???? ?????
?????????
????????? ?? ?????????.
?????????
(Central Asia)
?????
???? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????. ? ??????? ????? ??????, ??????? ?????????, ?????? '????? ??????'?? ???? ??????????????. ? ???????, ?????, ???????????, ?????? ?????, ?????????????? ?? ????? ???????????, ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????????.
????????? ?????????
??????????????
????????????????. ???? ?????????, ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????
?????????
,
??????????????
,
???????????
,
???????????????
,
???????????????
????. ???????
????????????
,
????????
?? ? ??????????? ????. ?????? ??????
????
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???? ???????
,
??????
?? ????.
??????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????? (????? ??????)?? ??????? ????.
[1]
?????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????, ?????????, ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????????.
[2]
?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????????.
[3]
? ????? ?????? ??????????, ?????????????, ???????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????.
[4]
???????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ????????????.
????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????,
[5]
[6]
?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????, ???????????, ?????????????, ??????? ????? ?????????, ????? ????????????. ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????, ?????????, ???????, ??????????, ????????, ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????; ? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??????.
19 ? ??????? ???? ????? 20 ? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ??????. ??????? ??????? ????????-???????? ??????, ??? ???? ??????? "-????????" ???????? ???????? ???????. ??? 7 ??????? ???? ????????, 500,000 ????????????? ?????????????? ????.
[7]
[8]
[9]
????????????-?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????? 3,00,000 ???? ?????????,
[10]
1,70,000 ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????????????.
[11]
???? ????? (2019) ??????? 72 ???????? ????? ????. ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????: ?????????? (18 ?????????), ?????????????? (6 ?????????), ??????????? (9 ?????????), ???????????????? (6 ?????????), ????????????? (33 ?????????) .
[12]
???? ????? ?????? ?????????????
???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????
???? ????? ?????. ??????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????.
??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? 1843 ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????. ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????? 5 ° ????? ?????? ??????????, 44.5 ??????? ??????? ???? ???????.
[13]
? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????, ????????? ????? ????, ?????? ???????? ???????.
[14]
???????? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ??? "???????? ?????? ???????" (??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????) ??????? ?? ?????????????? ???????????.
[15]
????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????????????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????. ? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????????: ????????????, ??????????, ?????????????, ????????????????, ??????????????, ??????????, ?????? ???????????? (???????????).
[16]
[17]
[18]
?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????: Средняя Азия (??????????? ????? ???? "?????? ?????". ? ??????????????????? ?????????? ????????, ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????. ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????????). Центральная (????????????? ????? ???? "???????? ????? ". ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????). ??????? ?????????? ????????????, ?????? ???????????? ???????.
[19]
?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????. ??? ???? ????? ?????????????, ????????????????, ???????????, ????????????????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? ????????? ??????????????. ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??.???.???.??? ?????? ??????????????. 1991 ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
1992 ?? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? "????????????, ?????? ?????, ?????, ???? ??????????, ????? ????????, ?????? ????, ????????, ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????"?? ?????????????.
[20]
???????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????, ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????????. ? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ???????????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ???????????, ?????? ???????????? ???????. ???????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????, ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????. ?????????, ???? ???? ???????. ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ?????????? ??????????? "???????" ???????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ??? ???? ??????????.
[21]
[22]
[23]
????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????. ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??????, ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? 320 ???? (200 ??????) ?????? ???? ?????? ???????.
[24]
On the southern shore of Issyk Kul lake,
Issyk Kul Region
.
???? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?????????????, ???????? (?????? ????), ?????????? ??????? (?????? ???, ????????), ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ???????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????????.
???? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? (?? ??????) ???????? ???? ????? 77 ° ??????, ????????????? ??????? 116 ° ?118 ° ?????? ???? ?????????? ????.
???? ??????? ???? ??????????????? ?????????:
- ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, 50 ° 18 '????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????????????.
- ?????????? 46 ° 17 '????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? .
- ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?????, ????????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ????: 770 ???? (480 ??????).
- ????????????? ????????? ??????.
??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????.
? ????????? ??? ?????, ???? ?????, ???????, ??? ???, ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???????. ???? ??, ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????. ??? ????? ??????-???? ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????.
? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????, ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????. ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????.
???????????? ?????????
[
??????
]
???? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ???? ????? ????? ???? (??????????)?? ???????? ???????????? ???????. ????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ???????????? ??????? ??????-?????????? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????. ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????. ??????? ????? ???? ???????????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ????, ??????, ???????????? ???? ????, ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????????????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????, ?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ???? "????????????" ???????????????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????. ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ????. ???????? ?????????? ????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????????. ???? ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????. ???????? ????? ???? ????? (????????????) ??? ????????????. ???????????? ??? ????? (??????) ??? ????????????. ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????. ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ?????? ?????????????? ??????-?????????????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????????. ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????, ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ???????? ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????. ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????????????, ???????? (????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????) ??? ???? ??????????.
