????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????
2009 ??????????. ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????
???? ??????????? ???????, ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????, ??????????
????? ?????
. ??? ?? ?????
????????
. ? ??? ?????????
??????
?????????, ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ???????. ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ????????.
??????????
, ???????? ?????????????, ??????????? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????, ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? (
??????????
,
?????? ????
), ???? ??-??????????, ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ???? ????? ????????????.
?????? ????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ???? ????????????, ???? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????. ????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????. ??????? ????????, ?????????? ??????? ???. ??? ?????? ????? ???, ???? ????????? (??????????, ?????????????? ????????? ?????????), ???????????? ?????? ?????.. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????.
[1]
??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????, ?????, ???????????? ?????????.
[2]
?????? ????? ????????? ?????????, ?????????????, ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????. ??????????, ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ??????? ??????. ????? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??????????.
[3]
???????? ????? ?????? ?????????
[
??????
]
???????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????????
???????
, ????? ??? ????????, ????????? ??????,
????????
,
????????????
, ?????????? ??? ????, ???? ??? ??????????
???????? ?????????
?????????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? (???.,
????????? ???????
????? ??????,
?????????? ????????
,
????? ??????
),
[4]
???? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????.
??????? ????????
????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ???????????, ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????.
2004 ?? ????? ??????? ??????????
????????
???? ????? 12 ????? ?????? ???? ?????-???????? ????? ?????????????. ?????? ????? ????? ?????? 300 ????? 700 ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ????. ??? 21 ? ??????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????. ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? 2010 ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????????. ????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ????
[5]
????????? ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????????. ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????. ? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ?????????, ???????, ??? ??????? ???????. ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????, ????????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???? ????????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????????. ??????? ????? ????????????? ???????. ???????? ? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????.
???????? ????? ?????? ???????
?????? ?????
|
???????
|
????
|
????? ??????? (??? ?????????)
|
??????????
(????)
|
??????
|
?????? ????? ?????
[a]
|
??????
|
1991 ????? 16 - ?????? 6
|
&&&&&&&&&0136000.&&&&&0
1,36,000
|
&&&&&&&&01000000.&&&&&0
10,00,000
|
|
?????? ????? ??????????
[b]
|
??????
|
1991 ????? - ??????
|
&&&&&&&&&&&03409.&&&&&0
3,409?6,818
|
&&&&&&&&&&025000.&&&&&0
25,000?50,000
|
|
????????? ????
|
?????? ????? ????????????, ???????
|
1910 ?????? 14 - 1911 ??????????
|
&&&&&&&&&&&01200.&&&&&0
1,200
|
&&&&&&&&&&&09000.&&&&&0
9,000
|
[7]
|
????? ??????
[c]
|
??????
, ?????
|
1991 ????? 19 - ????? 28
|
&&&&&&&&&&&&0818.&&&&&0
818?1,091
|
&&&&&&&&&&&06000.&&&&&0
6,000?8,000
|
|
?????????? ???????
|
????? ??? ????????, ???????
|
2010 ??????? 20 - 2010 ???? 15
|
&&&&&&&&&&&&0560.&&&&&0
560?585
|
&&&&&&&&&&&04100.&&&&&0
4,100?4,900
|
[9]
[10]
[11]
|
Ixtoc I
|
????? ??? ????????, ????????
|
1979 ???? 3 - 1980 ?????? 23
|
&&&&&&&&&&&&0454.&&&&&0
454?480
|
&&&&&&&&&&&03329.&&&&&0
3,329?3,520
|
[12]
[13]
|
?????????? ????????????
