Coordinates : 35°N 71°E  /  35°N 71°E  / 35; 71

????? ????

?????????? ?????
Jump to navigation Jump to search

35°N 71°E  /  35°N 71°E  / 35; 71

????? ????
????? ???? ????? ????????? [1]
?????? ?????? ???????
????? ?????? ????
????? 7,708 m (25,289 ft)
????????????? 36°14′45″N 71°50′38″E  /  36.24583°N 71.84389°E  / 36.24583; 71.84389
????????
?????? ???????????? , ???? , ?????????? and ???????????
Region ?????? ???? ?????
????? ?????? ?????????
Hindu Kush and its extending mountain ranges to the west

????? ???? 800 ?????????? ?????? (500 ??????) ????? ??????. ??? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????. [2] [3] ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ??????????, ??????????? ???? ?????????? ????. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]

??? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? [11] [12] [13] ?????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??? ?????? ????????, ??????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????. ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? (?????? ??????) ??? ????? ?????????? ????????????. ? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????. ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? 7,708 ??????? (25,289 ???????) ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????. ???????, ???? ?????? ????????? ????, ??????????, ???????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????????. [2] ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????. [14] [15] ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????. [16] [17]

????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????. ??????? ?????????????? ???????. [18] [19] ??? 19 ? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????. [20] ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???????????, ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???????. [21] [22] ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????. [23] [24] ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????. [25] [26]

????????

[ ?????? ]

?????????? 160 ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????. [27] [28] ???? ??????, ???????????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ?????? 55 ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. [27] ? ????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ???? ???????????????. [29]

????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ???????????. [30] ????????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ??????????. [31] [32]

????????? ??????

[ ?????? ]

"????? ????" ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????, ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? "???????????" ??? ????????. [33] ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????????????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? 14 ? ????????? ?????????????????. ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????????. ??? "??????? ???? ????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????????????. ????? ?????? (ca. 1330) ?? ????????? ????????????." ????? ??????, ???????????, "????? ???? (?????-???????) ??? ???? ???????? ??????. ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????". [34] ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????????? 14 ? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????????????. ?? ???????? ??? ? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ????????????. [22] [35] ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????. ? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????. ? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ?????????. [36] ????? ??? ????????,

???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????, ????? ????; ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????. ??? ?????-???????, ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????

— -????? ???????, ??????? XIII, ?????? - ??????? [22]

?? ????????-???????? ???????? [37] '??' ??? ????????: "?????????" ('????????' ????) ??? ??????? ???????????. ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? "-????" ??? ??????? ????????; (???????? ?????.) ?? ???????, ????????, ?????? ????????, ???????-???? ???? ????????????". [38] ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? "?????????" ??? ????? ????????. [39] ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???? "??????? ?????" ???? "????? ???????" ??? ?????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????????. [6] [40] [41] ?????? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????, ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ??????????. [42]

?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ????, ??.?.1000 ?? ????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ? ???? ??????????????. [43] ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? "????? ???????" ??? ?????. ???? ? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? "????????? ?????? ??????", "????"?? "??????? ????????", ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? "??????" ??? ?????. ???? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? " ????? ???? " ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????. [43] [44] ? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. [6] [7]

An 1879 map of Hindu Kush and its passes by Royal Geographic Society. Kabul is in lower left, Kashmir in lower right.

???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ??????? ???????. [6] ? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????. ????? ????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????. ???? ????? "???? ??????". [6]

??? ???????

[ ?????? ]

????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? "???????????" ??? ???? ??????????. [33]

19 ? ???????? ?????????????????, ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????. [45]

???????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????. [46] [47]

????????????

[ ?????? ]

????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? 4,400 - 5,200 ?? (14,500 - 17,000 ???????) ) ???? ???????. ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????????? ???? ???????, ???? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? (2,700 ?? ???? 9,000 ?), ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????????. [25] ??? ????? ???????? ????????? 3,700 ?? (12,000 ???????) ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????. [25] ??? ???? ?????, ??????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????.

????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????????. ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? 3,500 - 4,000 ??????? (11,500 - 13,100 ???????) ??????? ???????????; ??????? ??? 4,500 - 6,000 ??????? (14,800 - 19,700 ???????) ???? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ????? 4,500 ??????? (14,800 ???????). [48]

????? ???? ??????? 966 ??????????? (600 ??????) ?????????? ????. [48] ???? ??????? ?????-?????? ???? 240 ??????????? (150 ??????). ????? ???? ????????? 600 ??????????? (370 ??????) ???????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????. ??????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????. ???????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???, ??? ???, ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ????????????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????, ???, ??????? (?????) ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????. ? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????????????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????. ????? ? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????. ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????. [49]

????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? (???).