1759 ?? ???????, ??????????, ????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ??????????. ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????.
??????, ???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? (??????? ?????) ????. ???????????????????? ??????, ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????. ?????? ???????, ????? ???????????? ??????? ??? ???????????. ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????????. ????, ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????.
??????? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????????? ????. ????? ????? ?????????, ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ????????????. ???????? ???????? ??????, ??????, ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????????. 1800 ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???????????????.
???????? ???????? ??????
[
??????
]
???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????
???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????????? ???????. ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ???????. ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ???????. ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????, ???? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????. ?????????? (????????, ??????) ???????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ??, ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ??????????, ??????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ?????????, ?????????, ?????????????, ?????????, ????????????????, ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ????. ???? ??????? ?????? 22 ???????? ???????.
??????????????????????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????. ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????, ????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????????????, ?????, ???????, ?????? ?????, ????????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
??????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????????, ??????? ?????? ???? ????? "?????????????" ????????.
???? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ??????. ? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? ???????????????. ??????????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????; ? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????.
????????????? ????? ??????, ???? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??????????. ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????????????. ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????. ????? ??? ??? ????????, ?????? ?? ?? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????? ???????.
[26]
Geographical extent of Iranian influence in the 1st century BC.
Scythia
(mostly
Eastern Iranian
) is shown in orange.
????????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ????????????.
[5]
[27]
?????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????????, ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?????????????.
[28]
?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? 1861-1880
5 ? - 10 ? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????. 751 ?? ??????????? ????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????. ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????. 13? - 14 ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????.
????????? ????????????? ?????? ? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? 16 ? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ????????????. ? ??????? 19 ? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ???????????? (???????????) ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????. ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????. 1978 ???? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??.???.???.??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????.
???? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????????, ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????. ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????????, ???????? ??????? ???????????. ??.???.???.??? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????, ??????????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????.
[29]
."
[30]
?????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????? "1959 - 1970 ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ???????. ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????????.
[31]
??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ???????????? ????????????? ????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????. ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????????, ?????????, ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ?????????????, ???????????, ???????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????.
[32]
?????????? ?.??.???.??. ???? ?????; ?????????
????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????. ? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????, ????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????. 18 ? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????. ???????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????.
???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????
???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ??????? 1000 ??????????? ???? ??????? ????. ??? ????????? ????????????, ????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????? ??????? ????????????????. ???? ??????? ??????, ????? (???? ?????) ??? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? ? ????????? ????????????. ???????????? ????-???? ?????? ??????? ?????, ???????????? ?????-???? ????????, ??????? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ???????.
1882?? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??????. ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????. ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????.
[33]
Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
in Hazrat-e Turkestan,
Kazakhstan
. Timurid architecture consisted of
Persian art
.
?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????, ????? ???? ?????????????. ???? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ????????. ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????????????. 2005 ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????, ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????????????.
[34]
???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ???? - ??????????, ??????, ?????????? - ????????? ???????. ??????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????-?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????. 1980 ? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ???????. 90 ? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????. 1990-2000 ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ???? ????? ?? ?????????, ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????. 2005 ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ???????????????.
Kazakh
man on a horse with golden eagle
???? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ???????, ????????, ??????, ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???????.
???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????. ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????. 2013 ?? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ???????????, ?????? ???? ????????.
[35]
2017 ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????.
[36]
???? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????. ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????. ??????????? ????????? ??.?.???.?.?? ?????????? ????.
???? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????. ?????????? (14 ???????? ??????), ????????????? (7 ???????? ??????), ???????????? (3 ???????? ??????) ??????????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ??????????????.
???? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????, ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??.???.?? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????????.
???? ????.
?????????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????. 2001 ?? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????, ???????????, ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????.
?????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????, ?????? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ??????????, ?????? ????? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ????????, ?????????? ????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ????????, ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????.
?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????, ??????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???????????, ?????????? ??????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????????, ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????????.
2000-2013 ?????????? ???? ????? ??.??.??. ????????? ????
2005-2013 ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????
1990 ? ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????. ??????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????. ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????. 1019- 2020 ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? (??.?.???.??) ?????????? ???? ???????????.
[37]
2019 ??
[38]
???? ???????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????. ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????-??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????????. 2005 - 2013 ?????????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??????. ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ?????????????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????.
[39]
???? ????? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ??????. ??????? ?????????? ???????????, ???????????????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???????. 2008 ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ???? 2008-2009 ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????????????. 2008 - 2013 ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????? 7% ???? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????????, ??????????, ???????????, ??????????????????? ??????????????? ??? ????????????. ??????????? ???????????????? 2011 ?? 14.7% ???????? ??????????.
[39]
2000 ? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????. ?????????, ??????????????????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????. ????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????????. ????????????, ???????????, ????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????. ?????? ??????????? ?????, ???????????, ??? ??????? (?????? ?????) ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????. ??????????? ???????????, ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????. ??????? ?????? 2014 ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????. ?????????????, ???????????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????. ? ?????? ????? 2014 ?? ????????????? ???????????????? ?????? ??? - ???????? ???????? ???????.
