???????????????????????

??????????????????????????
?????????????????????????? ; Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (??????)
	?????? ??????????
	?????? : "????????????????? ?????????????????" ( ?????? : Together We Aspire, Together We Achieve )
	???????? : " ????????????????????????????? "
	?????????? ??????????????????????? ( ????? ) ?? ?????????????? ( ??? )
?????????	???????????? ; 10°40′0″N 61°30′27″W / 10.66667°N 61.50750°W
????????????	????????????? ; 10°17′N 61°28′W / 10.283°N 61.467°W
??????????	??????
???????? ?	?? ???????????????????????
??????????????? (?.?. 2011)	37.6% ??????? ; 36.3% ??????? ; 24.4% ??? ; ? 7.66% Dougla ; 0.65% ????? ; ? 0.06% ???????? ; 0.30% ??? ; 0.11% ???????????????????? ; (??? Santa Rosa First Peoples Community ) ; 0.08% ?????? ; 0.17% ???? ? ; 6.22% ??????? ;
????? (?.?. 2011)	63.2% ?????? ; 20.4% ????? ; 5.6% ?????? ; 2.5% ????? ; 10.8% ???? ? ;
?????????	????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????
? ????????????	??????? ??????? ( ????? )
? ????????????	??? ???????? ( ?????????? )
? ?????????	??????? ??????????-????? ( ?????????? )
? ?????????????	Nigel de Freitas
? ???????????????	?????? ??????
? ?????????????	???? ??????-?????? ( ???????? )
??????????????	??????
? ??????	???????
? ???????	??????????????
???????
? ????????? ?????????????	31 ??????? ?.?. 1962
? ???????????????????	1 ??????? ?.?. 1973
? ?????????	1 ??????? ?.?. 1976 ; (?????????? 24 ???????)
???????
? ???	5,131 ????????????? (1,981 ?????????) ( ????????? 164 )
? ???????? (%)	???????
???????
? ?.?. 2020 ??????	1,366,725 ( ????????? 151 )
? ????????????? ?.?. 2011	1,328,019
? ???????????	264 ???????????????? (683.8 ????????????) ( ????????? 34 )
?????? ( ????????? )	?.?. 2019 (??????)
? ???	45.148 ???????????????????
? ??????	32,684 ????????????
?????? (????????)	?.?. 2019 (??????)
? ???	22.438 ???????????????????
? ??????	16,243 ????????????
???? (?.?. 2012)	39.0 ; ???????
??????? (?.?. 2019)	0.796 ; ??? · ????????? 67
????????	???????????????????????? ( TTD )
???????	UTC -4 ( ???????????????????? )
????????????	??/??/????
?????????	???????
????????????	+1 (868)
??????????	.tt
	↑ ???????? ??????? ;

????????????????? ( ?????? : Trinidad and Tobago , / ? t r ? n ? d æ d ... t o? b ? e? ? o? / ( ???????? ) ) ????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ( Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ) ????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????? 11 ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????????? 2 ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ? ??? 21 ???? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? (303 ????????????? ???????????? 6 ???????????????????????) ???????????????????? (50,000 ?? ?????? 4 ??????????????????????) ???????????? ??????????????????????????????? Trinidadians (???????????) ???? Tobagonians (?????????) ???? Citizens of Trinidad and Tobago (????????????????????) ????????????????????????????????????? Trinis ???? Trinbagonians

???????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????

?????????????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????????????????? 80 ??????????????? ????????????????????????????, ???????? , ?????? ??? ????????? - ??????? ???????????????????????????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????????? (Lenten) ???????????????????? ???????????? (Steelpan) ??? ???????????? ????????? ( ???????????? ) ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????? (Free Trade Area of the Americas: FTAA-ALCA)

????????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????? [ ??? ]

???????????? ???????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? (Electroral College) ?????????????????????????? (Senate) ??? ?????????????? ?????????????????? 5 ?? ??????????????????????????????? 2 ??? ??????????????????????????????????????? (???????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ??????????????) ????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????? [ ??? ]

???? 2 ??? (bicameral parliament) ?????????? (1) ??????? (Senate) ?????? 31 ??????? 16 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 9 ???????????????????????????????????? (2) ?????????????? (house of Representatives) ????? 41 ????? ????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????? 5 ??

