????????

	????????
	"????????" ?? ?????????????? (??), ??????? (????) ??? ?????? (????)
???????????????	戰國時代
??????????????	???代
????????????????	Zhanguo Shidai
???????????????????	"????????"
???????????
??????????????????
????????????????	Zhanguo Shidai
??????	??? ???? ; ?? ???
??????????????????????	Janngwo Shyrday
???-?????	Chan 4 -kuo 2 Shih 2 -tai 4
???????????	Jhanguo Shihdai
????????????????	Jan'gwo Sh?dai
IPA	[??ân.kwǒ ???̌.tâi]
???????????????????
????????????????	Jin'gwok Sihdoih
IPA	[tsīːn.k??̄ːk? sȉː.t?̀ːy]
??????????	Zin3gwok3 Si4doi6
????????????
????????? ????????????	Chian-kok si-t?i
??????	Tsian-kok si-t?i
??????????????
??????????????	/t??i?n H kw?k? d??? d?i H /
???????????
Baxter?Sagart (2014)	tar-s [C.q]???k ; [d]? (~ [d]??) l??k-s ;

???????? ; 戰國時代
	?????? 475?221 ??????????????????
	??? 7 ??????????? 260 ?????????????????? ; ( ????? (燕) , ???? (趙) , ??? (?) , ????? (魏) , ?? (?) , ??? (楚) ??? ??? (秦) )

???????? ( ????????? : ?? ; ?????????? : 戰國 ; ?????? : Zhanguo ) ??????????????? ????? ???? ^[1]^[2] ?????????????? ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ?????? (春秋) ????????????????? ??????????????? (秦始皇帝) ?????????? ? ???????? ???????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????? (秦朝)

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ???????????? 481?403 ?????????????? ??? ??????? ????? (司馬遷) ????????????????????????? ???????? ???????????????? 475 ?????????????? ????????????????????? ????? ????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? 221 ??????????????

?????????? "????????" ???? ???????????????????????????????????????????? ??? ???????????? (戰國策)

?????????? [ ??? ]

????????? ????? 7 ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????? " ??????????-???? " (戰國七雄; "???????????????[???]????????") ??????????

?????? (秦) ????????????????? ??????????????? ? ????? ??????????? (渭河) ??????? ?????? (關中) ????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ????????????????????? ??????? (晉) ??????????? ??????
- ?????? (韓) ?????????????????? ????????? (黃河) ??????????????????????????
- ???????? (魏) ?????????? ??? ? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? (河南)
- ??????? (趙) ???????????? ??? ? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????? (河北) ?????????????? ????????? (山西)
????? (齊) ??????????????? ?????? ????????????? (山東半島)
?????? (楚) ?????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? (漢江) ??????????????? ????????? (長江)
???????? (燕) ????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ???????? (北京) ????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????? (遼東半島)

??????? [ ??? ]

??????????? ? ?????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????
??????????
???????????????????? - ????????????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ "????? '?????? 9 ???????' ???????? 2,000 ?? ???????????????? '????????' " . ??????????????? . ???????????????. 2564-03-30 . ??????????? 2564-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: ??????????????????: |accessdate= ( help )
↑ ?????? ?????????????? (2561-08-28). "Kingdom ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? '???' " . The Momentum . ????????: The Momentum . ??????????? 2564-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: ??????????????????: |accessdate= ( help )

?????? [ ??? ]

Cotterell, Arthur (2010), Asia, a Concise History , Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-82959-2 .
Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006), Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History , Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin Company, ISBN 0-618-13386-0 .
Lewis, Mark Edward (1999), "Warring States Political History" , ?? Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (?.?.), The Cambridge history of ancient China: from the origins of civilization to 221 B.C. , Cambridge University Press, pp. 587?649, ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8 .
Lu, Liqing; Ke, Jinhua (2012), "A Concise History of Chinese Psychology of Religion", Pastoral Psychology , 61 (5?6): 623?639, doi : 10.1007/s11089-011-0395-y , S2CID 144556354 .
Tzu, Sun ; Griffith, Samuel B. (1963), The Art of War , New York, NY: Oxford University Press

????????? [ ??? ]

Li Xueqin (1985). Eastern Zhou and Qin Civilizations . ?????? Chang, K.C. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03286-2 .
Yap, Joseph P. (2009). Wars with the Xiongnu: A Translation from Zizhi Tongjian . Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A.: AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4490-0604-4 .
Sima Guang (2016). Zizhi Tongjian : Warring States and Qin . Vol. 1 to 8 - 403-207 BCE. ?????? Yap, Joseph P. CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1533086938 . LCCN 2016908788 .

??????????????? [ ??? ]

?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

[1] "????? '?????? 9 ???????' ???????? 2,000 ?? ???????????????? '????????' " . ??????????????? . ???????????????. 2564-03-30 . ??????????? 2564-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: ??????????????????: |accessdate= ( help )

[2] ?????? ?????????????? (2561-08-28). "Kingdom ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? '???' " . The Momentum . ????????: The Momentum . ??????????? 2564-08-19 . {{ cite web }}: ??????????????????: |accessdate= ( help )

[1]

[2]