[39]
?? ????????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ????????????? ?????????????????? ?????????????. ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????, ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. ???????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ????. ???? ???????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????????.
[39]
2010 - 2012 ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????????????? ??????????. 2010 ????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????????. 2011 ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????. ? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????????. 2012 ?? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? 60% ????????????. ? ??????? ????????????????? ????????????. ??????? 33.7% ???? 2010 ?? ??????? ????????? ???????????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????????? [??????? ?????]. ?? ???????? ?????? ??? 36.8%?? ?????????.
[39]
?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. 2013 ?? ???? ??????? ?????????? (?????? $ 23,206), ???????????????? (?????? $ 14 201) ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????. ? ??????? ??????? 45% ???? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ????????????? $ 5,167 ?? ????????????. ????????????, ?????????????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ????.
[39]
????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????. ???? ????????? ?????? ??????????? 70% ???? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????????????.
[40]
?????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????. 2013 ?? ????????? " ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? (BRI) " ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????.
[41]
2007 - 2019 ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? 378.2 ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????????? (???????) ???????????. ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? 77.7% ????. ?????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????. ? ??????? ????? ????????????? (??????) ?? 60% ???? ??????? ????.
[42]
????? - ????? - ?????????
[
??????
]
???????? ????????? ??????????
[
??????
]
???? ????? ???? ??????????????? (" ???????????? ????? & ????????? " ?????) ???????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ???????????????. ????? ? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????. ???????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????????. ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????. 2009 ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????. 2014 ?? ???????????????? " ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????????: ????????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???????; ??? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????; ????????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????, ????????, ????????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???????? 2012 ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? 10 ?????????? ????? ?????????????????????????. ???????? ?????????? & ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????. ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????, ?????? ??? ?????????? & ????????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ???????.
[39]
??????????, ???????????????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????. 2011 ?? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????????????. ??? ???????, ?????, ??????????? ?????????, ??????? ?????????????, ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ???????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? (????????, ????), ?????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????????. 2010 - 2012 ????, ??????, ??????, ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? (????????????????? ????????), ??????? ????-??????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. ?????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????????????. ??? ?????? " ???????? ????????? ?????? ????" ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ??????, 2008 ?? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????????? " ?????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? " 100% ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????. ? ??????? ????????? ???????????, ???? ??????? ?????, ????????? ??????????? ?????????????, ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????????. ???????????? ? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????, ??????? ???????, ???????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????.
[39]
Trends in research expenditure in Central Asia, as a percentage of GDP, 2001?2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: 2030 (2015), Figure 14.3
???? ??????????? ????????????????? ???????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????????????. ??????? ????????, ????? & ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ???? & ?????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????????????. 2013 ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? " ????? ????????? ???????", ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??????????? ????????????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????: ???.??.?? ??????? - ????????? ????????????? (???????? ??? ?????????????), ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????????. 2011 ?? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????????????? ???????????????: ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????? (2011 ?? ?????????), ?????????? ???????? ??????????????, ????????????????? ????? ?????????????? (2014 ?? ?????????), ?????? & ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????, ???????????????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? (2013 ?? ??????????????). ??????????, ????????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????????. ??????????, ????????????? ????? ?????? 2007 - 2012 ?? ????-?????????; ?????????, ?????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????????? ???????. 2010 ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????????.
[39]
???????????????? ?????? ???????????
[
??????
]
???????????, ????? & ??????? ??????? ???????????????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????????. ??????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??.??.???? 0.2%-03% ??????? ??????? & ????????? ????? ???????????. ????????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??.??.??.?? 0.41% ??????? & ????????? ????? ?????????????????.
[39]
???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????, ????????????? ???????? ??????, ??????? & ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????. ??????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ????: 2013 ?? ?????????? ???????? ????? 0.18% ??????? ??????????????? ????? ????????????. ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? . ???????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (12.5%) ?????2012 ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????????. ??????? ????????, ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????????? ??????????????. ??????? ? ???????? ??????????? ????? ???????????, ?????????? ????? 4% ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????. ??????????? 1997 ?? ???? 2008 ?? ??????? ????????? & ???????? ?????? 4.5 ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ????????????.
[39]
Central Asian researchers by sector of employment (HC), 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.5
Trends in researchers
[
??????
]
???? ????? ??????? ??????????, ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????? 1,046 ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? (2013 ?? 1,083) ?? ??????? ????. ??????????????? (1,097) ?????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????.
[39]
???? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ????????????? ???????? ??????, ??????? & ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????????????. ????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ????; 2013 ?? ???????? ???? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? 6% ???? ????????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????????. ??????, ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ?????? 40 ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? 60 ????? ?????? ???? ???????; ???????? ??????????? ???? (38.4%) ????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????? ???????.
