Coordinates : 41°40′N 50°40′E  /  41.667°N 50.667°E  / 41.667; 50.667

????????? ???????

?????????? ?????
Jump to navigation Jump to search
????????? ???????
?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????. 2003 ????
ప్రపంచ పటంపై కాస్పియన్ సముద్ర స్థానం
ప్రపంచ పటంపై కాస్పియన్ సముద్ర స్థానం
????????? ???????
??????? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? , ???????????
???????,????????? 41°40′N 50°40′E  /  41.667°N 50.667°E  / 41.667; 50.667
??? ?????? ??????, ????????, ?????????, ??????, ???
?????????? ??????? ?????? ??? , ???? ???, ???? ???, ?????? ???
????????? ??????? ?????
??????? ?????????? 3,626,000 km 2 (1,400,000 sq mi) [1]
????????? ?????? ???????????
?????
???????????
?????
???????????????????
?????? ????? 1,030 km (640 mi)
?????? ??????? 435 km (270 mi)
?????? ???????? 371,000 km 2 (143,200 sq mi)
?????? ???? 211 m (690 ft)
?????? ???? 1,025 m (3,360 ft)
78,200 km 3 (18,800 cu mi)
????? ???? 250 ?????
????????? 1 7,000 km (4,300 mi)
?????? ????? ?28 m (?92 ft)
????????? 26
????????? ????, ??????,?????, ?????, ????????, ????????????????
?????? [1]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure .

????????? ??????? ??????o???? ???????? ???????????? ??????. ??????????? ???????? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????????. ??? ????? , ????? ? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? (???? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????). ????????? ???????, ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????. ??? 3,71,000 ?.??.??. ???????????? (?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ????????), 78,000 ??.??. 3 ??????????? ????. ????????? ???????? ?????? 1.2% (12 ???? / ?????). ??????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????. ?????? ????-?????? ????? ????-?????? ???? ?????????? , ????-?????? ????? ????-???? ???? ????? , ???????? ??????????? , ????????, ? ???????? ???? ??????? ????? , ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ???????????? ???????.

????????? ??????? ?????? 1,200 ?.??.??. ??? ?????????? ????. ????? ??????????? ????? 320 ??.??. ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????? ???????? 3,86,400 ?.??.??. ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? 27 ?????? ?????? ???????. ????????????? ?????? ???, ?????? , ? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????????. ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????, ?????? ???????? ????????????????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????, ??????, ???????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ?????? 1,023 ??????? ???????. ??? ?????? ?????? (1,180 ???????) ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????, ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????.

????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????. ???????, ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????, ?????? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ???? ??????????.

???? ???????????

[ ?????? ]

?????? ???????? ???????????

[ ?????? ]

????????? ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????. [2] ???????? ?????? ??.?. 24?? ????????? "??????????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????????, ?????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????. ???? ??? ??????? ???????????. [3] "  ???????????, ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? , ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????????. ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ???????? , ??????? ?????? ???? ???? (??????) ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? [4] ?? ????????????.  

?????????? ???

[ ?????? ]

??????? ?????? ???????? ,??????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????????? [5] ?? ??????.

????? ???????? ???????????

[ ?????? ]

???????????? , ???????????? ,??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? /????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ? ??????? ?????? ??????????

  • ?? ?????????: ????? ??????
  • ?? ??????????: ????? ??????
  • ?? ?????? ???????: ????? ?????? .

????????????, ????? ??? "???????" ??? ?????, ????? ??? 7? 10? ???????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???????????.

??????? ??????

[ ?????? ]

??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??????

[ ?????? ]

???????? ???? ??????? ??????

[ ?????? ]
  •   Armenia (????????)
  •  Georgia (?????? ???????)
  •  Turkey (???? ???????? ???? ?????????)
  •   Uzbekistan (???? ???????? ???? ?????????)

????? ????????

[ ?????? ]

????????

[ ?????? ]

???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???, ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. 55 ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????, ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????????? ???????. ???????, ???? ??????? ????????, ? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????????. ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????. ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????. [6] ?????????, ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????. 1980 ?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????????. ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? 10 ?????? ??????????. [7]

????????

[ ?????? ]
????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????. ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ???????????.

