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????????? - ?????????? ?????????????

?????????

????? : (283872) 44°10′N 28°38′E  /  44.167°N 28.633°E  / 44.167; 28.633
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Constan?a
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กอนสตันซา
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?????????????????????????????????????
?????: (283872) 44°10′N 28°38′E  /  44.167°N 28.633°E  / 44.167; 28.633
?????? ธงของประเทศโรมาเนีย  ????????
??????? ?????????
??????? ????????? 7 ?????????????????? ?????
?????????
 ? ???????????? (?.?. 2020-2024) Vergil Chi?ac [1] (????????????????????)
???????
 ? ??? 124.89 ??.??. (48.22 ??.????)
 ? ?????????? 1,013.5 ??.??. (391.3 ??.????)
??????? 25 ???? (82 ???)
???????
  (2011 [2] )
 ? ??? 283,872 ??
 ? ?????? 
(2016) [3]
317,832 ??
 ? ??????????? 2,273 ??/??.??. (5,890 ??/??.????)
 ? ??? ??????? 425,916 ??
???????????? 900xxx
??????????? (+40) 41
???????????? CT
???? ????????
???????? www .primaria-constanta .ro
????????????: ????? , ???????? , ??????? , ????????? , ??????????? , ?????? , ?????? , ??????????? , ????? , ????? , ?????????? , ??????? , ?????????????? , ?????? , ?????? , ????????? , ?????? , ????????????

????????? ( ???????? : Constan?a ; ??????????? : Custantsa ; ????????? : Кюстенджа ???? Констанца ; ???? : Κωνστ?ντζα ???? Κωνστ?ντια ; ????? : Kostence ; ????????????????????????: ????? ) ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? 700 ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????????????? ????????????????? 446,595 ?? [4] ????????????????????????????? 2 ????????? ?????? ?????????

???????????????????????? 39.26 ????????????? ???????????? 30 ???????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ????????? [5]

?????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????? ??????????? 13 ???????? (8 ????) ????????? (Mamaia) ???????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?? ?????????????????????? (Cfa) ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????

??????? (???????????????????????????????????) ???????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? 31 °C (88 °F) ????????????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????? ? ???????????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????? 8 °C (46 °F) ? 12 °C (54 °F) ???????????????????????????????? 1 °C (34 °F) ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? 500 ???? (1,640.42 ???)

???????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2432 ??? ?.?. 2551 ?????????????? ?.?. 2543 (?.?. 2543, 2544, 2550 ??? 2551) ?????????????????????? ?.?. 2550 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? (+6.5 °C) ??????????? (+23.0 °C) ?????????????? ???????????? ?.?. 2550 ????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2432 ??????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????? (?.?. 1981?2010)
????? ?.?. ?.?. ??.?. ??.?. ?.?. ??.?. ?.?. ?.?. ?.?. ?.?. ?.?. ?.?. ??????
?????????????????????????? °C (°F) 18.3
(64.9) 		24.5
(76.1) 		30.8
(87.4) 		31.9
(89.4) 		36.9
(98.4) 		36.9
(98.4) 		38.5
(101.3) 		36.8
(98.2) 		34.8
(94.6) 		31.0
(87.8) 		26.5
(79.7) 		21.0
(69.8) 		38.5
(101.3)
???????????????????? °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		5.7
(42.3) 		9.3
(48.7) 		14.1
(57.4) 		20.0
(68) 		24.7
(76.5) 		32.2
(90) 		34.1
(93.4) 		26.7
(80.1) 		21.4
(70.5) 		13.3
(55.9) 		6.2
(43.2) 		17.6
(63.7)
?????????????????????? °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3) 		2.0
(35.6) 		5.5
(41.9) 		10.3
(50.5) 		16.1
(61) 		24.7
(76.5) 		28.2
(82.8) 		31.0
(87.8) 		22.6
(72.7) 		14.5
(58.1) 		9.7
(49.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		14.0
(57.2)
???????????????????? °C (°F) -1.4
(29.5) 		-0.7
(30.7) 		2.7
(36.9) 		7.3
(45.1) 		12.5
(54.5) 		16.9
(62.4) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.9
(58.8) 		10.3
(50.5) 		4.9
(40.8) 		0.3
(32.5) 		8.8
(47.8)
?????????????????????????? °C (°F) -24.7
(-12.5) 		-25.0
(-13) 		-12.8
(9) 		-4.5
(23.9) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.4
(43.5) 		7.6
(45.7) 		8.0
(46.4) 		1.0
(33.8) 		-12.4
(9.7) 		-11.7
(10.9) 		-18.6
(-1.5) 		?25.0
(?13)
?????????? ?? (????) 27.6
(1.087) 		24.0
(0.945) 		34.0
(1.339) 		31.8
(1.252) 		37.9
(1.492) 		40.4
(1.591) 		37.5
(1.476) 		35.2
(1.386) 		42.1
(1.657) 		36.8
(1.449) 		45.6
(1.795) 		37.0
(1.457) 		429.9
(16.925)
?????????? ?? (????) 7.0
(2.76) 		7.0
(2.76) 		4.2
(1.65) 		0.0
(0) 		0.0
(0) 		0.0
(0) 		0.0
(0) 		0.0
(0) 		0.0
(0) 		0.0
(0) 		5.5
(2.17) 		3.4
(1.34) 		27.1
(10.67)
???????? ?????? 86 85 85 83 81 78 76 77 79 82 86 88 82
??????????????????????????? (≥ 0.1 mm) 9.9 8.5 9.2 8.2 9.1 8.2 7.0 4.6 6.1 7.1 9.0 10.5 97.4
???????????????????? 107 120 160 242 272 302 327 348 290 208 122 103 2,601
?????????? 1: World Meteorological Organization , [6] Ogimet (mean temperatures and sun 1981?2010) [7]
?????????? 2: Romanian National Statistic Institute (extremes 1901?2000), [8] NOAA (snowfall 1961?1990), [9] Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1973?1993) [10]