[39]
Central Asian researchers by field of science, 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.4
??????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????????, ????????????, ????????????? ??????? 40% ????? ?????????? ???????. ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ???? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? & ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????????. 2013 ?? 45?55% ??????????, ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????. ??????????????, ???????? ??????????????? ???? (34%) 2013 ?? ?? ???? ????. ?????? ??????? ???? ???????, ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????. 2007 ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????. ???????????????? ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?????.
[39]
Table:
PhDs obtained in science and engineering in Central Asia, 2013 or closest year
|
|
PhDs
|
PhDs in science
|
PhDs in engineering
|
|
|
Total
|
Women (%)
|
Total
|
Women (%)
|
Total per million pop.
|
Women PhDs per million pop.
|
Total
|
Women (%)
|
Total per million pop.
|
Women PhDs per million pop.
|
| Kazakhstan (2013)
|
247
|
51
|
73
|
60
|
4.4
|
2.7
|
37
|
38
|
2.3
|
0.9
|
| Kyrgyzstan (2012)
|
499
|
63
|
91
|
63
|
16.6
|
10.4
|
54
|
63
|
?
|
?
|
| Tajikistan (2012)
|
331
|
11
|
31
|
?
|
3.9
|
?
|
14
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
| Uzbekistan (2011)
|
838
|
42
|
152
|
30
|
5.4
|
1.6
|
118
|
27.0
|
?
|
?
|
Source:
UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
(2015), Table 14.1
Note: PhD graduates in science cover life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics and statistics, and computing; PhDs in engineering also cover manufacturing and construction. For Central Asia, the generic term of PhD also encompasses Candidate of Science and Doctor of Science degrees. Data are unavailable for Turkmenistan.
Table: Central Asian researchers by field of science and gender, 2013 or closest year
|
|
|
Total researchers (head counts)
|
Researchers by field of science (head counts)
|
|
|
|
Natural Sciences
|
Engineering and technology
|
Medical and health sciences
|
Agricultural sciences
|
Social sciences
|
Humanities
|
|
|
Total
|
Per million pop.
|
Number of women
|
Women (%)
|
Total
|
Women (%)
|
Total
|
Women (%)
|
Total
|
Women (%)
|
Total
|
Women (%)
|
Total
|
Women (%)
|
Total
|
Women (%)
|
| Kazakhstan
2013
|
17,195
|
1,046
|
8,849
|
51.5
|
5,091
|
51.9
|
4,996
|
44.7
|
1,068
|
69.5
|
2,150
|
43.4
|
1,776
|
61.0
|
2 114
|
57.5
|
| Kyrgyzstan
2011
|
2,224
|
412
|
961
|
43.2
|
593
|
46.5
|
567
|
30.0
|
393
|
44.0
|
212
|
50.0
|
154
|
42.9
|
259
|
52.1
|
| Tajikistan
2013
|
2,152
|
262
|
728
|
33.8
|
509
|
30.3
|
206
|
18.0
|
374
|
67.6
|
472
|
23.5
|
335
|
25.7
|
256
|
34.0
|
| Uzbekistan
2011
|
30,890
|
1,097
|
12,639
|
40.9
|
6,910
|
35.3
|
4,982
|
30.1
|
3,659
|
53.6
|
1,872
|
24.8
|
6,817
|
41.2
|
6,650
|
52.0
|
Source:
UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
(2015), Table 14.1
Scientific publications from Central Asia catalogued by Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded, 2005?2014, UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 14.6
??????? ????????? ???? ?????? (?????? ??????? ????????) ??????? 2005 - 2014 ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????? 50% ????????????? ????? ?????????. ? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ?????????? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ???????????. 2005 - 2014 ???? ?????? ? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ???? 35% ????? 56%?? ????????????. ? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ??????, ??????, ???????? ?????????, ????? ????? ???? ???????.
[39]
2008 - 2013 ???? 5 ???? ????????? ????? ???????, ???????????? ??????????? ????? ??????????. ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????????? ??????????????, ???????????, ?????????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????.
[39]
2008 - 2013 ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????. ????: ???????? ?????? ????????: 2030 (2015) ????, ?????? 14.6
???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ????. 2008 - 2013 ???? ????????? ????????? 2.7 ??????? ?????? ????? 5.1 ??????? ???????? ??????. ???????????, ??????????????, ????????????????? ????????? ????????? ???????. 2008 ?? ? ????????? ??????????? $ 744 ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? $ 2.6 ?????????? ????????????. ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? 2.3 ??????? ?????? ????? 3.1 ??????? ???????? ????????????. ????? ??????????? (?????? ???????) ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ??? 2008 ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? (US $ 1.5 ???????) 83% ???????? ???????????. 2013 ?? ? ???????? $ 2.6 ?????????? ????????????.
[39]
International cooperation
[
??????
