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????????????????????????
???????????????????????? ; ???????????? ??????????????? ; al-Khil?fah al-?Abb?siyyah
	750?1258 ; 1261?1517 ;
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	???????????????????????? ?. ?.?. 850
?????	?????????
?????????	?????? ; (750?752) ; ????????? ; (752?762) ; ???????????? ; (?????????? ?.?. 762) ; ?????? ; (762?796, 809?836, 892?1258) ; ????????????? ; (796?809) ; Merv ; (811?815) ; ????????? ; (836?892) ; ???? ; (1261?1517) ;
??????????	????????????? (??????????????????); ???????????????? ?
?????	????????????????
?????????	????????????? ( ????????? )
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? 750?754	?????????? (???????)
? 1242?1258	????????????? (?????????????????????????????)
? 1261?1262	??????????????? 2 (???????????????????????)
? 1508?1517	???????????????? 3 (???????????????????????????)
?????????????
? ????????????????????????????	750
? ??????????????????????????	861
? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????????????????????????????? (940?1258)	940
? ?????? ??????????	1258
? ???????	1517
????????	????? (?????????) ; ?????? (??????????) ; ????? (????????????) ;
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???????????????????????? ( ?????? : ???????????? ??????????????? ) ???? ????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????????????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? (?.?. 566?653) ?????????????? ??????????????????????????? ^[6] ?????????????? ?????????????????????? ?? ???????????????????????????? ????? ?.?. 750 (?.?. 132) ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? (?????????????????????????) ????????? ?.?. 762 ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????????? ????? ???????????????????????????????? ??????????? , ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? "????????????????????????"

?????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? (??????????? ??????????? ) ????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ?? ??????? (???????????????) ???????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[7] ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? 8 ???????????????????????? ?????? ?????????????? ^[8]????????????????????? ^[9] ??????????????????????????????? ??????????? (??????????? ???? ??? ???????? ) ?????? ????????? ?? ?.?. 756, ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ?.?. 788, ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?.?. 800, ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? 870 ????????????? ??????????????????????? ?? ?.?. 969

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?.?. 945 ??? 1055 ???????? ????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ???????? ^[10] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1258 ???? ???????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ?? ?.?. 1261 ????????????????????????????? (?????????????????????? ??????????????????? ) ??????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ?.?. 1517 ^[11] ????? ???????????????? 3 ???????????????????????????????????? ^[12]

???????? [ ??? ]

↑ The Abbasid Revolution against the Umayyad Caliphate adopted black for its r?ya? for which their partisans were called the musawwid s. ^[1] Their rivals chose other colours in reaction; among these, forces loyal to Marwan II adopted red. ^[2] The choice of black as the colour of the Abbasid Revolution was already motivated by the "black standards out of Khorasan" tradition associated with the Mahdi . The contrast of white vs. black as the Umayyad vs. Abbasid dynastic colour over time developed in white as the colour of Shia Islam and black as the colour of Sunni Islam: "The proselytes of the ?Abbasid revolution took full advantage of the eschatological expectations raised by black banners in their campaign to undermine the Umayyad dynasty from within. Even after the ?Abbasids had triumphed over the Umayyads in 750, they continued to deploy black as their dynastic colour; not only the banners but the headdresses and garments of the ?Abbasid caliphs were black ... The ubiquitous black created a striking contrast with the banners and dynastic color of the Umayyads, which had been white ... The Ismaili Shi?ite counter-caliphate founded by the Fatimids took white as its dynastic color, creating a visual contrast to the ?Abbasid enemy ... white became the Shi?ite color, in deliberate opposition to the black of the ?Abbasid 'establishment'." ^[3] After the revolution, Islamic apocalyptic circles admitted that the Abbasid banners would be black but asserted that the Mahdi's standard would be black and larger. ^[4] Anti-Abbasid circles cursed "the black banners from the East", "first and last". ^[5]

