????? ???????

????? ???????
????? ???????
	??????????????????????????? ; ?????????????? ;
	?????????????????????? 19 ??? ????????????????
???????????????????????????
?????????	718?741
?????????	718
????????	??????????????????
?????	??????????????????????????
?????????????? ???? ??????????
?????????	715?741
?????????	715
????????	Theudoald
?????	?????????
?????????????? ???? ??????????
?????????	?.?.718?741
?????????	?.?.718
????????	Ragenfrid
?????	??????????????????????????
???????	23 ??????? ?.?. 676 ???? 686, ?.?. 688 ???? 690 ; ????????
???????????	22 ?????? ?.?. 741 (50?53, 55 ???? 65 ?????) ; Quierzy ??????????????
????????	????????????-?????
?????????	????????????????? ; Swanachild ;
??????????	????????? ; ?????????????????????????? ; Grifo ; Bernard ; Hieronymus ; Remigius of Rouen ; Hiltrud ;
???????	Pippinid ; ????????????? (??????????)
??????????	??????????????????
???????????	Alpaida

???????????????? ????????????/????????????/???????????? ???????????????????????????

????? ??????? ( ???????? : Charles Martel ; ??? ?.?. 688 ? 22 ?????? ?.?. 741 ) ^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] ????????????????????????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????????????? ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????? ?.?. 737 ??? ?.?. 743 ??????????????????????????????? “ ??????????????????????????? ” ???? ?.?. 739 ????????????????????????????? ????? ????????????????? ^[7] ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???? ?.?. 732 ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????? ^[8]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????????? ??????? ?????????????????????????????? ????????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????????????????? ^[9]^[10]

??????? [ ??? ]

↑ This sculpture was located in the Palace of Versailles. By Debaye, pere, sculpted marble, 1839, first displayed at the Salon in 1839. Height 2.09 m. Soulie (1855), op. cit.
↑ Schulman, Jana K. (2002). The Rise of the Medieval World, 500-1300: A Biographical Dictionary . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 101. ISBN 0313308179 .
↑ Littlewood, Ian (2002). France . Rough Guides. p. 34. ISBN 1858288266 .
↑ Cawthorne, Nigel (2004). Military Commanders: The 100 Greatest Throughout History . Enchanted Lion Books. pp. 52?53. ISBN 1592700292 .
↑ Fouracre, Paul (2000). The Age of Charles Martel . Longman. p. 55. ISBN 0582064759 .
↑ Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A. (1995). Medieval France: An Encyclopedia . Routledge. pp. 205?206. ISBN 0824044444 .
↑ The Frankish Kingdom ???????? 2009-03-06 ??? ?????????????? . 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
↑ "Charles's victory has often been regarded as decisive for world history, since it preserved western Europe from Muslim conquest and Islamization." Battle of Tours - Britannica Online Encyclopedia ???????? 2008-08-27 ??? ??????????????
↑ Fouracre, John. “The Age of Charles Martel
↑ deMartelly, Louis. [1] . "Charles Martel and the Lance of Destiny." Author Solutions (2008).

?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????????????????????? ???????????????