????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????????. [50] ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? 5,100 ?? (16,700 ???????) ??????? ????? ?????-?? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????. [50] ???? ????? ???? 6,800 ?? (22,300 ???????) ???? ???????????. ??????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????. 7,000 ?? (23,000 ???????) ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????. ?????? ??????????, ??????? ???? ?????????? 5,800 ?? (19,000 ???????) ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????????. [50]

????? ???? ????????????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ????????, ??????, ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????. ????? ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??????. ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????????. [50] ?????? 1,300 ????? 2,300 ?? (4,300 ????? 7,500 ???????) ????, "????????????? ?????? ?????????, ????? (?????? ?????) ???????? ??????? ???????; 3,300 ?? (10,800 ???????) ??????????????? ?????????? ??????, ?????, ?????, ?????????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????.". ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????, ????? ???????? ??????. [50]

???? ???????? ???????????? ("?????") ?????????????????? ??????. ??? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????. ??? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? (?????-? ??????) (3,878 ?? ???? 12,723 ?) ; ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????. 1964 ?? ? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????, ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????. ?????????? ?????-? ?????? (3,260 ?? ???? 10,700 ???????) ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ?????? ????????. ? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????????? ?????? 2.7 ???? (1.7 ??????) ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? 76 ?? ????. ?????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????. [51]

? ?????????????? ???????? ?????, ???? ???? ??????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????. ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????-?????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????. [52]

?????? ????? ????

[ ?????? ]
???????? ?????????? ????????
?????? ???????? ?????? ??????

????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????, ???????????????? ??????????, ??????? ???????????? ???????. ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????, ??????, ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????. ? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????, ????????????, ???????? ???? ???? ?????????????.

?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????????. ? ????????? ?????? ???????, ????? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ???????. ?????????, ????????, ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????. ? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????????. ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ?????????????. ??????, ????????, ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????. [ ????? ?????? ]

?????? ????????????

[ ?????? ]
???? ????? ????
?????? ???? 7800 ?? (25,289 ?) ??????????
????? 7,492 metres (24,580 ft) ???????????? , ??????????
??????-?-??? 7,403 ?? (24,288 ?) ??????????
????? 7,338 ?? (24,075 ?) ??????????
??????? ??? 7,140 ?? (23,430 ?) ??????????
???? ? ????? 6,901 ?? (22,641 ?) ????????????, ??????????
????-?-???? 6,843 ?? (22,451 ?) ????????????
????-?-?????? ???? 6,743 ?? (22,123 ?) ????????????
????? ???? 6,272 ?? (20,577 ?) ????????????, ??????????
???? ???? 6,234 ?? (20,453 ?) ????????????

??????

[ ?????? ]
????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????? 5900 ? (1800 ??) ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????

???? ??????, ????, ??????????????? ? ????????? ?????????????????? ????. ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????. [53] ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????. [23] [24] ???????, ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????????? [26] [54] ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????. [25]

1896 లో బుద్ధ విగ్రహం, బామియన్
2001 లో ఇస్లామిస్టు తాలిబాన్లు విగ్రహాన్ని ధ్వంసం చేసిన తరువాత.
1896 ?? ???????????????? ???????? ????? (????) ????????? 2001 ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????. [55]

?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????. ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ?????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????????. ? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????. [18] ? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????. [55] ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????, ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????. [21]

??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????-????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????. ??????????? 7 ? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????????. ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????????????. [56] ??? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???, ????? ?????? ???????. ????????? ??????????, ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????. [57] [58]

????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??.?. 1 ? ??????? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????. [59] ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????. ?????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????. [60] [61] ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????. [62] ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????. [63]

??????

[ ?????? ]

????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????????. ?????????????? 329 ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????????. [64] ?????? ??? ????.?? 327 ?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????????. ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????????. [65]

?????????????? 323 ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????? 305 ?? ???? ????????????????? ???????? ?????, ?????????????? 1 ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????????. [66] ???????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????. [67]

???? ????

[ ?????? ]

??.?. 1 ? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????. [68] ? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????????????, ??????????, ??????????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????. [68] [69] 8 ? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????, ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????. [68] ?????? ???????????? 7 ? ??????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????????. [70]

????? ???? ??????????, ???????, ???????, ?????? (???? ?????) ?? ?????????

