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?????????? ????-?????? ??????? ????. ???? ??????? ???? (ECI) ????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????????????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ???????? ?????????, ???????? ???? ?????? ????, ??????? ????? ???????????? ????????????, ??????? ???????, ????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????. ???????, ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????. ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ECI ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ECI ???????????? ??????????????.

2016?? ?????? ????? ( 2014 ????? 1 ????? ???????? ????????), ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????, ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????????. 2016??, ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ECI ????????????. ???????, ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????, ???? ?? ?????? ??????????.

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8 ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? [1]
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(40 ????????? ??????)  ( 1984-04-14 ) 		26 ????? 2013
(11 ????????? ??????)  ( 2013-01-26 ) [2] 		???????
(??????????)
?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????-????? [3] ????????
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??????? ???????????? 		6 ??????? 1980
(44 ????????? ??????)  ( 1980-04-06 ) 		???? ??????? ?????
(??????????)
??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????-??? ????????? 26 ???????? 1925
(98 ????????? ??????)  ( 1925-12-26 ) 		??. ????
(?????? ??????????)
??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? (??????????) ????? (??) ????????? ????-??? ?????????
??????????-???????? 		7 ?????? 1964
(59 ????????? ??????)  ( 1964-11-07 ) 		??????? ?????
(?????? ??????????)
???? ????? ????????? ????????? ??.??.? ?????? [4] ????? ????
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????????? 		28 ???????? 1885
(138 ????????? ??????)  ( 1885-12-28 ) 		?????? ?????
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?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??.??.? ??????-?????? [4] ????????
??????? 		10 ???? 1999
(24 ????????? ??????)  ( 1999-06-10 ) 		???? ?????
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?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ????????????
?????????????? 		6 ????? 2013
(11 ????????? ??????)  ( 2013-01-06 ) 		7 ???? 2019
(5 ????????? ??????)  ( 2019-06-07 ) 		???????? ??????
(??????????)

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?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????: 1.??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? 6% ?????? ?????? ?????????. ? ??????? ?????????? ????? 2 ?????? ????????????. 2.?? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? 6% ?????? ???????. ????????? ????? 1 ???? ????????????. 3.?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? 3% ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ??? ??????? ??????. 4.?? ?????? ????????? ????? 25 ????????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ???????? ???????, ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? 8% ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????.

54 ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? [1]
?????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????? ??????
?????? 		??????? ?????????????? ??????? (??) ?????????? ????????? ???????? Election
??????
3 ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? AAP - ?????? ????? ??????-?????? ?????? ????????? [5]
??????????? [6]
????????? [7]
???????? [8]
?????????? [8] 		2012 ??????? ?????????? ??????
??????
????
??????? (?????????) JD (S) - ??????-?????? ??????? ????????????? [9]
??????????? [9] 		1999 ????.??.??????? ???????? ???????
???????
????
??????? (????????) JD (U) UPA ??????-?????? ??????? [10]
??????????? [10]
????? ????????? [11] 		2003 ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????
??????
???????
2 ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? AIADMK NDA ?????? ????? ??????-?????? ???????????
????????
??????? ?????????????
1972 ????? ??. ????????
(?????? ??????????) 		????????
?????????? 		Two Leaves
?????? ????????? ???? DMK UPA ??????-?????? Social democracy [12]
??????????? [ ????? ?????? ]
??????? ?????? [12]
???????? 		1949 ??. ??. ????????
(??????????) 		????????
??????????
???? ???????? ?????? NPF NDA ???????????? 2002 ??. ???. ????????? ???????
?????????
????????? ???? ??? RJD UPA ??????-?????? ??????? 1997 ???? ??????? ?????
??????? ????? 		Bihar
Jharkhand
??????????? ????????? ?????? RSP UPA ????-??? ?????????
??????????-???????? [13]
??????????? ??????? 		1940 ????? ?????????? [14] ????
?????? ???????
?????? ???? ?????? TDP - ??????? [15] ???????? [16] [17]
?????? ???????? [18] 		1982 ???. ????????? ?????? ????????????
???????
1 ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? YSRCP - ???????? [16] [17] ???????????? 2011 ??. ???. ???? ????? ?????? ????????????
??????? ??????? ????? TRS - ?????? [19] ???????????? [20] [21]
Populism [22]
Conservatism [21]
???????????? 		2001 ??. ?????????? ???? ???????
??? ?????? ????????? ?????? AIFB LDF ??????? ??????? ?????????
???????
????????? ?????????
?????????? [23] 		1939 ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????
??? ?????? ??????? ? ??????????? ?????????? AIMIM - ????-????? [24] ???????? ????????? [25]
???????? ???????