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ Tabari (1995). Jane McAuliffe (?.?.). Abb?sid Authority Affirmed . Vol. 28. SUNY. p. 124.
↑ Crone 2012 , p. 122
↑ Hathaway, Jane (2012). A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 97f. ISBN 9780791486108 .
↑ Cook, David (2002). Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic . Darwin Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780878501427 .
↑ Crone 2012 , p. 243
↑ Hoiberg 2010 , p. 10.
↑ Canfield, Robert L. (2002). Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective . Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780521522915 .
↑ "Ab? Moslem ?or?s?n?" . Encyclopaedia Iranica . ???? ????????????????? 22 ????????? 2015 . ??????????? 20 ????????? 2015 .
↑ Finer, S. E. (1 January 1999). The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Volume II: The Intermediate Ages p.720 . OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780198207900 .
↑ Richards, D. S. (2020-04-22). The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh. Part 3: The Years 589?629/1193?1231: The Ayyubids after Saladin and the Mongol Menace (??????????). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-89281-0 .
↑ Holt 1984 .
↑ "?????? : ??????? ???????? - ??????? : ??????? ??? ???? "??????" ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????" . 2008-06-11. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 11 June 2008 . ??????????? 2022-06-02 .

?????? [ ??? ]

Crone, Patricia (2012). The Nativist Prophets of Early Islam .
Hoiberg, Dale H., ?.?. (2010). "Abbasid Dynasty" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Vol. I: A-Ak ? Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8 .
Holt, Peter M. (1984). "Some Observations on the 'Abb?sid Caliphate of Cairo". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies . University of London. 47 (3): 501?507. doi : 10.1017/s0041977x00113710 . S2CID 161092185 .

??????????????? [ ??? ]

??????:Collier's Poster

"Abbassides, The" . New International Encyclopedia . 1905.
"Abbasid Caliphs" (streaming RealAudio) , In Our Time , UK : BBC Radio 4, 2 February 2006 .
"Abbasid Caliphate" , Encyclopaedia Iranica (entry), ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2019-04-16 , ??????????? 2023-04-27 .

?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

[6] The Abbasid Revolution against the Umayyad Caliphate adopted black for its r?ya? for which their partisans were called the musawwid s. ^[1] Their rivals chose other colours in reaction; among these, forces loyal to Marwan II adopted red. ^[2] The choice of black as the colour of the Abbasid Revolution was already motivated by the "black standards out of Khorasan" tradition associated with the Mahdi . The contrast of white vs. black as the Umayyad vs. Abbasid dynastic colour over time developed in white as the colour of Shia Islam and black as the colour of Sunni Islam: "The proselytes of the ?Abbasid revolution took full advantage of the eschatological expectations raised by black banners in their campaign to undermine the Umayyad dynasty from within. Even after the ?Abbasids had triumphed over the Umayyads in 750, they continued to deploy black as their dynastic colour; not only the banners but the headdresses and garments of the ?Abbasid caliphs were black ... The ubiquitous black created a striking contrast with the banners and dynastic color of the Umayyads, which had been white ... The Ismaili Shi?ite counter-caliphate founded by the Fatimids took white as its dynastic color, creating a visual contrast to the ?Abbasid enemy ... white became the Shi?ite color, in deliberate opposition to the black of the ?Abbasid 'establishment'." ^[3] After the revolution, Islamic apocalyptic circles admitted that the Abbasid banners would be black but asserted that the Mahdi's standard would be black and larger. ^[4] Anti-Abbasid circles cursed "the black banners from the East", "first and last". ^[5]

[1] Tabari (1995). Jane McAuliffe (?.?.). Abb?sid Authority Affirmed . Vol. 28. SUNY. p. 124.

[2] Crone 2012 , p. 122

[3] Hathaway, Jane (2012). A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 97f. ISBN 9780791486108 .

[4] Cook, David (2002). Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic . Darwin Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780878501427 .

[5] Crone 2012 , p. 243

[FOOTNOTEHoiberg201010-7] Hoiberg 2010 , p. 10.

[8] Canfield, Robert L. (2002). Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective . Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 9780521522915 .

[9] "Ab? Moslem ?or?s?n?" . Encyclopaedia Iranica . ???? ????????????????? 22 ????????? 2015 . ??????????? 20 ????????? 2015 .

[10] Finer, S. E. (1 January 1999). The History of Government from the Earliest Times: Volume II: The Intermediate Ages p.720 . OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780198207900 .

[11] Richards, D. S. (2020-04-22). The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh. Part 3: The Years 589?629/1193?1231: The Ayyubids after Saladin and the Mongol Menace (??????????). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-89281-0 .

[FOOTNOTEHolt1984-12] Holt 1984 .

[13] "?????? : ??????? ???????? - ??????? : ??????? ??? ???? "??????" ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?????" . 2008-06-11. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 11 June 2008 . ??????????? 2022-06-02 .

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