]
??????? ?????, ????? ?????, ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? 5 ???? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????. ? ????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? (CAREC) ???????????? ???? ???????????? ???????. ? ???????????? ????????????, ??????????, ????, ????????, ?????????? ?????? ???? ???????. ???????? ?????????? ????? ?????????????? 2011 ?????? ? 10 ???? ?????? " ??.?.???.?.?? 2020 ??????????? " ???????????. 2020 ????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????, ????????, ??????? ?????????? ????????????? $ 50 ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????, ???????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????????, ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ????????? ??????????. ????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????????, ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????. ?????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????.
[39]
2014 ?? ???????, ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????. ?????????, ??????????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????. ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????????. ???????? ???????????, ???????????? ???? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????. ??? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????. ??? ?????????????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????.
[39]
[43]
????????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? (2011?2015) ?? ??????????, ??????????? ????????????. ? ???????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ???? ????????????. ? ???????????? ??????? ???-????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. 2012 ?? 86 ?????? ??????? ? ???????????? ????????????. ?????? ??????? ????? 3, ?????????? ????? 1, ??????????? ????? 3, ?????? ????? 2 ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????. ? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? "??? ?????????" ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????????. " ????????? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ????" ??? ??? ???????. '??????? ???? ???????????? ?????, ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????.
[39]
?????? ?????? ?????? (????? ???????? ????), ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????? 2013 ??????? 3 ? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???????????, ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ? ???????????? ?????????? $ 3-90 ???????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????. ??? ????????-???????? ????????????? ???? ???????????. ?????? ???????????? ????? ???????????, ???????? ???????????, ????, ?????????? ???????????, ???????????????, ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????; ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????????????? ????????????????? ???? ??? ???????????????.
[39]
?????????? ?????? 19 ???????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??? ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????.
[44]
2013 ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? 4 ???? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????????. ????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? & ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? " ???????? 2020 " ??????? ????????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????. ? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???????, ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????????????. ???: ??????? ??????, ????? & ???????. ?????? ?????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??.? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ?????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????, ???? ?????????, ?????????, ??????, ?????, ?????????, ??????????????, ???????, ?????????, ???????????, ?????, ????????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????. 2014 ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? - ????????????????, ????????, ???????? ?????? ????? 24 ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????????. ???????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ???? ????????????.
[39]
1992 ?? ???? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????? ???????, ?????, ?????? ????????, ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? (?.???.??.??)?? ????????????. ???????? ??????? ????????????? ?.???.??.??. ????? ??????? ??????????: ?????????, ???????, ????????, ?????????, ????????????, ???????????. 2014 ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?.???.??.??. ?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????????.
[39]
1998, 2013, 2015 ????? ????????????, ???????????, ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????.
[39]
Territorial and regional data
[
??????
]
| Country
|
Area
km
2
|
Population
[45]
(2016)
|
Population density
per km
2
|
Nominal GDP
(2017)
|
GDP per capita
(2017)
|
HDI
(2017)
|
Capital
|
Official languages
|
| Kazakhstan
|
2,724,900
|
17,987,736
|
6.3
|
$160.839 billion
|
$8,841
|
0.788
|
Nur-Sultan
|
Kazakh
,
Russian
|
| Kyrgyzstan
|
199,950
|
5,955,734
|
29.7
|
$7.061 billion
|
$1,144
|
0.655
|
Bishkek
|
Kyrgyz
,
Russian
|
| Tajikistan
|
142,550
|
8,734,951
|
60.4
|
$7.146 billion
|
$824
|
0.624
|
Dushanbe
|
Tajik
,
Russian
|
| Turkmenistan
|
488,100
|
5,662,544
|
11.1
|
$37.926 billion
|
$6,643
|
0.688
|
Ashgabat
|
Turkmen
|
| Uzbekistan
|
448,978
|
33,905,800
[46]
|
69.1
|
$47.883 billion
|
$1,491
|
0.701
|
Tashkent
|
Uzbek
|
Ethnic map of Central Asia.
White areas are thinly-populated semi-desert.
The three northwest-tending lines are the Oxus and Jaxartes Rivers flowing from the eastern mountains into the Aral Sea and in the south the irrigated north side of the Kopet Dagh mountains.
Uzbek children in
Samarkand
Children in Afghanistan
????????, ??????????????? ??? ???? ??????? 90 ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????????????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? 2% ???????? ?????. ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????. ? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? 9 ???? ??????????? ????? ????. ???????? ?????? ????? ???? 80.5 ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????.
???? ????????? ??? ???????? ???? ????????, ???????????? ?????? ??? ????????????????.
[47]
?????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ????????, ??????????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????.
??????????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????????. ??????????????????, ????????????, ?????, ???????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????? ???????????. ??????????, ?????????????? ?????, ???????????, ????????????, ?????????????? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ???? ???, ???????? ???, ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????. ?????????????, ???????????, ??????????????, ????????????, ?????????????? ??????? ???, ??????? ????? ???????????.
