Vol. IV), pp. 6?17.

[8] Donald (1996), p. 314

[9] Carwardine (2003), p. 178.

[10] Tagg, p. xiii.

[11] Donald (1996), pp. 315, 331?333, 338?339, 417.

[Ranking_Our_Presidents-12] "Ranking Our Presidents" ???????? 2017-08-11 ??? ?????????????? . James Lindgren. November 16, 2000. International World History Project.

[gallup-13] "Americans Say Reagan Is the Greatest President" . Gallup Inc. February 28, 2011.

[14] "leavitt+lincoln"&source=web&ots=13iVWZoQKM&sig=h81o17hAbYDnrOUx1FYVMmd6anQ&hl=en#PPA459, M1 History of the Town of Hingham, Massachusetts, Vol. II, Thomas Tracy Bouve, Published by the Town, 1893

[15] The farm site is now preserved as part of Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historic Site .

[16] It is now in Spencer County, Indiana.

[17] Donald, (1995) pp. 28, 152.

[18] Lincoln Trail Homestead State Park

[19] Abraham Lincoln, The Physical Man

[Faragher05-20] Faragher, John Mack; ?????? (2005). Out of Many: A History of the American People (Revised Printing (4th Ed) ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. p. 388. ISBN 0-13-195130-0 .

[House_Party_Divisions-21] "Party Divisions of the House of Representatives" . United States House of Representatives . ??????????? 15 ??????? 2017 .

[FOOTNOTEDunn_&_Regan201536-22] 21.0 ^21.1 ^21.2 ^21.3 ^21.4 ^21.5 ^21.6 Dunn & Regan 2015 , p. 36.

[23] Burlingame, Michael (Sep 21, 2017). "ABRAHAM LINCOLN: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS" . Miller Center (UVA) .

[FOOTNOTECatton196018-24] Catton 1960 , p. 18.

[FOOTNOTECatton196013,_16-25] Catton 1960 , pp. 13, 16.

[26] SCHULTEN, Susan (Nov. 10, 2010). "How (and Where) Lincoln Won". The New York TImes . {{ cite news }}: ??????????????????: |date= ( help )

[27] ibid.

[1]

[a]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

? ? ? ???????? ????????
???????????????????????? ????? 16 (?.?. 1861-1865) ???????????????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? 7 (?.?.1847-1849) ???????????????????? 12 ?????????? ?.?. 1809 - 15 ?????? ?.?. 1865
?????????	???????????? ?.?. 1860 ???????????? ?.?. 1864 ???????????? Black Hawk War Emancipation Proclamation ????????????????????????????? 1 2 ???? Judicial appointments ?????????????????? ?????????????????????????? 13th Amendment abolishing slavery
?????????	Lyceum address Peoria speech " Lost Speech " House Divided speech Lincoln?Douglas debates Cooper Union Address Farewell Address First inaugural address Gettysburg Address Second inaugural address ??????????????????????????????????????????
????????	????? ???????? (????) ????? ???????? (?????) ?????? ??? ???????? (???????????) ?????? ???????? (???????) Mary Todd Lincoln (?????) Robert Todd Lincoln (????) Edward Baker Lincoln (????) William Wallace Lincoln (????) Thomas "Tad" Lincoln (????) Abraham Lincoln (captain) (???) Joseph Hanks (??????) Mordecai_Lincoln (???) Mary Lincoln Crume (???) John Hanks (?????????????)
????	?????????? ???????????????????? ??????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????? ?????????
????????????	?????????????? ???????????? Medical and mental health Poetry ????? Sexuality Slavery
????????????	Ford's Theatre Lincoln Birthplace Lincoln Boyhood Memorial Lincoln Home Lincoln Memorial Lincoln's New Salem ?????????????????? ????????????? ???????????? Petersen House Presidential Library and Museum
????????