/
?????? ????????
|
?????????? ???? ??????
|
1979 ???? 19
|
&&&&&&&&&&&&0287.&&&&&0
287
|
&&&&&&&&&&&02105.&&&&&0
2,105
|
|
???????? ???
|
?????????????
|
1992 ?????? 2
|
&&&&&&&&&&&&0285.&&&&&0
285
|
&&&&&&&&&&&02090.&&&&&0
2,090
|
|
?????? ?????? ?????????????
|
?????
|
1983 ???????? 4
|
&&&&&&&&&&&&0260.&&&&&0
260
|
&&&&&&&&&&&01900.&&&&&0
1,900
|
|
ABT ??????
|
?????? ???? ????? 1,300 ??.??. ?????????
|
1991 ?? 28
|
&&&&&&&&&&&&0260.&&&&&0
260
|
&&&&&&&&&&&01907.&&&&&0
1,907
|
|
?????????? ?? ???????
|
??????? ??, ?????????????
|
1983 ?????? 6
|
&&&&&&&&&&&&0252.&&&&&0
252
|
&&&&&&&&&&&01848.&&&&&0
1,848
|
|
????? ??????
|
????????, ????????
|
1978 ?????? 16
|
&&&&&&&&&&&&0223.&&&&&0
223
|
&&&&&&&&&&&01635.&&&&&0
1,635
|
|
????? ??????
|
????? ??? ????????, ???????
|
0
????: ???? ??????? ????
2004 ?????????? 23
? ?????? ????
|
&&&&&&&&&&&&0210.&&&&&0
210?490
|
&&&&&&&&&&&01500.&&&&&0
1,500?3,500
|
[14]
|
???? ???????
|
???????????, ?????????
|
1967 ?????? 18
|
&&&&&&&&&&&&0119.&&&&&0
119
|
&&&&&&&&&&&&0872.&&&&&0
872
|
[15]
|
?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? ????? ?????
???? ????????????
???????? ??????, ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ??
????????? ????????
???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????????.
[16]
??????? ????-????????? ???? ????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? 47 ???? ???? ???????. ????? ????????? ??? ??????????.
?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????. ????????, 2013 ??
???????????
?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? 3,00,000 ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????.
[17]
?????????????? ?????? 80,000 ???? ???????????????.
[18]
2000 ?? , ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????????????.
[19]
???????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????. ????????,
????????? ???????
??????? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???, ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ? ??????? ????????? ????, ????????? ??????? ????????? ????????.
??????????? ?????????
[
??????
]
2007 ???????????????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????
???? ?????????
?????? ????? ???????? ?????
?????????, ????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ???????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????: ?????? ????? ???, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????.
[20]
[21]
????????? ?????? ????? ???????????, ????????????? ??? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????. ?????????? ??????????, ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ????? ??????? ???? ????????????. ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????.
[22]
?????? ????? ?????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ???? ????????????, ???? ???????????? ????????????? ????????????. ????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????.
?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ?????, ???????? ????????????, ?????????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ????????, ??????? ?????????. ?????, ?????? ????? ????????????? ??????????????. ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??????. ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????????. ??? ?????????????? ?????? ???????,
?????
????????? ???????,
?????????????
???? ????????? ?????????. ? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????, ??????
????????????
, ???????? ??????????? ?????????????. ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ?????????.
[23]
???? ?????? ???????, ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????.
[24]
[25]
??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????.
[26]
?????, ????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ????. ???: ??????? ????? ??????.
[27]
???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????????????. ???????? ?????????, ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????. ?????, ???? ??????????? ??????????????, ????????????? ?????????????. ????? ???????? ???????? ????, ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????. ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????????, ????? ?????????? ???????????????. ???????? ????????? ???????. ????? ????????????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????????.
??????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????. ??????? ???????? ???????????? (SRB), ????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ???? ???????? (???? ???? ??? ?????????), ?????? ??????? ???????????? (GAB). ? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????????.
?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ????????????.
[28]
????
???????
???? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. ??????
?????????
, ??????, ????-????????? ???????????????, ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????. ? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????????????. ????, ? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??? ????????? ?????, ???????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????.
[29]
? ????? ???????????????? ??????????????. ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ??????? ??????????, ????????????? ???????, ???????? ?????????, ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????. ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????, ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????????. ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????.
[30]
??????, ???????? ????
[
??????
]
??
VLCC
???????? 20 ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????.