????????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? . ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? 40 ????? 44% ???? ?????? ????. [8] ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? , ????? , ??????????? , ????? , ???????????????????? ????????????. ???????????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????????????: ?????, ????, ?????? ?????????. [9] ?????-???? ???????? ??????????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????-????? ????? ?????????. ????-?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????? [10] ??? ?????? ??????, ???? ?????? ????? ???????. [11] ??????????????? ?? ????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????. ??? ???????????????????? ????. ????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???? ???????.

???? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????. ????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????, [12] ???? ?????? ???????; ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? 1% ???? ??????. ???? ???? ????? 5?6 metres (16?20 ft) ???????. ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????. ???? ???????????? ???? ???? 190 metres (620 ft) ???????. [11] ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) ???????. ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????, ?????? ???? ????????? 33%, 66% ???????. [9] ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ????????? ????????? ????????????. ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????????. [13]

130 ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ??? ??????????. ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????????. ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????. ?????, ??????? ???? ??? ????? (??????) ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????. ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????????. ???????????? ???? ????? ??????????????; ??? ????????? ??????? ?????? 2,000 km 2 (770 sq mi) ???????????? ???????. ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????????, ?????? ????????? 27 ??. ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ???? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ??????, ????????? ??????, ??????? ????????????. ?????? ??????????, ??????, ??????????? ?????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ????? ???, ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ???????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????????. [7]

????????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????; ???????? ????? ?????????? ????????????. ??????? ??? ???????? ??????. ??? 37 ??.??. ?????? ???????. ?????? ????? ????????? ?????????????. ????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????, ????????? ??????. ???????? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????.

???????

[ ?????? ]

???????

[ ?????? ]

?????????

[ ?????? ]

1994 - 1996 ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????. ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???????????. 

????????

[ ?????? ]
???? ????????? ?????? ( ?????????? ) ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????????. [14]

??????

[ ?????? ]
??????????? ??????? ????, ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????.

???????

[ ?????? ]
  • ??????????, ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????
  • ????, ?????????? ???????? ??????????
  • ?????, ?????????? ?????? ??????????
  • ???????, ?????????? ?????? ??????????
  • ??????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????????
  • ?????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????????
  • ?????, ???????
  • ??????
  • ???? , ???????????
  • ?????????, ??????????, ?????
  • Xacitarxan, ?????? ????????????????? ??????

?????? ???????

[ ?????? ]

?????, ??? ??????

[ ?????? ]
Oil production using drilling platform, on the offshore of Turkmenistan
???????? ?????? ( ???????????????? ) ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? "????? ?????".

???? ?????, ????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????, ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????.????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ??? ????? ??????????? ????. 2001 ?? ? ??????? ????? ?????? 1.4?1.5 ??????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? 1.9%. ?????? ???? ?????? ? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????, ? ??????? ??? ????????????. ? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????????? 55%, ?????????????? 20% ???? ???? . [15]

????????? ????????? ?????, ??? ??????? ????? ?????????. ?????? 2013.

???????????????? ???? ??????? ???? ????-?????? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????, ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? 1873 ?? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????, ??????, ?????, ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????, ????????? ????????????. ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? 50 ????? ?????? ???? ??????. 1900 ??????, ?????? 3,000 ?????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? 2,000 ???????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????. 19 ? ??????? ????? ??????, ???? "???? ?????? ???????" ?? ????????? ????????. ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????????, ???????? ???????? ??? ???????.

20 ? ??????? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ????. 1920 ??, ????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????, ????? ??????, ???????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????. ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????. 1941 ??????, ??????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? 2.35 ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? 72 ????.

???? ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????, 1994 ??, "???????? ???????????" ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ????-????????-?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ???????????????. ? ?????????? 2006 ?? ?????????????.

?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????? 2005 ?? ???????????. ??? 25 ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? 2016 ?????????? ???????????. [16]

?????

[ ?????? ]

?????????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ??? ????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????-?????? - ??????-???? ??????, ????-?? ??? ????? ????? ???????????????? ????????? ????. ???? ?? ?????? ??????, ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????. ????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ?????????????? ???????. ???? ????? ????????? 51 ????? ???????: 20 ??????????, 13 ????????, 15 ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????, 2 ??-?? ?????, ????? 1 ???????? ???, 1 ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???????? ????????? 210 ????? ???????: 20 ????????, 25 ???????, ??????? ???? ?????, 26 ??????????, ????? ????-???????, ??? ?????????, ??? ??????????-???????????, ????? ???????, 88 ????? ????? ?????? ????. [17]

?????? ??????

