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????? ??? ??????????? (Frequency)?? ????????? ???????? (Electro Magnetic) ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? (Radio Transmission) ??????. ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????????
??????
??????. ???????????? ????????? ?????????, ????????? ????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????. ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????. 1960?? ?????????????, ????????????? ???????????, ? ????????????? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????. ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ????, ???? (
???????
-Battery)?? ???? ??????????. ???????? ????????? ??????, ? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????, ???????? ????????? ???????, ??? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ????? ???????? (Pocket Radios) ?????????. ??????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????. ????? ????????
???????? 13?
?????? ?????? ?????????
?????????????????.
[1]
?????? ???? ???????
[
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]
??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? 1860 ?????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????????. ???? ???? ????????????
?????? ?????? ????
?????????? ????????????. ????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????
?????????????
,
???????????????
????????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????. ????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????. ? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????.
?????? ?? ???????
[
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]
?????? ?????????? ????
????????
??? ?????? ????? ????????????. 1887 ???????? ???? ??????????? ?? ????? "???????? ?????? ??????????" ???????? "?????????" ?? ????????. ?? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ???????????. ????? ???????????? ????, ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????????? ????????????. ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????????. ??????, ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????.
?????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ????????, ???? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ? ??????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????? (sparks) ????????????? ???????? ???????????. ? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????????. ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ? ????????? ???????. ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????????, ????????? ?????????????.
37 ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ???????, ????? ? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ???, ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????. ????????? ???????????. ???? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????.
???????? ???????
[
??????
]
??????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????. ???? ???? (Metal fillings) ?? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? 1890? ?????????? ???? ?????????. ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????, ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????. ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ????? ???? ???????.
???,????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????
???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????????????. ?????? ???????? "???????" ??? ???? ????????. ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????.
??????????
????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????????
?????? ????????
?????????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???????????
???????
?????? ?????????
??????
???????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????????????. ?????? ????????
?????? ??????????
??????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????????????.
???????? ????????
[
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? ????????????
????????
?????????? ???? ???????. ?????? ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????. ?????????????? ???? ???????????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????????. ????? ?????? ?? (key) 12 ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ????????.???? ??????????????? ??? ????? ??????????????. ?????? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????????.
???? ????
?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????????.
???????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????. 1896 ?????? ? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ????????????. ???????? ????? ????????????
???????
????? ????????????
????
. ??????????
?????????
???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ?????????.
??????? ???????
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?????
????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????. ????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????????. ?????????, ??????? ??????????????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????? ????????????????. ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ???????? ????????, ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????.
???????? ???????
[
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]
1897 ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????????. ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????????. ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ????? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ???????? ???? ???????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????, ??????????????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????. ? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????.
???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????????. ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????????. ??? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????.
???? ???? ?????????
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]
??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????. 1898 ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????
???
????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ???? ???? ??????????? ? ????? ???????? ???? ??????. ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???.
?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????, 16 ????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ?????? 150 ??????????? ???, ???? ??????? ??????????.
??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????? ????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????, ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????, ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ? ??????. ????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????. ? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????.
??????????? ????? ???? ???? ???????
[
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]
1901 ???????? 12 ? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????????????. ???? ????????, ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ?? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????. ?????????? ????,?? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???? ????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????? 400 ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????. ????? ??? ?????? 2,170 ????? ?????? ???? ?????? (????????? ????????) ????? ?????? ???? ??????? S ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????????. "???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????????????. ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????????---" ??? ???????? ???????????????. ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? 12-30 ?????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????. ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ???? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???????????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????????!
????????
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?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????. ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???
????? ????? ??????
????? ?????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????, ?? ??????????????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ????????????. ???? ???? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ?????????????. ???? ????????? ?????????????, ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????????.
???????????? ???? ????
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]
???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????. 1909 ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????. ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? 1700 ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????
?????
?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?
??
??????? ???? ???? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????. ??????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????.
???????? ?? - SOS ??????
[
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]
? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????. ????? ????????? ????????????????? ????? ????????????? SOS ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????. ????? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ????? (save our souls) ???????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??????? ? ???? ????????? ???? ???????,???? ???? ??, ???? ????????? ??????????. ??????? ????????? ??????????, ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????????????. 1912 ??????? ??