????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????????, 9 ? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. [71] 7 ? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???-?? ' ???? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????????. 808 ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ????????????. [71] ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. [72]

?????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????. [62] ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????. [63]

??.?. 998 ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????, ????????????, ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????. [73] 997 - 1030 ???? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??? 17 ?????? ?????? ???? ????????????. [74] ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????. [73] [74] ??? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????. [75] [76]

1017 ?? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???-?????? [77] ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ? ????????? ?????? 15 ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ????? ?????? ?????, ????????, ??????????, ??? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ????????. ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????. 1019 ?? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????? ???? ??????????. [77] ??? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????. ???? ? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ????. [72] ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????. [77] ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????????. ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????????, "?????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????. ????????? ???????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ?? ????. (...) ????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????????. [78]

12 ? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???-???? ?????????? ?????????????. [79] ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????? ????? ??????. [80]

?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. [22] ????? ???? ??????, ????? ????????? ??????, ??? ?????? ???????????. 1398 ?? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????. [81] ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????. [82] [83] [84] ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????. [85] ?????? ??? ????????? ??????, ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????. [82] [84] [86]

????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????. [87] ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ?? ??????????, ???????????. 1526 ?? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. [88]

?????????

[ ?????? ]

???? ?????, ?????? ????? ???????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????. [89] [90] [91] ?????????????? 8 ? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????????, ????? ????? ??????????, ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????? "????????" ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????. [90] ???? ???????????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?????? , ?????? ?????????? ?????? "????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????????????. [92] [93] ??? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????, ?????????, ????????, ?????? ???????? ???? ????. [94]

19 ? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ???????, ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????. 1874 ???? ???????? ?????-??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? 8,000 ????????, ???????? ??????????? ????????????? (??????), ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????. ????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. [95]

?????? ????

[ ?????? ]
Landscape of Afghanistan with a T-62 in the foreground.

19 ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????????. [96] 1896 ???? ????? ?????????????? ??? "???????????? " ??? ???????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????. [20]

????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????, ???????, ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ???????-?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????????????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. [97]

?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ?? ?????, ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????????????. ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????. ???????? 1980 ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. [98] [99] [100] ??????? ???????, ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ????????, ??? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? (?????) ?????????. ??? ???? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????, ???????????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????. [101] [102] ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????????? ????? ??????? ??????. [102]

2001 ?????????? 11 ? ?????????? ????, ?????????? ??.??.??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????, ??? ????, ???? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????, ?.???.?.???. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????. [102] [103] [104]

??????