????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????????????? ??? ???? ??????????????? ??????????????. ???????? ?????, ??????????, ???????, ?????? ????????, ??????????? ????????? ??? ???????????.
???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????. ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????????, ?????????????, ???????????, ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????????????. ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ????????????, ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????, ?????, ?????????, ???????, ????, ????????, ????????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ?????????? ???? (???????????????), ?????? (???????????, ????????????????), ?????? (???? ????????? ??????? ???????) ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????.
????-????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????.
???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????
??????? ???????
?????, ????????, ????????, ????, ????????????, ?????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ????????????, ????????-????????????, ??????????, ????? ???????????, ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????, ????????, ??????, ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??????????, ???????????????? ??????-??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????.
[48]
???? ????? ????????????? ????????????, ???????????, ???????????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???????????. ????????????, ?????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??????
?????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????, ??????????????? ????? ????????????? ???????. ???? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????.
[49]
?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????.
[50]
????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ????.
[51]
??????, ????????, ????, ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????.
??????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????????? ?????????????. ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????. ????? ???????????? 19 ???????? ??????? 25% ?????? ??????????????? ????????????????? ???????????. ???????????????? 17%, ???????????????? 5% ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????.
?????????????, ?????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????? ??? ????????.
?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ????????????????.
???? ????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????, ????????, ?????? ????????, ??? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????????????.
| ??????
|
???????
|
?????????
|
???????
|
????????
|
?????????
|
????????
|
??????????
|
??? ?????
|
??????
|
| Pop.
|
%
|
Pop.
|
%
|
Pop.
|
%
|
Pop.
|
%
|
Pop.
|
%
|
Pop.
|
%
|
Pop.
|
%
|
Pop.
|
%
|
Kazakhstan
|
18,745,000
|
3,130,415
|
16.70
|
12,034,290
|
64.20
|
3,524,060
|
18.80
|
0
|
0.00
|
16,870
|
0.10
|
20,620
|
0.10
|
18,745
|
0.10
|
0
|
0.0
|
Kyrgyzstan
|
6,520,000
|
469,440
|
7.20
|
5,626,760
|
86.30
|
286,880
|
4.40
|
0
|
0.00
|
0
|
0.00
|
19,560
|
0.30
|
117,360
|
1.80
|
0
|
0.00
|
Tajikistan
|
6,880,000
|
110,080
|
1.6
|
6,652,960
|
96.7
|
103,200
|
1.5
|
0
|
< 0.1
|
0
|
< 0.1
|
0
|
< 0.1
|
0
|
< 0.1
|
0
|
< 0.1
|
Turkmenistan
|
5,040,000
|
322,560
|
6.4
|
4,687,200
|
93.0
|
25,200
|
0.5
|
0
|
< 0.1
|
0
|
< 0.1
|
0
|
< 0.1
|
0
|
< 0.1
|
0
|
< 0.1
|
Uzbekistan
|
27,440,000
|
631,120
|
2.3
|
26,534,480
|
96.7
|
219,520
|
0.8
|
0
|
< 0.1
|
10,000
|
< 0.1
|
10,000
|
< 0.1
|
0
|
< 0.1
|
10,000
|
< 0.1
|
| Total
|
64.625.000
|
4,663,615
|
7.22
|
55,535,690
|
85.94
|
4,158,860
|
6.44
|
0
|
0.00
|
26,870
|
0.04
|
51,370
|
0.08
|
136,105
|
0.21
|
10,000
|
0.02
|
????? ???????????
?????
, ???????,
????????
?????? ??????,
??????
???? ?????? ?????????? ????.
- ↑
Steppe Nomads and Central Asia
Archived
29 ?? 2008 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
Silkroad Foundation, Adela C.Y. Lee.
"Travelers on the Silk Road"
. Retrieved
14 November
2014
.
- ↑
Ta'lim Primary 6 Parent and Teacher Guide (p. 72) ? Islamic Publications Limited for the Institute of Ismaili Studies London
- ↑
Phillips, Andrew;
James, Paul
(2013).
"National Identity between Tradition and Reflexive Modernisation: The Contradictions of Central Asia"
.
National Identities
.
3
(1): 23?35.
doi
:
10.1080/14608940020028475
.
S2CID
146570543
.
In Central Asia the collision of modernity and tradition led all but the most deracinated of the
intellectual
s-
cleric
s to seek salvation in reconstituted variants of traditional identities rather than succumb to the modern European idea of nationalism. The inability of the elites to form a united front, as demonstrated in the numerous declarations of autonomy by different authorities during the Russian civil war, paved the way, in the early 1920s for the Soviet re-conquest of the Central Asia in the early 1920s.
