???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? 1858 ????? 1947 ???? ????? ???????? ???????.
[1]
[2]
? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????????????.
[2]
[3]
???????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????? ????? ????????? -??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???????- ???????? ? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ????????????? ???? ????????. ? ??????????? ??????
???????? ??????
??? ???? ??????????????.
[4]
?????????? ????
????? ???? ?????????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? 1876 ?? ?????????.
??????
,
?????
???????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????????.
[5]
????????
???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ????????. 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932,1936 ???????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????. 1945??
???? ??????????????
????????????????
?????????? ???????? ???? ????.
[6]
??????? ?????? 1858 ???? 28?? ????????
?????????? ??????
????
?????????? ????
???????????? ??????????? ???????????.
[7]
(1876?? ???
?????????? ??????
????????? ??????????? ???????????), ???????? ?????? ??????????
??????? ??? ??????
(??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????), ????????? ??? ?????????? (?????? ??????
????????? ????????? ??? ??????????
, ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??????
???????? ????????? ??? ???????????
??????),
????????? ??? ??????
(?????????
???????
),
???????
(????????? ?????????? ????)?? ??? ???????? ?????????? 1947?? ???????????? ???? ??????????. 1858?? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????. 1886 ?? ???? ????? ????????. ????? ??????? 1937 ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? 1948?? ????????
????????
??????? ???????? ????????.
???????? ????
????
,
???????????
???? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????
????????
,
??????????
,
??????????
?????????? ?????????????.
[8]
?????????? ????? (1858 ????? 1937 ????), ???? ????? (1886 ????? 1937 ????), ???????? ??????????? (1884 ????? 1898 ????), ???????? (1858 ????? 1867 ????) ???????? ???????? ??????. 1937 ????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? 1948?? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ????????, 1946 ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ????, ???????? ???? ????????????? (???????) ????????.
[9]
? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????????, ?????? (????????? ???????) 1802?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????.1793 ????? 1798 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ????.
[10]
??????
,
??????
????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ????, ??????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????, ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????.
[11]
[12]
1861 ?? ??????
?????? ?????????? ???????
?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????, ????? ???????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????????? ????????????.
[13]
?????????? 1887 ????? 1965 ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????.
1780?? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????
??????? ?????
???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????,
????? ???????????
, ??? ?????????????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ????????????
????? ???? ????
(1998) ? ?????? ???????????, 18? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ???, ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????????.
[14]
???????? ???? ?????????????? ???, ?????? ??????? ??????????, ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????, ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ??????? 1770?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????????????.
[15]
?????? ??????????? ? ????????? ???????????????????
??.??.???????
??????? ??????, ??????????? ????? ???? ???????, ???????????? ???????????? ??????.
[16]
??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????????????????, ???????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ????? 18 ? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ????. ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????????, ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????. ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????????? ?????????????.
[16]
???????? ?????? , ?????? ????????
[
??????
]
???????? ???? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????: ???????? ??????, ??????? ???????? (???? ???????? ?? ????????).
[17]
?????? ????????????? 1889 ???? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????:
- "???????? ??????" ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????????
????????? ??????? ?????
???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????, ?????????.
- ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????
??????? ????? ??? ??????
???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????.
[18]
?????????, ???????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? 1600 ????? 1858 ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? (????????????).
[19]
?????????? ??????????? (???? ????) ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ? ??? ??????? ?????.
[20]
"
???????? ??????
" (?????? ??????????) "
?????? ??? ??????
" (?????? ??????????) ???? ???????? ????????? ????????????. ???????????
????????/?????? ??? ??????
(?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????) ???? ?????????????, ? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????????, ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???
"??????? ??????"
???, ????
"?????? ??? ??????"
??? ???????.
[21]
?????????? 1878?? ?????? ???????????????? ?????? ???
?????? ???? ???? ????
?????????????. ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? 175 ???????????? ?????????, ?????? ?????? ?????, ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????; ??????? ?????? 500 ???????? ???????, ??????????? ???????, ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????.
[22]
????????, ??????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ??????: ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ???????, ???? ????????????? ??????, ??????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????????.
[22]
????????? ????????????
[
??????
]
20? ??????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????.
[22]
20? ??????? ??????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????????
(????????)
|
?????? ?????????? ?.??????, ?. ??. ????????
|
1901 ?? ????? ??????????
|
????? ???????????
|
??????
(??????)
|
130,000
(50,000)
|
6
|
???????
(??????????, ?????? ????, ??????, ????????, ?????)
|
390,000
(150,000)
|
75
|
??????????? ???????
|
?????
(?????, ??????????, ??????? ???? ??????, ???????)
|
320,000
(120,000)
|
19
|
??????? ??? ????????
|
?????
(?????)
|
440,000
(170,000)
|
9
|
??????????? ???????
|
???????? ????????????
(???????????, ??????? ???)
|
270,000
(100,000)
|
13
|
???? ???????
|
???????
(????????, ????????????, ????, ??????????? ?????? ??????)
|
370,000
(140,000)
|
38
|
??????
(?????? ??????????, ??????????? ??????? ???????, ??????, ???????, ??????? ???????, ???????, ?????? ??????? ??? ??????)
|
250,000
(97,000)
|
20
|
??????????? ???????
|
???????? ??????????