[26]
?????? ??????? [27]
???????????? [28]

1958 ?????????? ????? ???????
??? ?????? N.R. ????????? AINRC NDA ?????? ??????? ?????????????
???????? 		2011 ???. ????????? ??????????
??? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? AIUDF - 2005 ??????????? ?????? ??????
??? ???????? ??????????? ??????? AJSU NDA 1986 ?????? ????? ????????
????? ?? ?????? AGP NDA ??????-???? ????????????
??????? ???????? ?????????? 		1985 ????? ???? ??????
???? ??????? BJD - ?????? ?????
??????-?????? 		???????????? [29]
Populism [21]
??????????? [21] [29]
???????? [21] [30] 		1997 ????? ???????? ?????
????????? ???????? ?????? BPF NDA ?????????

??????????? ??????? [31]

2005 ?????? ??????? ??????
??????????? ?????? ??? ?????? (????????????-??????????) ???????? CPI (ML)L - ????-??? ????????? [32]
??????????-????????
???????? [32] 		1974 ??????? ?????????? ??????
????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ???????:Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam flag.PNG DMDK - ?????? ??
??????-?????? 		??????? ????????
????????
?????????
??????? ????????????? 		2005 ????????? ????????
???? ????????? ?????? GFP UPA ???????????? 2016 ????? ????????? ????
???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? HSPDP NDA 1968 ??????
??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???????:Indian National Lok Dal Flag.svg INLD - ?????? ??????? ????????
???????????? 		1996 ?? ??????? ?????? ???????
??????? ??????? ??????? ???? IUML UPA ??????? ????????
??????? ???????????? 		1948 ??????? ?????? ????? ????
????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????? IPFT NDA ??????-???? ????????????
???? ?????????
???????????? ???????? 		2009 ????? ?????? ??????? ???????
????? & ???????? ?????? ??????????? JKNC UPA ???????????
???????? ???????????????
????????? 		1932 ????? ????????? ????? ????????
????? , ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? JKNPP - ????????????? [33] [34]
??????? ?????? [33] [34]
??????????? [35]
????? ??????? [36] 		1982 ???? ????? ????? ????????
????? , ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? JKPDP - ???????????
???????? ??????????????? [37]
???????????? 		1999 ??????? ?????? ????? ????????
???? ????????? ??????????? JCC - ??????? ??????? ??????
??????????
????????? ?????????????
??????????? 		2016 ???? ???? ???????????
???????? ???? ?????? JJP NDA ???????????? ??????? 2018 ???????? ?????? ???????
???????? ?????? ?????? JMM UPA 1972 ???? ??????
?????? ?????? 		????????
???? ????????? (??) KC (M) LDF ??????? [38]
???????????? ??????? [39] 		1979 ???? ??. ??? ????
???? ??????? ?????? LJP NDA 2000 ?????? ???????? ??????
?????????? ????????? ??? MNS NDA

????????

???????? [40]
????-????? ???????? [41]
???????????? [42] [43]
??????????????? [43] [44]
????? ???????? [43] 		2006 ???? ????? ??????????
?????????????? ??????? ?????? MGP NDA ?????? ????????
???????????? 		1963 ????? ??????? ????
???? ?????? ?????? MNF NDA 1961 ???????? ??????
?????? ???????? ??????????? MPC - 1975 ???????? ???? ??????
?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? NDPP NDA ???????????? 2017 ?????? ???? ?????????
??????? ?????? ????? PMK NDA ?????? ???????? 1989 ???. ??????? ????? ???????? Mango
???????? ??????????? ??????? PDA - 2012 ??.??. ????????? ??????? ??????
???????? ??????????? ?????? PDF - 2017 ???????? ????????????? ??????
???????? ?????? ??? ???????? PPA - ???????????? 1977 ?????? ????? ???????? ???????
????????? ???? ??? RLD - 1996 ????? ????? ????? ???????
????????? ???? ????????? ?????? RLP - 2020 ??????? ????????? ?????????
?????????? ?????? SP - ????-??? [45] to left-wing [46] [47] ??????? ????????????? [48]
???????????? ??????? [49]
??????? ???????? [49] [50]
Social conservatism [49] 		1992 ??????? ????? ????? ???????
??????? ???????? SAD -

??????-????