- ↑
5.0
5.1
Encyclopædia Iranica, "CENTRAL ASIA: The Islamic period up to the Mongols", C. Edmund Bosworth: "In early Islamic times Persians tended to identify all the lands to the northeast of Khorasan and lying beyond the Oxus with the region of Turan, which in the Shahnama of Ferdowsi is regarded as the land allotted to Fereydun's son Tur. The denizens of Turan were held to include the Turks, in the first four centuries of Islam essentially those nomadizing beyond the Jaxartes, and behind them the Chinese (see Kowalski; Minorsky, "Turan"). Turan thus became both an ethnic and a diareeah term, but always containing ambiguities and contradictions, arising from the fact that all through Islamic times the lands immediately beyond the Oxus and along its lower reaches were the homes not of Turks but of Iranian peoples, such as the Sogdians and Khwarezmians."
- ↑
C.E. Bosworth, "The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam", in
History of Civilizations of Central Asia
, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth. Multiple History Series. Paris: Motilal Banarsidass Publ./UNESCO Publishing, 1999. excerpt from page 23: "Central Asia in the early seventh century, was ethnically, still largely an Iranian land whose people used various Middle Iranian languages.".
- ↑
Демоскоп Weekly ? Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей
Archived
16 ?????? 2010 at the
Wayback Machine
. Demoscope.ru. Retrieved on 29 July 2013.
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"5.01.00.03 Национальный состав населения"
(PDF)
. Archived from
the original
(PDF)
on 2009-02-06.
- ↑
Итоги переписи населения Таджикистана 2000 года: национальный, возрастной, половой, семейный и образовательный составы
Archived
7 ?????? 2011 at the
Wayback Machine
. Demoscope.ru (20 January 2000). Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
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https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/odr/central-asias-koreans-in-korea-there-and-mostly-back-again/
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Trochev, Alexei (2018-02-22), Horne, Cynthia M.; Stan, Lavinia (eds.),
"Transitional Justice Attempts in Kazakhstan"
,
Transitional Justice and the Former Soviet Union
(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 88?108,
doi
:
10.1017/9781108182171.005
,
ISBN
978-1-108-18217-1
, retrieved
2020-12-04
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"Демографическая ситуация" (PDF).
Statistika qo'mitasi
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Dani, A. H. (1993).
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Dawn of Civilization : Earliest Times to 700 B.C.
(in ????????). UNESCO.
ISBN
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Humboldt, Alexander von (1843).
Asie centrale
(in ???????). Paris, Gide. p. 17.
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Humboldt University of Berlin.
"Central Asian studies ? Institute of Asian and African Studies"
.
www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de
(in ????????). Humboldt University of Berlin.
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Cummings, Sally N. (2013).
Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested Transformations
(in ????????). Routledge.
ISBN
978-1-134-43319-3
.
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Saez, Lawrence (2012).
The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC): An emerging collaboration architecture
(in ????????). Routledge.
ISBN
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Cornell, Svante E.
Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: A New Spring?
(PDF)
. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies.
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Cornell, Svante E.
Modernization and Regional Cooperation in Central Asia: A New Spring?
(PDF)
. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and the Silk Road Studies.
Russian scholars who used the term "Middle Asia" synonymously with Turkestan used "Central Asia" largely to refer to areas outside Russian control, including Afghanistan and "East Turkestan."
- ↑
Dani, A. H.; Masson, V. M.; Harmatta, J.; Puri, B. N.; Etemadi, G. F.; Litvinski?, B. A. (1992?2005).
History of civilizations of Central Asia
. Paris: Unesco. p.
8
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ISBN
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OCLC
28186754
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Polo, Marco; Smethurst, Paul (2005).
The Travels of Marco Polo
. p.
676
.
ISBN
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Ferrand, Gabriel (1913), "Ibn Bat?t?", Relations de voyages et textes geographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs a l'Extreme-Orient du 8e au 18e siecles (Volumes 1 and 2) (in French), Paris: Ernest Laroux, pp. 426?458
- ↑
Andrea, Bernadette. "Ibn Fadlan's Journey to Russia: A Tenth?Century Traveler from Baghdad to the Volga River by Richard N. Frye: Review by Bernadette Andrea".
Middle East Studies Association Bulletin
.
41
(2): 201?202.
doi
:
10.1017/S0026318400050744
.
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43°40'52"N 87°19'52"E
Degree Confluence Project.
- ↑
A Land Conquered by the Mongols
Archived
23 ??????? 2008 at the
Wayback Machine
- ↑
C.E. Bosworth, "The Appearance of the Arabs in Central Asia under the Umayyads and the establishment of Islam", in
History of Civilizations of Central Asia
, Vol. IV: The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century, Part One: The Historical, Social and Economic Setting, edited by M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth. Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, 1998. excerpt from page 23: "Central Asia in the early seventh century, was ethnically, still largely an Iranian land whose people used various Middle Iranian languages.
- ↑
Saiget, Robert J. (19 April 2005).