(????????????, ??????????)
|
280,000
(110,000)
|
48
|
??????????? ???????
|
??????? ????? ?????? (1905?1913 ) ??????, ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????. 1911?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????, ???????, ??????, ????????? ??????.
[22]
?????? ????, ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ???????:
[22]
?
????
????? ??????? ???? ???????
????? ???????????? ???????? ??????
( ???????? ??????????? ????????)
|
???????? ????? ???? ????????
|
1901 ?? ????? ???????
|
????? ???????????
|
???????-????????
(??????????? ?????? ??????)
|
7,000
(2,700)
|
477
|
???????, ???????? ??????
(??????? ???????? ??????)
|
78,000
(30,000)
|
25
|
???? ???????
|
???????? ????????????
(????????????)
|
120,000
(46,000)
|
308
|
?????? Chief Commissioner
|
??????
(????? ??????)
|
4,100
(1,600)
|
181
|
????? ??????? ???? ???????
|
?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????
(????? ???????????)
|
41,000
(16,000)
|
2,125
|
???? ???????
|
???????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????. ??? ???????? ???????????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.
[23]
1947 ???????? ??????? ????? ????????, ????????????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? 565 ??????? ???????? ???????. ??????? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????; ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????, ?????, ????????? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????.
[24]
??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????, ????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????????. 600 ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???? ???????, ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????. 25 ?. ??. (10 ?. ??????) ?????? ???????????????? ????? 200 ???????? ???????.
[23]
1857 ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? (??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????????????????) ??????, ???? ???????? ????? 1858 ?????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????:
- ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ?????????,
- ????????? ?????? ?????????,,
- ???????????????? ????????????? ??????????? (????????????? ????????????).
[25]
???????, ?????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????, ?????????????? ????? 15???? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????, ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ????????.
[26]
???????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? ???????????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????, ???????? ???? ???????????????????. ? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???????? ????????????, ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????, ??????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?????????????. ???????, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????, ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????.
[27]
1858 ????? 1947 ????, 27???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????; ??????: ??? ???????? ???? (1859?1866), ?????????? ??? ????????? (1874?1878; ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????), ???? ?????? (1905?1910;
?????-?????? ??????????
???????), ?.???. ??????? (1917?1922; ???????-????? ????? ???????? ?????????),, ?????????? ??.???????? (1945?1947; 1946???? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ????????) ???????. ???????? ???????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? (????????) ??????? ???????, ????????????? ?????? ????????????. 1907??, ?????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????????.
[28]
???? ??.??.??????, ?????? ???????? ??????????.
Notes and references
[
??????
]
- ↑
Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989: from
Skr.
r?j
: to reign, rule; cognate with
L.
r?x
,
r?g-is
, OIr.
r?
,
r?g
king (see RICH).
- ↑
2.0
2.1
Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition (June 2008), on-line edition (September 2011): "spec.
- ↑
Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1989.
- ↑
any schoolbook of the 1950s and before
- ↑
The names "Empire of India" and "Federation of India" were also in use.
- ↑
Mansergh, Nicholas
,
Constitutional relations between Britain and India
, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, p. xxx
, retrieved
19 September
2013
Quote: India Executive Council: Sir Ramaswami Mudaliar, Sir Firoz Khan Noon and Sir V.
- ↑
Kaul, Chandrika.
"From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858?1947"
. Retrieved
3 March
2011
.
- ↑
"The Geography of British India, Political & Physical (1882)"
.
Archive.org
. UK Archives
. Retrieved
2 August
2014
.
- ↑
Subodh Kapoor (January 2002).
The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious ..., Volume 6
. Cosmo Publications. p. 1599.
ISBN
81-7755-257-0
.
- ↑
Codrington, 1926, Chapter X:Transition to British administration
- ↑
"Nepal."
- ↑
"Bhutan."
- ↑
"Sikkim."
- ↑
"Britain in India, Ideology and Economics to 1900"
.
Fsmitha
. F. Smith
. Retrieved
2 August
2014
.
- ↑
Rajat Kanta Ray, "Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765?1818", in
The Oxford History of the British Empire
: vol. 2, "The Eighteenth Century" ed. by P.
- ↑
16.0
16.1
"IMPACT OF BRITISH RULE ON INDIA: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL (1757?1857)"
(PDF)
.
Nios.ac.uk
. NIOS
. Retrieved
2 August
2014
.
- ↑
"India"
. World Digital Library
. Retrieved
24 January
2013
.
- ↑
??????? ????: ???????
<ref>
??????;
Interpretation Act 1889
??? ?????? ref ??? ????????? ????????
- ↑
1.
- ↑
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol.
- ↑
"British Indian Passport of Muhammad Ali Jinnah"
. Archived from
the original
on 2013-02-10
. Retrieved
2015-06-05
.
- ↑
22.0
22.1
22.2
22.3
22.4
Imperial Gazetteer of India vol.
- ↑
23.0
23.1
Markovits, Claude (2004).
A history of modern India, 1480?1950
. Anthem Press. pp. 386?409.
ISBN
9781843310044
.
- ↑
"Provinces of British India"
.
Worldstatesmen.org
. Worldstatesmen
. Retrieved
2 August
2014
.
- ↑
Robin J.
- ↑
Moore, "Imperial India, 1858?1914", p. 424
- ↑
Brown 1994
, p.
96
- ↑
Moore, "Imperial India, 1858?1914", p. 426