?????????? [51] [52]
???????????? [53]
Federalism [54] [55] 		1920 ???????? ????? ????? ??????
?????? SS UPA ????-?????
????? ???????? 		????????????
????????
???????????????
????-????? ???????? 		1966 ?????? ????? ??????????
??????? ??????????? ?????? SDF - ??????-??????
????? ?????? ????? 		???????????? ??????? 1993 ???? ?????? ????????? ???????
??????? ??????????? ?????? SKM NDA ???????????? ??????? 2013 ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
???????? ??????????? ?????? UDP - ????????????
???????? 		1997 ?????? ??????? ??????
???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? UPPL NDA ?????? ???????????? 2015 ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????
???? ?????????? ?????? ZNP - 1997 ????????? ??????

??????

[ ?????? ]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 ??????? ????: ??????? <ref> ??????; ECI23092021 ??? ?????? ref ??? ????????? ????????
  2. ↑ "Bsp Gets National Party Status, Janata Party Derecognised" . Business Standard. 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 19 March 2022 .
  3. ↑ "Viewpoint: Narendra Modi makes his move" . BBC News. 13 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 July 2022 .
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Maharashtra: The political crisis brewing in India's richest state" . BBC News. 23 June 2022 . Retrieved 23 July 2022 .
  5. ↑ Nikore, Mitali (15 January 2014), The populist politics of the Aam Aadmi Party , London School of Economics , archived from the original on 1 December 2016 , retrieved 30 November 2016
  6. ↑ "AAP's vision of secularism: Big on intention, weak on substance - Politics News, Firstpost" . 21 March 2014.
  7. ↑ * "AAP's ideological dilemma and tryst with tricolour nationalism" . 12 March 2021 . Retrieved 17 May 2021 .
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Extreme-Patriotism, Honesty and Humanism-three pillars of AAP, claims Kejriwal" . The Economic Times . 29 March 2022.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "Janata Dal (Secular) JD(S)" . elections.in . Archived from the original on 3 ?????????? 2021 . Retrieved 3 September 2021 .
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Lok Sabha Elections 2014: Know your party symbols!" . Daily News and Analysis . 10 April 2014.
  11. ↑ About Janta Dal United (JDU). "Janta Dal United (JD(U)) ? Party History, Symbol, Founders, Election Results and News" . Elections.in. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 March 2017 .
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kannan, Ramya (8 August 2018). "M. Karunanidhi: From health care to community living, his schemes were aimed at social equality" . The Hindu . ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 10 August 2019 .
  13. ↑ Bidyut Chakrabarty (2014). Communism in India: Events, Processes and Ideologies . Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN   978-0-19-997489-4 .
  14. ↑ "Indian citizenship act against humanity: Manoj Bhattacharya" . prothomalo.com .
  15. ↑ "Tumultuous transition" . 27 May 2017.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Encyclopedia Britannica" .
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Telugu Desam Party (TDP)" . Archived from the original on 9 ?????????? 2021 . Retrieved 9 September 2021 .
  18. ↑ Price, Pamela; Srinivas, Dusi (August 2014). Piliavsky, Anastasia (ed.). "Patronage and autonomy in India's deepening democracy". Cambridge University Press : 217?236. doi : 10.1017/CBO9781107296930.011 . ISBN   9781107296930 .
  19. ↑ "Centrist polity of TRS" .
  20. ↑ Hyderabad, K. VENKATESHWARLU in (23 April 2004). "Regionalism and sub-regionalism" . Frontline (in ????????) . Retrieved 14 September 2020 .
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 "Biju Janata Dal (BJD)" . elections.in .
  22. ↑ "One year of Telangana a mixed bag for KCR" . The Tribune . Archived from the original on 21 July 2018 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . The Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS), led by Chandrasekhar Rao, took over the reins of the new state amid euphoria and high expectations. ... Blending boldness with populism, KCR has earned the reputation for being a tough task master
  23. ↑ "Party constitution" . India: All India Forward Bloc. 2017 . Retrieved 22 April 2017 .
  24. ↑ "Though BJP and AIMIM are ideologically apart they share a few similarities" .
  25. ↑ "Will fight back to save India's composite culture, Constitution: Asaduddin Owaisi" . 26 May 2019.
  26. ↑ "Minority Upliftment" . Archived from the original on 2023-03-23 . Retrieved 2022-09-19 .