????????
??? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ???????. ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? SOS ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??????? 700 ?????? ????????????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ????? ??????????, ?????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????.
?????? ???????? ????????-???????
[
??????
]
How radio communication works. Information such as sound is transformed into an electronic signal which is applied to a
transmitter
. The transmitter sends the information through space on a
radio wave
(electromagnetic wave). A receiver intercepts some of the radio wave and extracts the information-bearing electronic signal, which is converted back to its original form by a
transducer
such as a
speaker
.
?????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????. ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? 1904 ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????. ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????
????????????
??????????. ??????
??????
??????. ? ???????
??????????
?? ????? ??????? ???????????????. ???? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ???. ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????.
????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??????
??????
, ????????? ??????
?? ?? ????????
??? ?????????????? ??????????. ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ???????????? ????????
??????????
????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? (Amplify) ??????????. ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ? ?????????
???????
??????. ?????? ????????? ????
???????????
??
????????
???????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????.
?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????????, ?????? ????????????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????????. ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? (carrier waves) ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? (pulses) ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????????. ??????? (Receiver) ?? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????, ????? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? (amplified) ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????.
?????? ???????? ????????
[
??????
]
1907 ?? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? 30 ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????????.
???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????, ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????. ???? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????????, ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ? ???? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????. "???? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ???????????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? -- ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????????."--- ??? ?????????? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ? ?? ???? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????.
???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? 300 ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? (broad casting station) ?????? ????? ?? ??????????????. ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????? 1920 ?????? 2 ? ????? ???????????? ?????????????.
????? ??????? ?????? ?????????
[
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]
?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????????????, ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????. ???? ????????? ????????? ????.10 ???? ? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????????. 100 ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????????. ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????????. ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????. ? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????.
1922 ?? ????? 100 ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????.
???????
,
????????
????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????????. ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????. ??????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? (B.B.C) ??? ??????? 1922 ???????? ???????????. ????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ?????? 14 ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????. ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????, ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????. 1923 ???? ??????????????, ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????.
???????? ?? ????????
[
??????
]
A
Crystal Receiver
, consisting of an
antenna
,
rheostat
,
coil
,
crystal rectifier
,
capacitor
,
headphone
s and
ground connection
.
? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???????. ??? ???? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ???????????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????. ???? ??? ??????? ????????????, ???????? ???????. 1920 ?????? ???????? ????? ????????????, ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????. ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????.
?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? (100 ????? 550 ???????), ????? ?????????? (1000 ?????? ????? 2000 ?????? ????) ???????. ????? ????? ?????????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????. ??????????? ????? ???????? (16 ????? 75 ???????) ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????????. ????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????????????.
?????? ?????? ?????
[
??????
]
?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ??????. ???
- ???????? ??????? (Medium Wave),
- ??? ????? ??????? (Short Wave)
- ????????? ??????????? (Frequency Modulation).
???? ???? ???????(Medium Wave)
[
??????
]
? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? 200 ????? 300 ?????????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???????. ? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????. ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ?????????????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????. ??? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????????.
??? ????? ???????(Short Wave)
[
??????
]
? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ???????. ?????? ????????????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????????? 3500 ???????????? ???? ? ????????? ??????. ?????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??? (Iono sphere) ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????. ? ?????? ???????, ??????????? ?? ??? (Ionosphere) ?? ?????? ????????????????? (Reflect) ?????? ???? ????? ?????????????. ??????????, ?????????????????, ??????????? ??????????? ???? 3,500 ?????????? ???? ???????. ?????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????????. ? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????, ??????? ?????? ?????. ?? ????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????, ????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ????, ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ???????? ????????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??????????????? ???????. ????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????. ??.??.?? (British Boradcasting Corporation), ??.??.?. (Voice of America) ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????, ???????? ???? ????????????.
????????? ???????????(Frequency Modulation)
[
??????
]
?? ????? ?????????? (???) AM ???? FM ?????? ????? ?????? ????????