??????? ????????
?????
?????????
?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. 1989 ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????????, 2,60,000 ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????. ??????????????, ???????????, ???????? ??????? ??? ??????????, 4,00,000 ?????? ???????, 1,000 ???????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????.
[31]
?????, ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????????, ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????, "? ????????? ????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????-??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????, 1970 ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????. 1980 ? ?? ????????, ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????."
????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????, ????? ?????????? ????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????, 1991 ????? 2004 ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? 35.7% ??????????, 27.6% ???????? ????, 19.9% ?????????? ??? ?????, ????????? ????? 9.3%; ?????????? ????????? 7.4% ???????.
[32]
???????, ???? ?????????? 5% ??????? ????? ??????????????????, 51.8% ??? ???? ????? ???????.
?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? 1974 ????? ?????? 9,351 ????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????.
[33]
? ??????? ???????, ??????? ???? ?????, ??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????.
[34]
?????? ????? ?????? ????????? 91% ???????, ????? ??????? ?????? ????? 7 ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???????, ???????????, ??????? ???????? ?????, ??? ?????????, ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???????, ?????? 84%????????? 700 ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????.
????? ??? ??????????
???? ????? ????????
?? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????.
????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? "??????? ?????? ??-?????? ????? ????????? ???????" ?? ????????? ?????????.
????? ?????? ?????? ??????????, ?????????????? ???? ?????. ?????? ????? ???, ???? ?????????, ???????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ???????.
[1]
????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ?????, ???????????????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????????, ??????? ??????? (????????) ?????????.
[35]
?????????? ????????:
- ?????????????? : ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ?????????????
???????????????
????????????
[36]
????
???????????? ?????????????? ????
?????????????
, ???????? ??????? ?????
- ?????????????? ????????????: ????????????????? ???? ????? ???????, ??????????? ????????.
- ????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????. ???? ???
????
????????? ????????? ??????? ????????,
[37]
???
???? ????????????
???????????? ????.
?????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????????????
- ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????. ?????, ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ????????, ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????. ?????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? 52 ?????? ??????????? 2012 ?? ????? ????????? ???????.
- ???? ?????: ?????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ??? ?????????, ?????????????? ????????? ???????. ???????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?????????? ???????
[38]
- ????? ????? : ????????????\?? ?????? ????? ????, ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ? ????? ????????.
- ???????????: ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????.
- ???????: ???????????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????.
[39]
[40]
[41]
?????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??, ????-?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????????.
[21]
????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????. ????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????????. ?????????
???????
, ??????, ?????? ???? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????.
- ????????,
?????????????
: ? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????????, ??? ????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????, ??????? ???????????? ?????????. ? ?????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????????
[42]
- ???? ?????????: ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????.
?????? ????? ???????
[
??????
]
????? ?????? ????????, ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????????, ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????.
[43]
|
?????? ????
|
??????? ????????????
|
???????
|
????????
|
??.??.
|
???? ??.
|
????????? / ?.??.
|
??. / ??
|
??? ???????????? ???????
|
0.0000015
|
0.0000380
|
38
|
25
|
0.370
|
?????????? ??????
|
0.0000030
|
0.0000760
|
76
|
50
|
0.730
|
???? ??????? ??????????
|
0.0000060
|
0.0001500
|
150
|
100
|
1.500
|
???? ???????????? ????????????
|
0.0000120
|
0.0003000
|
300
|
200
|
2.900
|
????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????
|
0.0000400
|
0.0010000
|
1000
|
666
|
9.700
|
?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
|
0.0000800
|
0.0020000
|
2000
|
1332
|
19.500
|
- ↑
?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????, 50 ????? ????????? ????? 200 ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????????. 605 - 732 ????? ??????? ??? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? 10 ?????? ???? ????????. ? ??????? ??????????? ????? (????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????) ?????? 60 ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????.
- ↑
1991 ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? 300 ?????????? ?????????. ???????? ???? ?????? ????? 2.5 ????? 5 ????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????. ???? ???? ????? ????? ? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ?????????.