[ ?????? ]
  1. ↑ Hindu Kush , Encyclopedia Iranica
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mike Searle (2013). Colliding Continents: A geological exploration of the Himalaya, Karakoram, and Tibet . Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN   978-0-19-165248-6 . , Quote: "The Hindu Kush mountains run along the Afghan border with the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan".
  3. ↑ George C. Kohn (2006). Dictionary of Wars . Infobase Publishing. p. 10. ISBN   978-1-4381-2916-7 .
  4. ↑ The National Geographic Magazine (in ????????). National Geographic Society. 1958. Such bitter journeys gave the range its name, Hindu Kush ? "Killer of Hindus."
  5. ↑ Metha, Arun (2004). History of medieval India (in ????????). ABD Publishers. of the Shahis from Kabul to behind the Hindu Kush mountains (Hindu Kush is literally "killer of Hindus"
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 R. W. McColl (2014). Encyclopedia of World Geography . Infobase Publishing. pp. 413?414. ISBN   978-0-8160-7229-3 .
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Allan, Nigel (2001). "Defining Place and People in Afghanistan". Post-Soviet Geography and Economics . 8. 42 (8): 546. doi : 10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186 .
  8. ↑ Runion, Meredith L. (2017-04-24). The History of Afghanistan, 2nd Edition (in ????????). ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1-61069-778-1 . The literal translation of the name "Hindu Kush" is a true reflection of its forbidding topography, as this difficult and jagged section of Afghanistan translates to "Killer of Hindus."
  9. ↑ Weston, Christine (1962). Afghanistan (in ????????). Scribner. To the north and northeast, magnificent and frightening, stretched the mountains of the Hindu Kush, or Hindu Killers, a name derived from the fact that in ancient times slaves brought from India perished here like flies from exposure and cold.
  10. ↑ Knox, Barbara (2004). Afghanistan (in ????????). Capstone. ISBN   978-0-7368-2448-4 . Hindu Kush means "killer of Hindus." Many people have died trying to cross these mountains.
  11. ↑ "Hindu Kush Himalayan Region" . ICIMOD . Retrieved 17 October 2014 .
  12. ↑ Elalem, Shada; Pal, Indrani (2015). "Mapping the vulnerability hotspots over Hindu-Kush Himalaya region to flooding disasters". Weather and Climate Extremes . 8 : 46?58. doi : 10.1016/j.wace.2014.12.001 .
  13. ↑ "Development of an ASSESSment system to evaluate the ecological status of rivers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region" (PDF) . Assess-HKH.at . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 ?????????? 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 .
  14. ↑ Karakoram Range: MOUNTAINS, ASIA , Encyclopedia Britannica
  15. ↑ Stefan Heuberger (2004). The Karakoram-Kohistan Suture Zone in NW Pakistan ? Hindu Kush Mountain Range . vdf Hochschulverlag AG. pp. 25?26. ISBN   978-3-7281-2965-9 .
  16. ↑ Sp?n Ghar Range, MOUNTAINS, PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN , Encyclopedia Britannica
  17. ↑ Jonathan M. Bloom; Sheila S. Blair (2009). The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture . Oxford University Press. pp. 389?390. ISBN   978-0-19-530991-1 .
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Deborah Klimburg-Salter (1989), The Kingdom of Bamiyan: Buddhist art and culture of the Hindu Kush, Naples ? Rome: Istituto Universitario Orientale & Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, ISBN   978-0877737650 (Reprinted by Shambala)
  19. ↑ Claudio Margottini (2013). After the Destruction of Giant Buddha Statues in Bamiyan (Afghanistan) in 2001: A UNESCO's Emergency Activity for the Recovering and Rehabilitation of Cliff and Niches . Springer. pp. 5?6. ISBN   978-3-642-30051-6 .
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Augusto S. Cacopardo (15 February 2017). Pagan Christmas: Winter Feasts of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush . Gingko Library. ISBN   978-1-90-994285-1 .
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Jason Neelis (2010). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia . BRILL Academic. pp. 114?115, 144, 160?163, 170?176, 249?250. ISBN   978-90-04-18159-5 .
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Ibn Battuta (2010). The Travels of Ibn Battuta: In the Near East, Asia and Africa . Translated by Samuel Lee. Cosimo (Reprint). pp. 97?98. ISBN   978-1-61640-262-4 . ; Columbia University Archive
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Konrad H. Kinzl (2010). A Companion to the Classical Greek World . John Wiley & Sons. p. 577. ISBN   978-1-4443-3412-8 .
