?????????? 3 ??????? ?.?. 1791

??????????????????????
	??????????????????????????? 3 ??????? ?.?. 1791 ????????? ( ???????? ) ??????????? 5 ??????? ?.?. 1791
?????	6 ?????? ?.?. 1788 ? 3 ??????? ?.?. 1791
???????????	3 ??????? 1791 ; 233 ??????
???????	??????????????????????????????????? , ???? ??????
????????	??????????????????? 2 ????????? ; Stanisław Małachowski ; Hugo Kołł?taj ; Ignacy Potocki ; Stanisław Staszic ; Scipione Piattoli et al. ;

?????????? 3 ??????? ?.?. 1791 ^[1]^[a] ???? ?????????????????????? ^[b] ?????????????????????????????? ????????? ("?????????????" ???????????? ?.?. 1788?1792) ?????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ??? ???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????? ???????????????????????????? ?.?. 1764 ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? 2 ??????????????? ?????? ???????????????

????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? 2 ???????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ???????????????? ??? ??????????????????? ??? ?????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????-????????? ?.?. 1792

?????????? ?.?. 1791 ??????????????????? 19 ????? ^[2]^[3] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1793 ^[1]^[3] ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[3] ???????????????????????? ??? ??? ?????????? (?.?. 1793, ?.?. 1795) ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????? ????????? ?.?. 1918 ???? 123 ??????????? ?????????? ?.?. 1791 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? Ignacy Potocki ??? Hugo Koł?taj ?????????? ?.?. 1791 ??? "????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????" ^[c]

?????????? 3 ??????? ?.?. 1791 ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 1789 ^[3]^[d]

???????? [ ??? ]

↑ ??????? : Konstytucja 3 maja ; ????????? : Gegu??s tre?iosios konstitucija ?????????????? "Gegu??s_tre?iosios_konstitucija.ogg"
↑ ??????? : Ustawa Rz?dowa
↑ Piotr Machnikowski renders the Polish "Ojczyzna" as " Fatherland ". ^[2] The " literal " English translation of " ojczyzna " is indeed " fatherland ": both these words are calques of the Latin " patria ," which itself derives from the Latin " pater " ("father"). The English translation of the Constitution of 3 May 1791, by Christopher Kasparek , reproduced in Wikisource (e.g. at the end of section II, "The Landed Nobility" ) renders " ojczyzna " as "country", which is the usual English-language equivalent of the expression. In this particular context, "Homeland" may be the most natural rendering.
↑ ?????????????????????????? "???????" ??? "??????????" ???????????????? ????????????????????????????-???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?.?. 1653 ??? ??????????????????????? ?.?. 1777 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?.?. 1755 ?????????????????????????????????????????? ^[4] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[5] ?????????? ???????????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Norman Davies (15 May 1991). The Third of May 1791 (PDF) . Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Piotr Machnikowski (1 December 2010). Contract Law in Poland . Kluwer Law International. p. 20. ISBN 978-90-411-3396-0 . ??????????? 12 July 2011 .
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Jan Ligeza (2017). Preambuła Prawa [ The Preamble of Law ] (???????????). Polish Scientific Publishers PWN. p. 12. ISBN 978-83-945455-0-5 .
↑ Dorothy Carrington (July 1973). "The Corsican constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755?1769)" . The English Historical Review . 88 (348): 481?503. doi : 10.1093/ehr/lxxxviii.cccxlviii.481 . JSTOR 564654 .
↑ H. G. Koenigsberger (1986). Politicians and Virtuosi: Essays on Early Modern History (Vol. 49) . A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-90-762865-1 . ??????????? 10 December 2017 .

??????????????? [ ??? ]

Wikisource

????????? ?????????? (English) ????????????????????????: Constitution of 3 May 1791

Photos of original document
Polishconstitution.org ? about the 3 May 1791 Constitution, includes a partial English translation by Christopher Kasparek .
Collection of digitized versions of the 3 May 1791 Constitution and various related documents in the Digital National Library Polona .
Official web page about Constitution of 3 May ???????? 2022-09-29 ??? ?????????????? (in English)

?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

?????????? ????????????????????????

[2] ??????? : Konstytucja 3 maja ; ????????? : Gegu??s tre?iosios konstitucija ?????????????? "Gegu??s_tre?iosios_konstitucija.ogg"

[3] ??????? : Ustawa Rz?dowa

[Fatherland-6] Piotr Machnikowski renders the Polish "Ojczyzna" as " Fatherland ". ^[2] The " literal " English translation of " ojczyzna " is indeed " fatherland ": both these words are calques of the Latin " patria ," which itself derives from the Latin " pater " ("father"). The English translation of the Constitution of 3 May 1791, by Christopher Kasparek , reproduced in Wikisource (e.g. at the end of section II, "The Landed Nobility" ) renders " ojczyzna " as "country", which is the usual English-language equivalent of the expression. In this particular context, "Homeland" may be the most natural rendering.

[Constitution-9] ?????????????????????????? "???????" ??? "??????????" ???????????????? ????????????????????????????-???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?.?. 1653 ??? ??????????????????????? ?.?. 1777 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?.?. 1755 ?????????????????????????????????????????? ^[4] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[5] ?????????? ???????????????????????

[Davies1992-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Norman Davies (15 May 1991). The Third of May 1791 (PDF) . Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University.

[Machnikowski2010-4] 2.0 ^2.1 Piotr Machnikowski (1 December 2010). Contract Law in Poland . Kluwer Law International. p. 20. ISBN 978-90-411-3396-0 . ??????????? 12 July 2011 .

[Ligeza2017-5] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 Jan Ligeza (2017). Preambuła Prawa [ The Preamble of Law ] (???????????). Polish Scientific Publishers PWN. p. 12. ISBN 978-83-945455-0-5 .

[dd-7] Dorothy Carrington (July 1973). "The Corsican constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755?1769)" . The English Historical Review . 88 (348): 481?503. doi : 10.1093/ehr/lxxxviii.cccxlviii.481 . JSTOR 564654 .

[Koenigsberger1986-8] H. G. Koenigsberger (1986). Politicians and Virtuosi: Essays on Early Modern History (Vol. 49) . A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-90-762865-1 . ??????????? 10 December 2017 .

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