[ ?????? ]

?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ?????? ??????, ????????? ??????, ??????? ??? ????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????????????. ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??????.

??????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????. 1998??, ???? ???? ??? ???????????????, "????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????." [18]

?????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????????, ????????????? ??????????? ???????????. ?????????????????, ????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ???????????.

?????????? ????????-????????? ?????, ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????. ? ??????????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ???? ???????, ???????, ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????????????. ???????? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????????????????. [19] ?????, ???????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????, ??????? ? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????. ????? ? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????. [19] ?????, ???????????, ???????????????? ????? ????????-????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ????????. [20]

??????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????-??????-?????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? 2008 ???????????? ?????? ????, ????????? ??????? BP ?????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????????????. [21] [22]

????????? ??????

[ ?????? ]
????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? (????? ????? ????). ???? ???????? 2004.
????????? ???????, ???????????

??????

[ ?????? ]

????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????????. ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????/??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ??????????. ? ?????? 3 ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ????.

?????? 4800 ??.??.? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????. ? ????? ??? ??? ?????: [23]

  1.  Kazakhstan - 1422 km
  2.  Turkmenistan - 1035 km
  3.   Azerbaijan - 813 km
  4.   Russia - 747 km
  5.   ????? - 728 km

??? ?????????? ?????? 6380 ??.?? ????????? ???????????? ???????. ? ????? ??? ??? ?????: [24]

  1.  Kazakhstan - 2320 km
  2.  Turkmenistan - 1200 km
  3.   Azerbaijan - 955 km
  4.   ????? - 900 km
  5.   Russia - 695 km

??? ?????????? ?????? 6500 ??.?? ????????? ???????????? ???????. ? ????? ??? ??? ?????: [25]

  1.  Kazakhstan - 1900 km
  2.  Turkmenistan - 1768 km
  3.   Azerbaijan - 1355 km
  4.   Russia - 820 km
  5.   ????? - 657 km

???????? ????????? ???????

[ ?????? ]
  1. ?????? ????????: 3,71,000 ????? ???????????
  2. ?????? ????: 1,025 ???????
  3. ???? ????: 211 ??
  4. ?????: 1,030 ??.??.
  5. ?????? ???????: 435 ??.??.
  6. ?????? ???????: 200 ??.??.
  7. ?????? ?????: 6,820 ??.??.
  8. ???? ???????: 78,200 ???????? ??.??.
  9. ?????: ?????? ????????? 22 ??. ?????. ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????. [26]

????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ???? ??????. ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ????? 1,174 ??.??. ???? ???? ??????? 326 ??.??. ?????? ???? ?????? ???? 788 ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? 1,025 ?????????????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????; 2010 ?????? ?????? ????????? 25 ??.?????? ????. ?????? ??????? ??? 3,22,000 ?.??.??..?????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????. 200 ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? 2,40,000 ?.??.??.

??????

[ ?????? ]

As of 2000 , ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????????, ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? (?????, ??? ??????), ???? ????? ?????, ?????????? ?????? ???????? (????? ???? ?????? ???, ???? ???????, ???????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????) ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????. ???????????, ????????????, ?????????????????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????. ??????? ???????? ??????????, ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????????????. ??? ??????? ?????, ???? ?????????? ?????????, ????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????.

????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????????.

?????, ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? (????????, ???????). ???? ??????? ?????? (??????? ????????? ????? ) ???????? ???????????. ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????????. ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??-????? ?????????.

?????, ??????????, ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????????????. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???, ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????????????. ?????, ????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ???, ?????????? ??????? ??????? (??? ???? ???? ?????????) ?????????????. ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. ????????????, ? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????. ???????????, ??????????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? (????? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????????).

?????

[ ?????? ]

????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????????, ???? ?????? ????? ?????? , ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? (???? ?????? ???? ???????) ???????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ????.

???? ?????, ???? ???, ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ????.

??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ( ???? ????????? ???) ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????????????:

  • ????????????????? ???? ???????????????? (????? ????????????????) ???? ? ???? .
  • ??????????? ???? ?????, ????? ????
  • ????? , ????? ????? ????.