??????????? [ ??? ]

??????????? : ??????????????????????????????? (English Common Law) ???????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? : ????????? (Supreme Court of Judicature) ???????????????? (High Court of Justice ????????????? (Court of Appeals) ???????????????????????????? ??????????? (Privy Council) ???????????? ????????????????????????? Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ)

??????????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????? 9 ??????? 3 ???????????? (boroughs) 2 ??? ??? 1 ??? (Ward - ???????????????)

9 ??????? ?????? Couva (Tabaquite ???? Talparo) Diego Martin Mayaro (Rio Claro) Penal (Debe) Princes Town Sangre Grande ?????? (Laventille) Siparia ??? Tunapuna (Piarco)

3 ???????????? (boroughs) ?????? Arima Chaguanas ??? Point Fortin

2 ??? ?????? ???????????? ??? San Fernando

1 ??? (Ward - ???????????????) ?????? ??????

???????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? 2538 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????? [ ??? ]

????????? [ ??? ]

????????????????????????????????????????
??????????			??????
???????			40%
???????			37.5%
??????			18.5%
???			0.3%
???? ?			1.1%

?? ?.?. 2005 ??????????????? 96 ?????????? 1.3 ????????????????????????????? ????????????? 4 ????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ^[12] ??????????????????????????????????? ???????-???????? ??? ???????-???????? ?????????????????????? ???? ??????, ????? , ??? , ?????? - ??????? ??? ???????????????? ???????

????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????????
?????			??????
??????			65.7%
???????-?????			25.6%
??????			6.6%
???? ?			2.2%

??????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ?????? 65.7 ????? ????????????????? , ????????? , ???????????????????? , ????????????? , ??????? , ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ????????????-????? ?????????????? 25.6 ??? ??????????? ?????????????? 6.6 ^[13]

????????????????????????????? ??? ????????????????? ????????? ??????????????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? (????????) ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????? ????????? ??????????????????????? ^[14] ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ?????? 55-100 ?? ^[15] ???????????????????????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ??????????????????

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. "Home" . Ttconnect.gov.tt. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2018-06-15 . ??????????? 2019-03-16 .
↑ "Trinidad and Tobago ? Languages" . Ethnologue.com . ??????????? 20 May 2018 .
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report (PDF) (Report). Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2016-03-05 . ??????????? 2019-08-20 .
↑ "Trinidad and Tobago : History" . The Commonwealth. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2019-03-20 . ??????????? 2019-03-16 .
↑ "T&T history & society ? Discover Trinidad & Tobago" . 22 October 2013.
↑ "History of Tobago: a myTobago visitor guide article" . mytobago.info .
↑ (CSO), Central Statistical Office. "T&T at a Glance" .
↑ Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report (PDF) (Report). Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office. p. 2. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2016-03-05 . ??????????? 2019-08-20 .
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" . www.imf.org .
↑ Bridglal, Carla (12 March 2013). "Allowing govt to manage better" . Trinidad Express Newspapers . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 14 March 2013 . ??????????? 23 December 2013 .
↑ Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343?346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5 . ??????????? 16 December 2020 .
↑ " Trouble in paradise ". BBC News. May 1, 2002
↑ "2000 census" (PDF) . ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2012-03-14 . ??????????? 2012-03-12 .
↑ The Baha'is of Trinidad and Tobago
↑ "In a corner of the Caribbean, Trinidad's Jews keep the faith" . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2012-03-22 . ??????????? 2012-03-12 .