??????? [ ??? ]

??????????????????????????
?? ?.?. ??????? %±
1853 5,204 ?
1879 [11] 5,430 4.3%
1900 [12] 12,725 134.3%
1912 ?????? [13] 27,201 113.7%
1930 ?????? 59,164 117.5%
1941 ?????? [14] 80,028 35.2%
1948 ?????? 78,586 -1.8%
1956 ?????? 99,676 26.8%
1966 ?????? 150,276 50.7%
1977 ?????? 256,978 71%
1992 ?????? 350,581 36.4%
2002 ?????? 310,471 ?11.4%
2011 ?????? 283,872 ?8.6%

??????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2545 ??????? 310,471 ??????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????? ?.?. 2554 ????????? 283,872 ????????????????????? [2] ???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?.?. 2545

?????????? ?.?. 2557 ???????????????????????????? ( Institutul Na?ional de Statistic?  ) ????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? 319,678 ?? ???????????????????????????????

?????? ????????? ????????????? ????????????????????????? ? ??????????????????????????????: ?????????, ??? , ????-?????? ??? ?????????

?????????????????? ????????????? 387,593 ?? [2] ????????? 61% ??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????, ???????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????? 120,000 ????????

????????? 1853 [15] 1896 [16] 1912 [17] 1930 [18] 1956 [19] 1966 [20] 2002 [21] 2011 [22]
??????? 5,204 10,419 27,201 60,106 99,676 150,276 310,471 283,872
??????????? 279 (5.4%) 2,519 (24.1%) 15,663 (57.6%) 40,857 (68.0%) 90,232 (90.5%) 138,955 (92.5%) 286,332 (92.2%) 235,925 (93.11%)
????????? 1,853 (35.6%) 2,202 (21.1%) 277 (1%) 573 (1.0%) 1,968 (2.0%) 2,682 (1.8%) 8,724 (2.8%) 7,367 (2.6%)
???????? 104 (2.0%) 2,451 (9%) 3,491 (5.8%) 3,260 (3.3%) 4,840 (3.2%) 9,018 (2.9%) 6,525 (2.3%)
??????? 1,542 (29.6%) 2,460 (23.6%) 3,170 (11.6%) 3,708 (6.2%) 791 (0.8%) 559 (0.4%) 546 (0.17%) 231 (0.08%)
???????????? 342 (6.5%) 1,060 (10.1%) 940 (3.4%) 1,196 (2.0%) 162 (0.2%) 191 (0.1%) 48 (0.01%) 18 (0.01%)
?????? 344 (6.6%) 855 (8.2%) 1,266 (4.6%) 1,678 (2.8%) 585 (0.6%) 240 (0.2%) 44 (0.01%) 31 (0.01%)
????????? /????? 127 (2.5%)     ?     ? 282 (0.5%) 4 (0.0%) 35 (0.0%) 2,962 (0.97%) 2,225 (0.78%)