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Andre Wink (2002). Al-Hind: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th?13th centuries . BRILL Academic. pp. 52?53. ISBN   978-0-391-04174-5 .
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Frank Clements (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. pp. 109?110. ISBN   978-1-85109-402-8 .
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Michael Ryan (2013). Decoding Al-Qaeda's Strategy: The Deep Battle Against America . Columbia University Press. pp. 54?55. ISBN   978-0-231-16384-2 .
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Robert Wynn Jones (2011). Applications of Palaeontology: Techniques and Case Studies . Cambridge University Press. pp. 267?271. ISBN   978-1-139-49920-0 .
  28. ↑ Hinsbergen, D. J. J. van; Lippert, P. C.; Dupont-Nivet, G.; McQuarrie, N.; Doubrovine; et al. (2012). "Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia" . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 109 (20): 7659?7664, for geologic Indian subcontinent see Figure 1. Bibcode : 2012PNAS..109.7659V . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1117262109 . PMC   3356651 . PMID   22547792 .
  29. ↑ S. Mukherjee; R. Carosi; P.A. van der Beek; et al. (2015). Tectonics of the Himalaya . Geological Society of London. pp. 55?57. ISBN   978-1-86239-703-3 .
  30. ↑ Martin Beniston (2002). Mountain Environments in Changing Climates . Routledge. p. 320. ISBN   978-1-134-85236-9 .
  31. ↑ Frank Clements (2003). Conflict in Afghanistan: A Historical Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. pp. 90?91. ISBN   978-1-85109-402-8 .
  32. ↑ Afghanistan Pakistan Earthquake National Geographic;
    Afghanistan earthquake BBC News; See also October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake and 2016 Afghanistan earthquake .
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Vogelsang, Willem (2002). The Afghans . Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN   978-0-631-19841-3 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 .
  34. ↑ Ervin Grotzbach (2012 Edition, Original: 2003), Hindu Kush , Encyclopaedia Iranica
  35. ↑ Dunn, Ross E. (2005). The Adventures of Ibn Battuta . University of California Press. pp. 171?178. ISBN   978-0-520-24385-9 .
  36. ↑ Alexander von Humboldt (17 July 2014). Stephen T. Jackson, Laura Dassow Walls (ed.). Views of Nature . University of Chicago Press. p. 68. ISBN   9780226923192 .
  37. ↑ Boyle, J.A. (1949). A Practical Dictionary of the Persian Language . Luzac & Co. p. 129.
  38. ↑ Francis Joseph Steingass (1992). A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary . Asian Educational Services. pp. 1030?1031 ( kush means "killer, kills, slays, murders, oppresses"), p. 455 (khirs?kush means "bear killer"), p. 734 (shutur?kush means "camel butcher"), p. 1213 (mardum?kush means "man slaughter"). ISBN   978-81-206-0670-8 .
  39. ↑ Boyle, J.A. (1949). A Practical Dictionary of the Persian Language . Luzac & Co. p. 131.
  40. ↑ Amy Romano (2003). A Historical Atlas of Afghanistan . Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 13?14. ISBN   978-0-8239-3863-6 .
  41. ↑ [a] Michael Franzak (2010). A Nightmare's Prayer: A Marine Harrier Pilot's War in Afghanistan . Simon and Schuster. p. 241. ISBN   978-1-4391-9499-7 . ;
    [b] Ehsan Yarshater (2003). Encyclopædia Iranica . The Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. p. 312. ISBN   978-0-933273-76-4 .
    [c] James Wynbrandt (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan . Infobase Publishing. p. 5. ISBN   978-0-8160-6184-6 . ;
    [d] Encyclopedia Americana . Vol. 14. 1993. p. 206. ;
    [e] Andre Wink (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th?11th Centuries . BRILL Academic. p. 110. ISBN   978-0-391-04173-8 . , Quote: "(..) the Muslim Arabs also applied the name 'Khurasan' to all the Muslim provinces to the east of the Great Desert and up to the Hindu-Kush ('Hindu killer') mountains, the Chinese desert and the Pamir mountains."
  42. ↑ The World Book Encyclopedia . Vol. 9 (1994 ed.). World Book Inc. 1990. p. 235.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Fosco Maraini et al., Hindu Kush , Encyclopaedia Britannica
  44. ↑ Allan, Nigel (2001). "Defining Place and People in Afghanistan". Post-Soviet Geography and Economics . 8. 42 (8): 545?560. doi : 10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186 .
  45. ↑ 1890,1896 Encyclopedia Britannica s.v. "Afghanistan", Vol I p.228.;
    1893, 1899 Johnson's Universal Encyclopedia Vol I p.61.;
    1885 Imperial Gazetteer of India , V. I p. 30.;
    1850 A Gazetteer of the World Vol I p. 62.
  46. ↑ Karl Jettmar; Schuyler Jones (1986). The Religions of the Hindukush: The religion of the Kafirs . Aris & Phillips. ISBN   978-0-85668-163-9 .
