한국   대만   중국   일본 
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?????????? (Lydia) ??.?? 640 ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????

?????????? ????? ???????????? 5000 ???????????? ??????? ??????????????????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????????????. ???????, ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????????????.

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?????? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? 650?600????? ??????????????????? ?????????????.

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  • செவ்வக நந்தி தேவர் நாணயம், இலங்கை
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  • யானையும் மீனும் உள்ள நாணயம், இலங்கை
    ???????? ?????? ???? ??????, ??????
  • இரு குன்றுகளுக்கிடையே கோவிலும் யானையும் பதித்த பாண்டியக் காசு, 1வது நூற்றாண்டு, இலங்கை, பிரித்தானிய அருங்காட்சியகம்
    ??? ????????????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????, 1??? ??????????, ??????, ??????????? ???????????????

???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????. ???? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????????. ??? ???? ?????????, ???? ???? ????????? ???????????. ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????????, ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????. ??? ??. ??. ??????? ?????????? ????? ??. ??. ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????. ????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????????????.

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???????, ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ?????? ????? ???????? (??????????) ????????? ?????? ????????????????. ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????????. ???? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? , ?????? , ??????? ??????? ???????? , ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????????.

?????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????????. ???? ????, ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????, ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? (??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?? ???????????) ??????? ???????????.

???? ???????? ?????? ???????? (??????????) ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????????, ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????. ??????? ???????????????????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????. ????????? ???? ?????????????? ???????? (??????????) ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????.

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1970???? ???? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ?????????? (??? ????????????) ???????? ??????????? ?????????????. ????? 1970???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??????. ???????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????.

?????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ???????. ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????????? (Money As Debt.) ????????????? ???? ????????????? ????.

??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? $0.84 ??????????? ?????. ??? ?????????????????? ????????(M0) ??????? $3.9 ???????????. ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? $39 ?????????????? ?????.

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????? ????? ??????? (Shadow banking System) ????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? (investment bank),(Shadow banking System) ?????? ????????, ????? ???? ????????? ?????????? (Non banking financial institutions) ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????????. ?????? ??????????????, ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????. ??? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????. ???? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????? ???? ??????????????????? ?????? ?????????????. ???? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????????.

???????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??????.????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????. ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? -??????? ??????? ???? ??????.

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MV=PQ

Money M=????? ????? ???????? ???? V= ???????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ?? ????????? ??????. P=????? ????? ???????????? ???? Q=????? ????? ????????? ????????.

????? ????? ??? ????????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????????. ??????? ????????????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????????. ?????????? 1970???? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, OPEC ?????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ???? ???????? 2009?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????. ????????? ???? M3 ??????????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ???? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ????????.

???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? "Money as debt" ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????! ????? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????????. ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????????. ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????. ????? ????????? ??????? ????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????.

????????? ???????? (??? ??????? ???????) ???? ???????? $325,000???????? $1.1 ????????? ????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????????. ?????? ??????? 80% ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ???? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????.

??????? ????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????.

Money ??? ????, ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????.1970????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????????. ???? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????.

???? ????? ???????????? (MV=PQ) ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????(M) ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????. ???????? ???????????(V) ?????????. ???? ??????? ??????????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????(Q) ?????? ???? ???? ?????????. ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????. ???? ????????? ????? ????? ????????????(P) ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????. ?????? ????? ???????, ????? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????????, ???? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??????? ??????????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????.

?????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ Mishkin, Frederic S. (2007). The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets (Alternate Edition) . Boston: Addison Wesley. p. 8. ??????????? ?????????? ???   0-321-42177-9 .
  2. ↑ What Is Money? By John N. Smithin. Retrieved July-17-09.
  3. ↑ "money : The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics" . The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics . ????????????? ???? 18 December 2010 .
  4. ↑ "The Etymology of Money" . Thewallstreetpsychologist.com . ????????????? ???? 24 February 2015 .

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