????????? ?????????? ???? ?????

????????? ???? ????
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Jr.
????????? ???? ???? ; Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Jr.
	1904 ??? ???? ????
???????	30 ?????? 1852 ; ??????????? , ???????????
??????	1 ???????? 1911 (???? 58) ; ???????????, ???????? , ??????????? ??????
???????	??????????? ; ??????????? ??????
???????	??????
????	??????? ????????? ; ???? ????????? ; ?????????? ?????????
???????????	??????? ?????????? ???????, ????????? ; ???????????? ????????????? ; ???????? ????????????? ;
????? ???? ???????	????????? ??????????? ????????????? ; ????? ????????????? ; ???? ????????????? ; ?????? ????????????? ; ????????? ????????????? ;
????? ?????????	????????? ??????
??????? ???? ; ?????????	????????? ??????
???? ??????????????? ?????????	?????????? ?????
????????????	?????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ; ??????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ; ???? ??????? ; ??????? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???????? ( ?????????? ?????? ) ; ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ; ?????????? ????????? ; ???? ???????????????? ; ???? ???????????? ; ????????? ?????? ; ?????????????????? ; ???? ???? ???????? ; ???? ???? ????? ;
?????????	???? ?????? (1893) ; ?????????????? ????? ????? (1901) ;

????????? ?????????? ???? ????? (Jacobus Henricus "Henry" van 't Hoff, Jr) ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? (30 ?????? 1852 - 1 ?????? 1911) ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????. ????? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????.???? ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?????????? 1901 ??? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ????? ????????. ^[2]^[3]^[4] ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????, ????????? ?????? , ???? ???????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. 1874 ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????????. 1875 ??? ????? ?????, ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ????????. ^[5] ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????????. ^[6]^[7]^[8]

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ Ramberg, Peter J. (2017). Chemical Structure, Spatial Arrangement: The Early History of Stereochemistry, 1874?1914 . Routledge. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9781351952453 .
↑ " van't Hoff, Jacobus Hendricus ". ?????????????? ?????????????? (11th). (1911). Cambridge University Press.
↑ Nobel Lecture Osmotic Pressure and Chemical Equilibrium from Nobelprize.org website
↑ Karl Grandin, ed. "Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Biography" . Les Prix Nobel . The Nobel Foundation . ????????????? ???? 15 August 2008 . {{ cite web }}: |author= has generic name ( help )
↑ La Chemie dans l'Espace , Bazendijk: Rotterdam, 1875
↑ Meijer, E. W. (2001). "Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff; Hundred Years of Impact on Stereochemistry in the Netherlands". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 40 (20): 3783?3789. doi : 10.1002/1521-3773(20011015)40:20<3783::AID-ANIE3783>3.0.CO;2-J . ??????? : 11668534 .
↑ Spek, Trienke M. van der (2006). "Selling a Theory: The Role of Molecular Models in J. H. van 't Hoff's Stereochemistry Theory" . Annals of Science 63 (2): 157. doi : 10.1080/00033790500480816 . https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-science_2006-04_63_2/page/157 .
↑ Kreuzfeld, HJ; Hateley, MJ. (1999). "125 years of enantiomers: back to the roots Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff 1852?1911". Enantiomer 4 (6): 491?6. ??????? : 10672458 .

[1] Ramberg, Peter J. (2017). Chemical Structure, Spatial Arrangement: The Early History of Stereochemistry, 1874?1914 . Routledge. ??????????? ?????????? ??? 9781351952453 .

[2] " van't Hoff, Jacobus Hendricus ". ?????????????? ?????????????? (11th). (1911). Cambridge University Press.

[3] Nobel Lecture Osmotic Pressure and Chemical Equilibrium from Nobelprize.org website

[4] Karl Grandin, ed. "Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Biography" . Les Prix Nobel . The Nobel Foundation . ????????????? ???? 15 August 2008 . {{ cite web }}: |author= has generic name ( help )

[5] La Chemie dans l'Espace , Bazendijk: Rotterdam, 1875

[6] Meijer, E. W. (2001). "Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff; Hundred Years of Impact on Stereochemistry in the Netherlands". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 40 (20): 3783?3789. doi : 10.1002/1521-3773(20011015)40:20<3783::AID-ANIE3783>3.0.CO;2-J . ??????? : 11668534 .

[7] Spek, Trienke M. van der (2006). "Selling a Theory: The Role of Molecular Models in J. H. van 't Hoff's Stereochemistry Theory" . Annals of Science 63 (2): 157. doi : 10.1080/00033790500480816 . https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-science_2006-04_63_2/page/157 .

[8] Kreuzfeld, HJ; Hateley, MJ. (1999). "125 years of enantiomers: back to the roots Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff 1852?1911". Enantiomer 4 (6): 491?6. ??????? : 10672458 .

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?? ? ?? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??????????? ????????
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