???????

????????????? ????
??????? ??????????????? ?????????????????? ???????.
???????
90 Th
Ce
↑
Th
↓
(Uqb)
?????????? ← ??????? → ???????????????
???????
silvery, often with black tarnish
?????? ????????
?????, ???????? , ??? ???????, Th, 90
?????????? / ? θ ?ːr i ? m /
???? ??? ?????????
?????????? , ???? ????? , ???? [[?????????? {{{group}}} ?????????|{{{group}}}]],  7 , f
???? ??? ????
(???????????) 		232.0377(4)
????????? ??????? [ Rn ] 6d 2 7s 2
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
??????
????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? (1829)
????????? ????????
???? solid
???????? ( ?.??.?????? ???????) 11.724 g·cm ?3
????????? 2023  K ,?1750 °C,?3182 °F
???????? 5061 K,?4788 °C,?8650 °F
???????? ????? ?????? 13.81 ??. ???? · ???? ?1
????????????? ????? ?????? 514 ??.????·???? ?1
??????? ?????? 26.230 ????.???? ?1 ·K ?1
??? ????????
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 2633 2907 3248 3683 4259 5055
????? ????????
?????????? ??????? 4 , 3, 2, 1
????????????????? 1.3 (?????? ????????)
????????????? ?????? 1???: {{{1st ionization energy}}} kJ·mol ?1
2???: {{{2nd ionization energy}}} kJ·mol ?1
3???: {{{3rd ionization energy}}} kJ·mol ?1
??? ???? 179.8 ????
????????? ??? 206±6 pm
??? ????????
???? ??????? face-centered cubic
தோரியம் has a face-centered cubic crystal structure
????? ??????? ?????????
??????????????? (0 °C) 157Ω·m
????? ???????? ????? 54.0 W·m ?1 ·K ?1
????? ?????? (25 °C) 11.0 μm·m ?1 ·K ?1
??????? ????? (??????? ?????) (20 °C) 2490 ??.?? ?1
??? ????? 79 GPa
????? ????? 31 GPa
???? ????? 54 GPa
???????? ??????? 0.27
?????? ????????
(Mohs hardness) 		3.0
???????? ???????? 295?685 MPa
???????? ???????? 390?1500 MPa
CAS ??? 7440-29-1
??? ???????? ????????????? (?????????)
????????? ???????: ??????? ??? ??????????
iso NA ????????? DM DE ( MeV ) DP
227 Th trace 18.68 d α 6.038
5.978 		223 Ra
228 Th trace 1.9116 y α 5.520 224 Ra
229 Th ??????? 7340 y α 5.168 225 Ra
230 Th trace 75400 y α 4.770 226 Ra
231 Th trace 25.5 h β ? 0.39 231 Pa
232 Th 100% 1.405×10 10  y α 4.083 228 Ra
234 Th trace 24.1 d β ? 0.27 234 Pa
· ??

??????? (Thorium) Th ???? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????. ??????? ??? ??? 80 ?????. ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????. ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????. ???? ????????? ??????????. ???????????????? ??????? ????????, ????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????????[ ???????????. ??? ????????????? ????? ??? ????????? ?????. +4 ??????????? ???? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????? ??????.

?????? [ ???? ]

1828 ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????. ?????????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ????????.. ???? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????. ????? ????????? ????????????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????????. ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????? 1828 ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????.

??????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ?????? '???????' ???? ???????????. ???? ???? ?????????????????? 1829 ??? ??????? ????????????. [1] [2]

??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????. ??? ???????? 232Th ????????? 14.05 ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????. ?????? ????????????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????. ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????. ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? 208Pb. ??????????? ????????????. ?????????????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????. ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????????? [a] . ??? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ???????????. ??????????, ????????????, ???????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????????.

??????? 1829 ??? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????????????????. ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????????. ???? ????? ??????????? 19 ??? ???????????? ????????????? ???????????????. 20 ??? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????????. ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????????????????. ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????. ???????? ???????? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????????? ????????. ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????????????????. ????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????. ???? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????????. ?????????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????.

????????? [ ???? ]

??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??????????????????????? [3] .

????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????????????. ???? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????????????????????. ???????????? ????? ??????????? ????????????????.

????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????????????????. ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????????????. ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??????????????. ????????? ???? ???????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????????????????. ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????????. ?????????????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????.

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ Bismuth is very slightly radioactive, but its half-life (1.9×10 19 years) is so long that its decay is negligible even over geological timespans.

??????????? [ ???? ]

  1. ↑ Berzelius, J. J. (1829). "Untersuchung eines neues Minerals und einer darin erhalten zuvor unbekannten Erde (Investigation of a new mineral and of a previously unknown earth contained therein)" . Annalen der Physik und Chemie 16 (7): 385?415. doi : 10.1002/andp.18290920702 . Bibcode:  1829AnP....92..385B . http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k151010.pleinepage.r=Annalen+der+Physic.f395.langFR .   (modern citation: Annalen der Physik , vol. 92, no. 7, pp. 385?415)
  2. ↑ Berzelius, J. J. (1829). "Undersokning af ett nytt mineral (Thorit), som innehaller en forut obekant jord" (Investigation of a new mineral (thorite), as contained in a previously unknown earth)". Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademiens Handlingar (Transactions of the Royal Swedish Science Academy) : 1?30.  
  3. ↑ Stoll 2005 , ?. 7.

?????? ??????? [ ???? ]

  • Jordan, B. W.; Eggert, R.; Dixon, B.; et al. (2014). "Thorium: Does Crustal Abundance Lead to Economic Availability?" (PDF) . Colorado School of Mines . Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2017 . ????????????? ???? 29 September 2017 .
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (2005). Thorium fuel cycle ? Potential benefits and challenges

???? ?????????? [ ???? ]

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