  47. ↑ Winiger, M.; Gumpert, M.; Yamout, H. (2005). "Karakorum-Hindukush-western Himalaya: assessing high-altitude water resources". Hydrological Processes . 19 (12). Wiley-Blackwell: 2329?2338. Bibcode : 2005HyPr...19.2329W . doi : 10.1002/hyp.5887 .
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Scott-Macnab, David (1994). On the roof of the world . London: Reader's Digest Assiciation Ldt. p. 22.
  49. ↑ History of Environmental Change in the Sistan Basin Archived 2007-08-07 at the Wayback Machine , UNEP, United Nations, pages 5, 12-14
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 Ehsan Yarshater (2003). Encyclopædia Iranica . The Encyclopaedia Iranica Foundation. p. 312. ISBN   978-0-933273-76-4 .
  51. ↑ John Laffin (1997). The World in Conflict: War Annual 8 : Contemporary Warfare Described and Analysed . Brassey's. pp. 24?25. ISBN   978-1-85753-216-6 .
  52. ↑ Walter Schumann (2009). Gemstones of the World . Sterling. p. 188. ISBN   978-1-4027-6829-3 .
  53. ↑ Claudio Margottini (2013). After the Destruction of Giant Buddha Statues in Bamiyan (Afghanistan) in 2001: A UNESCO's Emergency Activity for the Recovering and Rehabilitation of Cliff and Niches . Springer. pp. 5?6. ISBN   978-3-642-30051-6 .
  54. ↑ Magnus, Ralph H. (1998). "Afghanistan in 1997: The War Moves North" . Asian Survey . 38 (2). University of California Press: 109?115. doi : 10.2307/2645667 . JSTOR   2645667 .
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Jan Goldman (2014). The War on Terror Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. pp. 360?362. ISBN   978-1-61069-511-4 .
  56. ↑ ASOKA MUKHANAGAVINAYAPARICCHEDA , The Schoyen Collection, Quote: "Provenance: 1. Buddhist monastery of Mahasanghika, Bamiyan, Afghanistan (?7th c.); 2. Cave in Hindu Kush, Bamiyan ."
  57. ↑ "Schøyen Collection: Buddhism" . Archived from the original on 10 ???? 2012 . Retrieved 23 June 2012 .
  58. ↑ "Afghan archaeologists find Buddhist site as war rages" . Sayed Salahuddin . News Daily. 17 August 2010. Archived from the original on 18 ?????? 2010 . Retrieved 3 ???????? 2020 .
  59. ↑ Jason Neelis (2010). Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia . BRILL Academic. pp. 234?235. ISBN   978-90-04-18159-5 .
  60. ↑ Sheila Canby (1993). "Depictions of Buddha Sakyamuni in the Jami al-Tavarikh and the Majma al-Tavarikh". Muqarnas . 10 : 299?310. doi : 10.2307/1523195 . JSTOR   1523195 .
  61. ↑ Michael Jerryson (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism . Oxford University Press. p. 464. ISBN   978-0-19-936239-4 .
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire.-2d ed, Page 3
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Keay, John (12 April 2011). India: A History . ISBN   9780802195500 .
  64. ↑ Peter Marsden (1998). The Taliban: War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 12. ISBN   978-1-85649-522-6 .
  65. ↑ Peter Marsden (1998). The Taliban: War, Religion and the New Order in Afghanistan . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 1?2. ISBN   978-1-85649-522-6 .
  66. ↑ Nancy Hatch Dupree / A?mad ?Al? Kuhz?d (1972). "An Historical Guide to Kabul ? The Name" . American International School of Kabul. Archived from the original on 30 ?????? 2010 . Retrieved 3 ???????? 2020 .
  67. ↑ Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913?1936 . Vol. 2. BRILL. p. 159. ISBN   978-90-04-08265-6 . Retrieved 23 August 2010 .
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 Andre Wink (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th?11th Centuries . BRILL Academic. pp. 110?111. ISBN   978-0-391-04173-8 .
  69. ↑ M. A. Shaban (1979). The 'Abb?sid Revolution . Cambridge University Press. pp. 8?9. ISBN   978-0-521-29534-5 .
  70. ↑ Andre Wink (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th?11th Centuries . BRILL Academic. pp. 114?115. ISBN   978-0-391-04173-8 .
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Andre Wink (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th?11th Centuries . BRILL Academic. pp. 9?10, 123. ISBN   978-0-391-04173-8 .
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Andre Wink (2002). Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7th?11th Centuries . BRILL Academic. p. 124. ISBN   978-0-391-04173-8 .
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India . Routledge. pp. 164?165. ISBN   978-0-415-32919-4 .
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History . Cambridge University Press. pp. 3?4, 6?7. ISBN   978-0-521-54329-3 .
  75. ↑ T. A. Heathcote, The Military in British India: The Development of British Forces in South Asia:1600?1947, (Manchester University Press, 1995), pp 5?7