[6]
- ↑
?????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? 40 ????? ????? 110 ????? ????????? ???? ???????. 60 ????? 80 ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ???? ??????????????.
[8]
? ???????, 1991 ????? 19-28 ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????. ?????, 1991 ???? ????, ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????. 80 ????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????
- ↑
1.0
1.1
"Lingering Lessons of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill"
. Commondreams.org. 2004-03-22. Archived from
the original
on 2012-10-10
. Retrieved
2012-08-27
.
??????? ????: ???????
<ref>
??????; "common dreams 1" ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????????
- ↑
"Hindsight and Foresight, 20 Years After the Exxon Valdez Spill"
. NOAA. 2010-03-16
. Retrieved
2010-04-30
.
- ↑
Wout Broekema (April 2015). "Crisis-induced learning and issue politicization in the EU".
Public Administration
.
94
(2): 381?398.
doi
:
10.1111/padm.12170
.
- ↑
www.scientificamerican.com 20150-04-20 How BP's Blowout Ranks among Top 5 Oil Spills in 1 Graphic
- ↑
Washington Post, October 21, 2018
- ↑
??????? ????: ???????
<ref>
??????;
earthshots.usgs.gov
??? ?????? ref ??? ????????? ????????
- ↑
Harvey, Steve (2010-06-13).
"California's legendary oil spill"
.
Los Angeles Times
. Retrieved
2010-07-14
.
- ↑
Gulf Oil Spill Is Bad, but How Bad?
, last updated 20 May 2010.
- ↑
Campbell Robertson /Clifford Krauss (2 August 2010).
"Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say"
.
The New York Times
. New York Times
. Retrieved
2 August
2010
.
- ↑
"Oil disaster by the numbers"
.
CNN
. 1 July 2010
. Retrieved
1 July
2010
.
- ↑
Consumer Energy Report (20 June 2010).
"Internal Documents: BP Estimates Oil Spill Rate up to 100,000 Barrels Per Day"
.
Consumer Energy Report
. Archived from
the original
on 14 ???????? 2012
. Retrieved
20 June
2010
.
- ↑
Fiest, David L.; Boehm, Paul D.; Rigler, Mark W.; Patton, John S. (March 1981). "Ixtoc 1 oil spill: flaking of surface mousse in the Gulf of Mexico".
Nature
.
290
(5803): 235?238.
Bibcode
:
1981Natur.290..235P
.
doi
:
10.1038/290235a0
.
- ↑
Patton, John S.; Rigler, Mark W.; Boehm, Paul D.; Fiest, David L. (1981). "Ixtoc 1 oil spill: flaking of surface mousse in the Gulf of Mexico".
Nature
.
290
(5803): 235?238.
Bibcode
:
1981Natur.290..235P
.
doi
:
10.1038/290235a0
.
- ↑
"A 14-year-long oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico verges on becoming one of the worst in U.S. history"
.
Washington Post
. Retrieved
2018-10-22
.
- ↑
Bell, Bethan; Cacciottolo, Mario (2017-03-17).
"Black tide: When the British bombed an oil spill"
(in ???????? ????????)
. Retrieved
2020-01-09
.
- ↑
Welch, William M.; Joyner, Chris (May 25, 2010).
"Memorial service honors 11 dead oil rig workers"
.
USA Today
.
- ↑
"Oil spill disrupts water supply ? Nation ? The Star Online"
. Archived from
the original
on 4 ???????? 2013
. Retrieved
20 April
2015
.
- ↑
"Ecuador oil spill threatens Brazilian water supply"
. Retrieved
20 April
2015
.
- ↑
"Kentucky Crude Oil Spill may reach river, contaminate drinking water"
. Retrieved
20 April
2015
.
- ↑
Bautista H. and Rahman K. M. M. (2016). Review On the Sundarbans Delta Oil Spill: Effects On Wildlife and Habitats.
International Research Journal
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{{
cite journal
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