  27. ↑ "AIMIM eyes minorities and Dalits in Malda" .
  28. ↑ "AIMIM want to confront Hindu nationalism with Indian Constitution: Owaisi" . Business Standard India . 8 February 2021.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Biju Janata Dal" . Encyclopædia Britannica .
  30. ↑ "Lok Sabha Elections 2014: Know your party symbols!" . Daily News and Analysis . 10 April 2014. Founded in December 1997, the Biju Janata Dal or the BJD is a regional political party of India. Having split from the larger faction Janata Dal, the party stands by democracy and liberalism.
  31. ↑ "IDEOLOGY & FLAG" . India: Election Commission of India. 2013. Archived from the original on 26 ???????? 2020 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 .
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "General Programme of CPI(ML)" . Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) website (in ???????? ????????). 6 April 2013. Archived from the original on 8 ??????? 2020 . Retrieved 23 March 2020 .
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "History" . JK Panthers Party . Archived from the original on 13 ??????? 2020 . Retrieved 26 September 2015 .
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 PTI (9 November 2010). "SC upholds freeze on delimitation in J&K till 2026" . The Hindu .
  35. ↑ "Headlines Today" . Panther party MLAs disrupt house in Jammu and Kashmir assembly . 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 26 September 2015 – via youtube.com.
  36. ↑ "Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party (JKNPP)" . elections.in . Archived from the original on 13 ??????? 2020 . Retrieved 12 January 2016 .
  37. ↑ Jammu Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party. "Self Rule" . Retrieved 16 October 2020 .
  38. ↑ "KM Mani: The man behind the 'Theory of the Toiling Class' " . The New Indian Express . 10 April 2019 . Retrieved 20 March 2021 .
  39. ↑ "K M Mani honoured at British Parliament Hall" . The New Indian Express . 7 September 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2021 .
  40. ↑ "Raj Thackeray goes right ahead with 'Hindutva'and development agenda for MNS" . CanIndia . 23 January 2020. Archived from the original on 19 ?? 2021 . Retrieved 19 ?????????? 2022 .
  41. ↑ Bedi, Tarini (2016). The Dashing Ladies of Shiv Sena . SUNY Press. p. 42.
  42. ↑ "Munde still keen on alliance with MNS" . Hindustan Times . 2 March 2011.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 "Maharashtra Navnirman Sena" . Election MS . 29 March 2019. Archived from the original on 22 ????? 2021 . Retrieved 19 ?????????? 2022 .
  44. ↑ "How Pakistan Fell in Love With Bollywood" . Foreign Policy . 15 March 2010.
  45. ↑ Verniers, Gilles (2018). "Conservative in Practice: The Transformation of the Samajwadi Party in Uttar Pradesh" . Studies in Indian Politics . 6 : 44?59. doi : 10.1177/2321023018762675 . S2CID   158168430 .
  46. ↑ "Left wing triumphs in Uttar Pradesh election" . Financial Times . 6 March 2012. The big winner in the Uttar Pradesh state election was the regional leftwing Samajwadi party
  47. ↑ "Indian MPs held hostage in caste struggle" . The Independent . 21 June 1995.
  48. ↑ Singh, Mahendra Prasad; Saxena, Rekha (2003). India at the Polls: Parliamentary Elections in the Federal Phase . Orient Blackswan. p. 78. ISBN   978-8-125-02328-9 .
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 "Samajwadi Party (SP)" . elections.in . Archived from the original on 6 ???????? 2021 . Retrieved 3 September 2021 .
  50. ↑ "Mulayam's son Prateek Yadav attracts eye balls during ride in Rs 5 crore Lamborghini" . Zee News . 14 January 2017. Archived from the original on 26 ?? 2022 . Retrieved 19 ?????????? 2022 .
  51. ↑ "SAD aims to widen reach, to contest UP poll" . The Tribune . Chandigarh. 8 October 2015 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 .
  52. ↑ Pandher, Sarabjit (3 September 2013). "In post-Independence India, the SAD launched the Punjabi Suba morcha in the 1960s, seeking the re-organisation of Punjab on linguistic basis" . The Hindu . Retrieved 15 September 2015 .
  53. ↑ Grover, Verinder (1996). Encyclopaedia of India and Her States: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab, Volume 4 . Deep & Deep. p. 578.
  54. ↑ "Parkash Singh Badal calls for 'genuinely federal structure' for country" . The Economic Times . 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2019 .
  55. ↑ Bharti, Vishav (6 August 2019). "Article 370: SAD 'dumps' its core ideology of federalism" . The Tribune . Retrieved 10 October 2019 .

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