????? ???????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? (ultra short waves) ??????. ?????? V.H.F (Very High Frequency) ?????? ???? F.M. (Frequency Modulation) ?????? ??????. ?????? ??????????? ???????? A.M. (Amplitude Modulation) ????????. ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? (?????? ???? ???????-amplitude ??????) ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ????? 1 ????? 10 ?????? ???? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ???????????????????, ????? ???????????? ??????????, ????????? ?????????. ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???????, ???????????? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ???? ?????????????.
???? ???? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ? ?????? ???? ????????. ????????? ??????????????? (Three Dimensional) ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????, ????? ???????? ????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????. ?????????, ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????.
??? ???, ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????, ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????.
?????????? ????????
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]
?????????????
??????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ???? ??????. ?????? ?????? (Gelena Lead sulphide) ??? ????????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? (Alternating) ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? (Direct) ?? ?????????. ? ?????????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????. ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????????? (semi conductor) ??????.
?????? ???????? ??????, ???? ????????? ????????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????????, ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ??????????. ????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????. ???????, ??? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????.
????? ?????? ?????
?????? ? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????.
???????????????
[
??????
]
The
Regency TR-1
which used
Texas Instruments
'
NPN transistor
s was the world's first commercially produced
transistor radio
.
??????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????????? 1948 ?? ????? ???????. ? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????,??????? ???????, ?????? ??????. ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ???????????????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????????. ?????? "???? ?????????" ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????. ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????????????, ????????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ? ????? 50 ?????? ????????. ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????????????.
?????????? ???? ??????? ????, ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ? ??? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ????????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????. ????????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ???????????. ???? ??? ????? ????????? ??? ????. ?????? ??????? ???????.
????????? ?????????
[
??????
]
???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????. ? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? (soldering) ???? ???????? ???????. ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????, ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????????. ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????. ? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????.
????? ??????? ????????
[
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]
????????????? ? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????, ????????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????, ??????????? ???? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????, ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????
????? ?????
???? ????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????????????. ?????? ???????????????, ???????????, ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????????.
?????? ????????
[
??????
]
Modern
GPS
receivers.
????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????. ?? ????? ????????, ?????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ?????????? ????????, ?????????? ????????, ????? ??????, ??? ?????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ????????????? ???????. ???????????? ??????? ?????, ?????,????? ????????????, ?????????, ???????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????. ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??, ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????.
?????? ?????????
[
??????
]
????????
[
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]
???????? ??????
???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ???
???? ????????
??????, ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ??????
?????? ?????
????? ???????. ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????. ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????. ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ???.?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???????? ???????.
?????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????, ???????? ??????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????, ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????????. ? ????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????.
???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????
[
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]
1955?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????
?????????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????, ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ??? ????????, ??????????? ??????? ?????????????.
??????? ???????????
[
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]
1966 ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????? ????????. ? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????????
????????? ??????????
???? ??????? ????. ???????????, ????????? ???????, ?????????, ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? ???? ?????, ??? ???????? ??????, ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????????. ???????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ???, ??? ???????, ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????????. ??????? '? ????'????????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????, ??????, ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????.
????? ?????? ?????????
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]
??????????????
[
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]
??????? ?????? ?????????
[
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]
?????? ?????????? ????????????????
[
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]
???? ??????
[
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]
???? ?????? ????????????
???? ??????
????????? ???? ????? ??????, ?????????? ???? ???????
??????? (?????????) ??????
(Community Radio).
????????????
????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????. ??? ??? ????, ???? ?????, ??? ??????.
? '??????' ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????, ??????? ???? ?????????????. ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ????????. ????????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? (??.??.???.) ??? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????.
???? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ???????????. ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ???? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ???? ???? ????????????, ????? ????? ???? ??????????.
?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ???? '???? ??????' ??????. ??????????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (???????), ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????????? (????????), ?????? ?????????? (???????)... ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????
????????????????
???? ????????? ??????????????. ?? ?????? ???????? '??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????.
??? ???? ??????
[
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]
???????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????
?????? ???????
,
?????? ????????
??????? ??????.
- ↑
?????, ???????? (13 February 2020).
"? ??? ?????.. ???? ??????"
.
www.eenadu.net
. Archived from
the original
on 13 ???????? 2020
. Retrieved
13 February
2020
.