?????????? [ ??? ]

Carmichael, Gertrude (1961). The History of the West Indian Islands of Trinidad and Tobago, 1498?1900 . London: Alvin Redman.
Kiely, Ray (1996). The Politics of Labour and Development in Trinidad . Press University of the West Indies. ISBN 9789766400170 .
Williams, Eric (1964). History of the People of Trinidad and Tobago . New York: Frederick A. Praeger. LCCN 64-13390 .
Ramkissoon, Harold; Kahwa, Ishenkumba A. (2015). "Caricom" (PDF) . UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 . Paris: UNESCO. pp. 156?173. ISBN 978-92-3-100129-1 .
Rough Guides (2018). The Rough Guide to Trinidad and Tobago .
????????????????????????????????????????? (free content) ?????????????? UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 , 156?173, Harold Ramkissoon & Ishenkumba A. Kahwa, UNESCO Publishing.

????????? [ ??? ]

Besson, Gerard & Brereton, Bridget. The Book of Trinidad (2nd edition), Port of Spain : Paria Publishing Co. Ltd., 1992. ISBN 976-8054-36-0
Julian Kenny . Views from the Ridge , Port of Spain: Prospect Press, Media and Editorial Projects Limited , 2000/2007. ISBN 976-95057-0-6
Lans, Cheryl. Creole Remedies of Trinidad and Tobago . C. Lans, 2001.
Mendes, John. Cote ci Cote la: Trinidad & Tobago Dictionary . Arima , Trinidad , 1986.
Saith, Radhica and Lyndersay, Mark. Why Not a Woman? Port of Spain: Paria Publishing Co. Ltd, 1993. ISBN 976-8054-42-5
Jeremy Taylor . Visitor's Guide to Trinidad & Tobago , London: Macmillan, 1986, ISBN 978-0-333-41985-4 ). 2nd edition as Trinidad and Tobago: An Introduction and Guide , London: Macmillan, 1991. ISBN 978-0-333-55607-8 ).

??????????????? [ ??? ]

Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago ???????? 2020-05-23 ??? ??????????????
Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Company official website
Trinidad and Tobago . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency .
Trinidad and Tobago from UCB Libraries GovPubs
??????????????????????? ??????????? Curlie
Trinidad and Tobago profile from the BBC News
World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Trinidad and Tobago
Wikimedia Atlas of Trinidad and Tobago
????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????? ??? ??????????????
Key Development Forecasts for Trinidad and Tobago from International Futures
Guanaguanare ? the Laughing Gull. Carib Indians in Trinidad ? includes 2 videos

10°36′N 61°6′W / 10.600°N 61.100°W / 10.600; -61.100

?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????

[4] ???????? ???????

[1] Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. "Home" . Ttconnect.gov.tt. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2018-06-15 . ??????????? 2019-03-16 .

[Census2011-2] "Trinidad and Tobago ? Languages" . Ethnologue.com . ??????????? 20 May 2018 .

[2011Census-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report (PDF) (Report). Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2016-03-05 . ??????????? 2019-08-20 .

[5] "Trinidad and Tobago : History" . The Commonwealth. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2019-03-20 . ??????????? 2019-03-16 .

[6] "T&T history & society ? Discover Trinidad & Tobago" . 22 October 2013.

[7] "History of Tobago: a myTobago visitor guide article" . mytobago.info .

[8] (CSO), Central Statistical Office. "T&T at a Glance" .

[9] Trinidad and Tobago 2011 Population and Housing Census Demographic Report (PDF) (Report). Trinidad and Tobago Central Statistical Office. p. 2. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2016-03-05 . ??????????? 2019-08-20 .

[imf.org-10] 9.0 ^9.1 "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" . www.imf.org .

[11] Bridglal, Carla (12 March 2013). "Allowing govt to manage better" . Trinidad Express Newspapers . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 14 March 2013 . ??????????? 23 December 2013 .

[HDI-12] Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343?346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5 . ??????????? 16 December 2020 .

[13] " Trouble in paradise ". BBC News. May 1, 2002

[14] "2000 census" (PDF) . ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? 2012-03-14 . ??????????? 2012-03-12 .

[15] The Baha'is of Trinidad and Tobago

[16] "In a corner of the Caribbean, Trinidad's Jews keep the faith" . ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2012-03-22 . ??????????? 2012-03-12 .

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