??????

[ ?????? ]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 van der Leeden, Troise, and Todd, eds., The Water Encyclopedia . Second Edition. Chelsea F.C., MI: Lewis Publishers, 1990, p. 196.
  2. ↑ Wikisource link to  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea#cite_note-3 . ?????????? .  
  3. ↑ Wikisource link to  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea#cite_note-4 . ?????????? .  
  4. ↑ Wikisource link to  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea#cite_note-5 . ?????????? .  
  5. ↑ Wikisource link to  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea#cite_note-7 . ?????????? .  
  6. ↑ "Sea Facts" . Casp Info . Archived from the original on 2017-02-26 . Retrieved 2017-02-25 .
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Caspian Sea ? Background" . Caspian Environment Programme. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 11 September 2012 .
  8. ↑ "Caspian Sea" . Iran Gazette . Archived from the original on 2009-01-22 . Retrieved 2010-05-17 .
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hooshang Amirahmadi (2000). The Caspian Region at a Crossroad: Challenges of a New Frontier of Energy and Development . Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 112?. ISBN   978-0-312-22351-9 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 .
  10. ↑ Khain V.E. Gadjiev A.N. Kengerli T.N. (2007). "Tectonic origin of the Apsheron Threshold in the Caspian Sea". Doklady Earth Sciences . 414 (1): 552?556. Bibcode : 2007DokES.414..552K . doi : 10.1134/S1028334X07040149 .
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Henri J. Dumont; Tamara A. Shiganova; Ulrich Niermann (2004). Aquatic Invasions in the Black, Caspian, and Mediterranean Seas . Springer. ISBN   978-1-4020-1869-5 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 .
  12. ↑ A. G. Kostianoi and A. Kosarev (2005). The Caspian Sea Environment . Birkhauser. ISBN   978-3-540-28281-5 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 .
  13. ↑ "News Azerbaijan" . ann.az . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 October 2015 .
  14. ↑ Naseka, A.M. and Bogutskaya, N.G. (2009). "Fishes of the Caspian Sea: zoogeography and updated check-list". Zoosystematica Rossica 18(2): 295?317.
  15. ↑ Geld, Bernard (April 9, 2002). "Caspian Oil and Gas: Production and Prospects" (PDF) . wvvw.iwar.org.uk . Archived from the original (PDF) on December 6, 2018 . Retrieved 2018-12-05 .
  16. ↑ "LUKOIL starts up V. Filanovsky in the Caspian Sea" . October 31, 2016. Archived from the original on November 3, 2016 . Retrieved November 2, 2016 .
  17. ↑ "Volume of oil tanker transportation in Caspian Sea to increase" . AzerNews.az (in ????????). 2018-05-01. Archived from the original on 2018-12-06 . Retrieved 2018-12-05 .
  18. ↑ " The Great Gas Game Archived 2007-06-08 at the Wayback Machine ", Christian Science Monitor (2001-10-25)
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Sergei Blagov, " Russia Tries to Scuttle Proposed Trans-Caspian Pipeline Archived 2007-06-10 at the Wayback Machine ", Eurasianet (2006-03-27)
  20. ↑ " Russia Seeking To Keep Kazakhstan Happy Archived 2008-05-12 at the Wayback Machine ", Eurasianet (2007-12-10)
  21. ↑ Tim Webb (2010-12-15). "WikiLeaks cables: BP suffered blowout on Azerbaijan gas platform" . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 2010-12-16 . Retrieved 2013-03-26 .
  22. ↑ Walt, Vivienne (2010-12-18). "WikiLeaks Reveals BP's 'Other' Offshore Drilling Disaster" . Time . Archived from the original on 2013-03-25 . Retrieved 2013-03-26 .
  23. ↑ https://gsaz.az/en/articles/view/105/Characteristics-of-Caspian-Sea
  24. ↑ "??????? ????" . Archived from the original on 2015-03-22 . Retrieved 2021-11-23 .
  25. ↑ https://www.isna.ir/news/97052211612/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%85-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%AE%D8%B2%D8%B1-%DA%86%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA
  26. ↑ https://www.livescience.com/57999-caspian-sea-facts.html

 

" https://te.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=?????????_???????&oldid=3979746 " ????? ????????????