  76. ↑ Barnett, Lionel (1999), Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan , p. 1, ?????? ?????? ????, Atlantic pp. 73?79
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Al-Biruni Bobojan Gafurov (June 1974), The Courier Journal , UNESCO, page 13
  78. ↑ William J. Duiker; Jackson J. Spielvogel (2013). The Essential World History, Volume I: To 1800 . Cengage. p. 228. ISBN   978-1-133-60772-4 .
  79. ↑ K.A. Nizami (1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia . UNESCO. p. 186. ISBN   978-92-3-103467-1 .
  80. ↑ Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History . Cambridge University Press. pp. 7?15, 24?27. ISBN   978-0-521-54329-3 .
  81. ↑ Francis Robinson (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Islamic World . Cambridge University Press. p. 56. ISBN   978-0-521-66993-1 .
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History . Cambridge University Press. pp. 311?319. ISBN   978-0-521-54329-3 .
  83. ↑ Beatrice F. Manz (2000). "T?m?r Lang". In P. J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam . Vol. 10 (2 ed.). Brill .
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Annemarie Schimmel (1980). Islam in the Indian Subcontinent . BRILL. pp. 36?44. ISBN   978-90-04-06117-0 .
  85. ↑ Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India . Routledge. p. 178. ISBN   978-0-415-32919-4 .
  86. ↑ Paddy Docherty (2007). The Khyber Pass: A History of Empire and Invasion . London: Union Square. pp. 160?162. ISBN   978-1-4027-5696-2 .
  87. ↑ Gerhard Bowering; Patricia Crone; Wadad Kadi; et al. (2012). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought . Princeton University Press. p. 60. ISBN   978-0691134840 .
  88. ↑ Scott Cameron Levi; Muzaffar Alam (2007). India and Central Asia: Commerce and Culture, 1500?1800 . Oxford University Press. pp. 19?20. ISBN   978-0-19-568647-0 .
  89. ↑ Scott C. Levi (2002), Hindus beyond the Hindu Kush: Indians in the Central Asian Slave Trade , Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Cambridge University Press, Volume 12, Number 3 (Nov. 2002), pages 277?288
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Christoph Witzenrath (2016). Eurasian Slavery, Ransom and Abolition in World History, 1200?1860 . Routledge. pp. 10?11 with footnotes. ISBN   978-1-317-14002-3 .
  91. ↑ Scott Cameron Levi; Muzaffar Alam (2007). India and Central Asia: Commerce and Culture, 1500?1800 . Oxford University Press. pp. 11?12, 43?49, 86 note 7, 87 note 18. ISBN   978-0-19-568647-0 .
  92. ↑ John Coatsworth; Juan Cole; Michael P. Hanagan; et al. (2015). Global Connections: Volume 2, Since 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History . Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN   978-1-316-29790-2 .
  93. ↑ According to Clarence-Smith, the practice was curtailed but continued during Akbar's era, and returned after Akbar's death; W. G. Clarence-Smith (2006). Islam and the Abolition of Slavery . Oxford University Press. pp. 90?91. ISBN   978-0-19-522151-0 .
  94. ↑ Scott Cameron Levi; Muzaffar Alam (2007). India and Central Asia: Commerce and Culture, 1500?1800 . Oxford University Press. pp. 9?10, 53, 126, 160?161. ISBN   978-0-19-568647-0 .
  95. ↑ Junius P. Rodriguez (2015). Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World . Routledge. pp. 666?667. ISBN   978-1-317-47180-6 .
  96. ↑ J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab . Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN   978-0-521-63764-0 .
  97. ↑ Jonathan L. Lee (1996). The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731?1901 . BRILL Academic. pp. 74 with footnote. ISBN   978-90-04-10399-3 .
  98. ↑ Mohammed Kakar (1995). Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979?1982 . University of California Press. pp. 130?133. ISBN   978-0-520-91914-3 .
  99. ↑ Scott Gates; Kaushik Roy (2016). Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency . Routledge. pp. 142?144. ISBN   978-1-317-00541-4 .
  100. ↑ Mark Silinsky (2014). The Taliban: Afghanistan's Most Lethal Insurgents . ABC-CLIO. pp. 6?7. ISBN   978-0-313-39898-8 .
  101. ↑ Mark Silinsky (2014). The Taliban: Afghanistan's Most Lethal Insurgents . ABC-CLIO. pp. 8, 37?39, 81?82. ISBN   978-0-313-39898-8 .
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 Nicola Barber (2015). Changing World: Afghanistan . Encyclopaedia Britannica. p. 15. ISBN   978-1-62513-318-2 .
  103. ↑ A Short March to the Hindu Kush Archived 2020-02-03 at the Wayback Machine , Alpinist 18.
  104. ↑ "Alexander in the Hindu Kush" . Livius. Articles on Ancient History. Archived from the original on 30 ?????????? 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2007 .
" https://te.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????_????&oldid=4024454 " ????? ????????????