??????? [ ??? ]

  1. ↑ "Results of the 2020 local elections" . Central Electoral Bureau. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 9 ?????? 2020 . ??????????? 15 ???????? 2021 .
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Population at 20 October 2011" (????????????). INSSE . 5 July 2013. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2016-01-18 . ??????????? 16 June 2016 .
  3. ↑ "Popula?ia Romaniei pe localitati la 1 ianuarie 2016" (????????????). INSSE . 6 June 2016. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2017-10-27 . ??????????? 27 October 2017 .
  4. ↑ "Popula?ia stabil? la 1.01.2009" (????????????). INSSE. May 19, 2009. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2009-07-26 . ??????????? May 20, 2009 .
  5. ↑ "Constan?a" . Romanian Tourist Office . ??????????? 2009-04-18 .
  6. ↑ "World Weather Information Service ? Constanta" . World Meteorological Organization. ????????????????????? ????????? ????? July 26, 2017 . ??????????? July 25, 2017 .
  7. ↑ "CLIMAT summary for 15480: Constanta (Romania) ? Section 2: Monthly Normals" . CLIMAT monthly weather summaries . Ogimet . ??????????? July 25, 2017 .
  8. ↑ "AIR TEMPERATURE (monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum)" (PDF) . Romanian Statistical Yearbook: Geography, Meteorology, and Environment . Romanian National Statistic Institute. 2007. ????????????????????? ????????? (PDF) ????? September 27, 2007 . ??????????? March 21, 2015 .
  9. ↑ "Constan?a Climate Normals 1961-1990" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . ??????????? March 21, 2015 .
  10. ↑ "Klimatafel von Constanta (Konstanza), Dobrudscha / Rumanien" (PDF) . Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (???????????). Deutscher Wetterdienst . ??????????? November 23, 2016 .
  11. ↑ "The history of Constan?a" (????????????). ????????????????????? ????????? ????? 2011-09-14.
  12. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
  13. ↑ "A Handbook of Roumania" . ??????????? 2012-06-30 .
  14. ↑ "Populatia RPR la 25 ianuarie 1948" (PDF) .
  15. ↑ Robert St?nciugel and Liliana Monica B?la?a, Dobrogea in Secolele VII-XIX. Evolu?ie istoric? , Bucharest, 2005; pg. 202
  16. ↑ Lucian Boia, History and Myth in Romanian Consciousness, Central European University Press, 2001, p. 182 ISBN   978-9639116979
  17. ↑ Ioan N Roman, La population de la Dobrogea d'apres le recensement du 1er janvier 1913 in La Dobrogea Roumaine , Bucharest, 1919
  18. ↑ "Ethnic composition of Romania 1930" . pop-stat.mashke.org . ??????????? 2019-05-13 .
  19. ↑ "Ethnic composition of Romania 1956" . pop-stat.mashke.org . ??????????? 2019-05-13 .
  20. ↑ "Ethnic composition of Romania 1966" . pop-stat.mashke.org . ??????????? 2019-05-13 .
  21. ↑ 2011 census results per county, cities and towns "Structura Etno-demografic? a Romaniei" . Edrc.ro. 2011-12-28 . ??????????? 2012-06-30 .
  22. ↑ "Popula?ia stabil? dup? etnie ? jude?e, municipii, ora?e, comune" (????????????). Institutul Na?ional de Statistic?. ????????????????????? ????????? (XLS) ????? 2016-01-18 . ??????????? 2015-11-23 .

?????????? [ ??? ]

  • Livia Buzoianu and Maria Barbulescu, "Tomis," in Dimitrios V. Grammenos and Elias K. Petropoulos (eds), Ancient Greek Colonies in the Black Sea , Vol. 1 (Oxford, Archaeopress, 2007) (BAR International Series; 1675 (1?2)), 287?336, ISBN   978-1407301112 .

??????????????? [ ??? ]

?????????????????? ?????????????????????? ?????????
?????????????? ???????????????????????????? Constan?a
?????????? " https://th.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????????&oldid=11489157 "