"Caucasians preceded East Asians in basin"
.
The Washington Times
. News World Communications. Archived from
the original
on 20 April 2005
. Retrieved
20 August
2007
.
A study last year by
Jilin
University also found that the mummies' DNA had Europoid genes.
- ↑
"Deported Nationalities"
. Retrieved
14 November
2014
.
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Anne Applebaum ? Gulag: A History Intro
Archived
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"
Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora
". Touraj Atabaki, Sanjyot Mehendale (2005). p. 66.
ISBN
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"Democracy Index 2011"
.
Economist Intelligence Unit
.
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Walter Ratliff, "Pilgrims on the Silk Road: A Muslim-Christian Encounter in Khiva", Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2010
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"
"In Central Asia, a Revival of an Ancient Form of Rap ? Art of Ad-Libbing Oral History Draws New Devotees in Post-Communist Era" by Peter Finn, Washington Post Foreign Service, Sunday, March 6, 2005, p. A20"
.
The Washington Post
. 6 March 2005
. Retrieved
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2014
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"Asia Holds First 'Kokpar' Championship"
.
RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
(in ????????)
. Retrieved
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"Showdown In Astana: Rival Kazakhs, Kyrgyz Battle For First Kokpar World Title"
.
RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
(in ????????).
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(PDF)
.
imb.org
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(PDF)
.
imd.org
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39.00
39.01
39.02
39.03
39.04
39.05
39.06
39.07
39.08
39.09
39.10
39.11
39.12
39.13
39.14
39.15
39.16
39.17
39.18
39.19
39.20
39.21
39.22
39.23
Mukhitdinova, Nasiba (2015).
Central Asia. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 365?387.
ISBN
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.
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"70% of investments into Central Asia are drawn to Kazakhstan"
.
kazakh-tv.kz
.
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Vakulchuk, Roman; Overland, Indra (2019). M. Cheung, Fanny; Hong, Ying-yi (eds.).
China's Belt and Road Initiative through the Lens of Central Asia
. London.: Routledge. pp. 115?133.
ISBN
978-1-138-60749-1
.
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"FDI to Central Asia Reached 378.2 billion Over Past 13 years"
.
The Astana Times
.
- ↑
Erocal, Deniz; Yegorov, Igor (2015).
Countries in the Black Sea basin. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
(PDF)
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"EU Central Asia Civil Society Forum: Making Our Partnerships Stronger"
.
EU External Action
.
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"World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision"
.
ESA.UN.org
(custom data acquired via website).
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
, Population Division
. Retrieved
10 September
2017
.
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"Demographic situation (January?December 2019)"
(in ??????). stat.uz. 2020-01-25. Archived from
the original
on 2020-10-21
. Retrieved
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.
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Robert Greenall,
Russians left behind in Central Asia
,
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, 23 November 2005.
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Alekseenko, Aleksandr Nikolaevich (2000). Республика в зеркале переписей населения[Republic in the Mirror of the Population Censuses] (PDF).
Population and Society: Newsletter of the Centre for Demography and Human Ecology
(in Russian). Institute of Economic Forecasting of the Russian Academy of Sciences (47): 58?62. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
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Christoph Marcinkowski,
Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts
(Munster: LIT, 2010), 244.
ISBN
9783643800497
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Zurcher, Erik (2007).
The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China
. BRILL. pp.
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Megan Rancier,
Turkic Soundscapes: From Shamanic Voices to Hip-Hop
(London: Taylor & Francis, 2018), 258.
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. Paris:
UNESCO
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New York
:
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.
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Washington, D.C.
:
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.
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Cambridge
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, 2000.
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,
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. "Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?" New York:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20071103154944/http://www.iicas.org/forumen.htm
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Teaching about Inner Asia
Archived
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, Bloomington, Indiana: ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies, 1989.
- University of Cambridge Central Asia Forum
- Central Asia Gateway
- Central Eurasian Studies World Wide
- Publications on the history of Central Asia Prior to 1917
- University of Central Asia
- Discovery Central Asia magazine: Publications on the travel, history and culture of Central Asia
- New Europe News
Extensive news coverage and analysis of Central Asia.
- Where West Meets East: The Complex mtDNA Landscape of the Southwest and Central Asian Corridor
- Texas Tech University, full-text examples of Central Asian literature
- [1]
The International Politics of Central Eurasia], (272 pp). Central Eurasian Studies On Line: The International Eurasian Institute for Economic and Political Research, 2001.
- Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies (RIFIAS) Library Online Catalog Text Collection
Archived
2008-05-09 at the
Wayback Machine
is one of North America's premier resources for teaching and research in the history, languages, literatures, geography, religions, and cultures of Inner Asia and is located at Indiana University
- University of Turin-Observatory on Central Asia
- The Library: Central Asia
Info on politics, universities, culture, languages, etc.