??????????

The 100 inch (2.5 m) Hooker ????????????? ?????????? at Mount Wilson Observatory near ???? ??????? , California.

?????????? (?????? ??????: ???????????? ) ???????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ????????? ????? ?????. ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????/????????? ??? ?????????. ????? ??????? ?????????????????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ???????? ?????, ??????????? ????? ???-????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????????. ????? ????????, ???????????, ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????. ????????, ????????? , ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????.

??????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????. ^[1]^[2]^[3] ???????? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????.

??????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? , ???? ???-???? ?????????? 16 ??? ?????????????? ???????????????????? ??????, ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???????, 1608 ??? ??????? ?????????????, ???????-???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????????????????, ???, ????????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ????????????.

?????? [ ???? ]

???????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????? ??????? ??, ??????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ??????? ?????.

16 ??? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????????????????.1608 ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????, ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ?????????, ?????????????? ???????????????. ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????, ?????????? ?????? ???????????????. ?????? ????????????????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ????????????.

1609 ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????????. ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????????????. ????? ?????????? 20 ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????????. ^[4]

?????????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????????? ??????????

?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????????. ??? ?????????, ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????. ???????, ??? ???????? ???? ???????????????? ?????.

?????	??? ?????	??????? ??????? (Hz)	???????? ????? (eV)
??????? ???????
?????? ?????	less than 0.01 nm	more than 10 EHZ	100 keV ? 300+ GeV	X
?????-?????	0.01 to 10 nm	30 PHz ? 30 EHZ	120 eV to 120 keV	X
??? ???	10 nm ? 400 nm	30 EHZ ? 790 THz	3 eV to 124 eV
????????? ???????	390 nm ? 750 nm	790 THz ? 405 THz	1.7 eV ? 3.3 eV	X
????????????? ?????	750 nm ? 1 mm	405 THz ? 300 GHz	1.24 me V ? 1.7 eV	X
???????	1 mm ? 1 meter	300 GHz ? 300 MHz	1.24 meV ? 1.24 μe V
??????	1 mm ? km	300 GHz ? 3 Hz	1.24 meV ? 12.4 fe V	X

???????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

50 cm refracting telescope at Nice Observatory .

???????? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????????. ???????? ?????????????, ???????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ????????????, ???????? ??????????? ???????????. ???????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????, ???????? ?????. ??? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????, ?????? ???????????? ????????, ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ?????????. ???????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????????. ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ?????.

?????????????? ?????????? : ??? ????????? ????? ????????? ??????????????.
???????????????? ?????????? : ??? ??????????????????? ??????? ??????????????.
???????? ?????????? : ??? ????????, ????????????? ?????????? ??????????????????.

???????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

???????? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????.

?????? ????????? ??????????

?????-????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? [ ???? ]

?????????? ?????? [ ???? ]

???????? ??????????
????? ????????????? ??????????
??? ???????? ?????????????
????????????? ?????????????
??????? ?????????????
?????????? ?????????????

??????? ????? [ ???? ]

????????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ?????????????:

?????	??????????	??????? ?????????	??? ?????
??????	?????? ?????????????	?????? ??????? ( ????? ??????? )	more than 1 mm
?? ?????????????	?? ????????????? ?????????????	?? ????????????? ???????	0.1 mm ? 1 mm
??????? ????????????? ?????	?	???????-????????????? ????? ???????	30 μm ? 450 μm
????????????? ?????	????????????? ????? ?????????????	????????????? ????? ???????	700 nm ? 1 mm
????????? ???????	???????????? ??????? ?????????????	?????????? ??? ???????	400 nm ? 700 nm
??? ??????????	??? ?????????? ????????????? *	??? ?????????? ???????	10 nm ? 400 nm
?????-?????	?????-????? ?????????????	?????-????? ???????	0.01 nm ? 10 nm
???????? ?????	???????? ??????? ??????????	???????? ????? ???????	less than 0.01 nm

??????????? [ ???? ]

↑ archive.org " Galileo His Life And Work " BY J. J. FAHIE " Galileo usually called the telescope occhicde or cannocchiale ; and now he calls the microscope occhialino. The name telescope was first suggested by Demisiani in 1612 "
↑ Sobel (2000, p.43) , Drake (1978, p.196)
↑ Rosen, Edward, The Naming of the Telescope (1947)
↑ ???. ?????? (20 ???? 2018). "?????????????????? ???: ?????????" . ??????? . ?? ????? ????? . ????????????? ???? 21 ???? 2018 .

??????????????? [ ???? ]

Galileo to Gamma Cephei ? The History of the Telescope
The Galileo Project ? The Telescope by Al Van Helden
"The First Telescopes". Part of an exhibit from Cosmic Journey: A History of Scientific Cosmology ????????????? 2008-04-09 at the ??????? ????????? by the American Institute of Physics
Timeline of telescopic technology ????????????? 2013-10-02 at the ??????? ?????????
Outside the Optical: Other Kinds of Telescopes
Gray, Meghan (2009). "Telescope Diameter" . Sixty Symbols . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . {{ cite web }}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored ( help )

[1] rchive.org " Galileo His Life And Work " BY J. J. FAHIE " Galileo usually called the telescope occhicde or cannocchiale ; and now he calls the microscope occhialino. The name telescope was first suggested by Demisiani in 1612 "

[2] Sobel (2000, p.43) , Drake (1978, p.196)

[3] Rosen, Edward, The Naming of the Telescope (1947)

[4] ???. ?????? (20 ???? 2018). "?????????????????? ???: ?????????" . ??????? . ?? ????? ????? . ????????????? ???? 21 ???? 2018 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]